This document discusses schizophrenia, including its causes and treatment. It notes that schizophrenia is linked to genetic vulnerability and neurotransmitter abnormalities like dopamine. The dopamine hypothesis suggests that positive symptoms are related to prefrontal abnormalities while negative symptoms relate to temporal abnormalities. Medications treat schizophrenia by affecting neurotransmitters at synapses. There are risks to medication use as well. The document contrasts schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder.
Schizophrenia is diagnosed based on the presence of positive or negative symptoms for a minimum duration. It has biological causes such as genetic vulnerabilities and dopamine dysregulation in the brain. Psychological factors like childhood trauma and stressful family environments can interact with these biological factors to increase vulnerability or trigger the onset of schizophrenia symptoms. Effective treatment involves a combination approach using antipsychotic medications to manage symptoms along with psychological therapies like CBT to improve quality of life.
Schizophrenia- biological and neuropsychological approaceshPriya Puri
Here are the key points about the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and its relationship to positive symptoms of schizophrenia:
- The mesolimbic dopamine pathway projects from the ventral tegmental area in the brainstem to the nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum.
- This pathway is important for motivation, pleasure, reward processing and emotional behaviors.
- Increased dopamine activity in this pathway, such as from stimulant drugs, can enhance or produce positive psychotic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations.
- Decreased dopamine activity, such as from antipsychotic drugs, can reduce positive symptoms.
- Antipsychotic drugs work by blocking D2 dopamine receptors, which are thought to mediate the
Schizophrenia is a group of biological disorders that produce impairments in thinking, learning, and relationships. It affects around 1% of the population and often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. While there is no known cure, treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Biological factors like genetics and brain abnormalities are involved in schizophrenia, as are psychological and social factors. Medications are effective in reducing positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, while psychosocial therapies also play an important role in treatment and recovery.
This is a project for a high school AP Psychology course. For any questions about this project or its content please email the teacher, Laura Astorian: laura.astorian@cobbk12.org
Schizophrenia: Theories and Treatmentschloecollier
The different theories of schizophrenia including:
Biological: Neurochemical, Neuroanatomical, Genetics
Cognitive: Abnormal Cognition, Abnormal Perceptions
Social Cultural: Labelling Theory, Family Dysfunction, High Expresses Emotion (EE)
Drug Treatment, Insight Therapy, Family Therapy, Community Care and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its symptoms, types, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, imaging findings, treatment goals, and pharmacological management. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by disorganized thinking and perceptions. It has several clinical subtypes and is generally treated through a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy, with goals of minimizing symptoms and improving functioning. The exact causes are unknown but involve genetic and environmental factors impacting brain neurochemistry.
Schizophrenia is diagnosed based on the presence of positive or negative symptoms for a minimum duration. It has biological causes such as genetic vulnerabilities and dopamine dysregulation in the brain. Psychological factors like childhood trauma and stressful family environments can interact with these biological factors to increase vulnerability or trigger the onset of schizophrenia symptoms. Effective treatment involves a combination approach using antipsychotic medications to manage symptoms along with psychological therapies like CBT to improve quality of life.
Schizophrenia- biological and neuropsychological approaceshPriya Puri
Here are the key points about the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and its relationship to positive symptoms of schizophrenia:
- The mesolimbic dopamine pathway projects from the ventral tegmental area in the brainstem to the nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum.
- This pathway is important for motivation, pleasure, reward processing and emotional behaviors.
- Increased dopamine activity in this pathway, such as from stimulant drugs, can enhance or produce positive psychotic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations.
- Decreased dopamine activity, such as from antipsychotic drugs, can reduce positive symptoms.
- Antipsychotic drugs work by blocking D2 dopamine receptors, which are thought to mediate the
Schizophrenia is a group of biological disorders that produce impairments in thinking, learning, and relationships. It affects around 1% of the population and often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. While there is no known cure, treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Biological factors like genetics and brain abnormalities are involved in schizophrenia, as are psychological and social factors. Medications are effective in reducing positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, while psychosocial therapies also play an important role in treatment and recovery.
This is a project for a high school AP Psychology course. For any questions about this project or its content please email the teacher, Laura Astorian: laura.astorian@cobbk12.org
Schizophrenia: Theories and Treatmentschloecollier
The different theories of schizophrenia including:
Biological: Neurochemical, Neuroanatomical, Genetics
Cognitive: Abnormal Cognition, Abnormal Perceptions
Social Cultural: Labelling Theory, Family Dysfunction, High Expresses Emotion (EE)
Drug Treatment, Insight Therapy, Family Therapy, Community Care and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its symptoms, types, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, imaging findings, treatment goals, and pharmacological management. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by disorganized thinking and perceptions. It has several clinical subtypes and is generally treated through a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy, with goals of minimizing symptoms and improving functioning. The exact causes are unknown but involve genetic and environmental factors impacting brain neurochemistry.
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized through biological, psychological, and social models. The biological model emphasizes genetic and neurobiological factors, such as abnormalities in dopamine, glutamate, and other neurotransmitter systems as well as structural brain changes. The psychological model focuses on personality and cognitive factors like theory of mind impairments that may contribute to symptoms. The social model examines environmental influences like family dynamics, life stressors, and psychosocial determinants of the disorder. Current hypotheses propose schizophrenia arises from complex gene-environment interactions impacting neurodevelopment and brain connectivity that increase vulnerability to stress.
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels and behaves. It is characterized by disorganized thinking, delusions and hallucinations. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. It most commonly develops in late adolescence or early adulthood. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms and ruling out other potential causes through medical history, exams and tests. Long-term management focuses on reducing symptoms through medication and therapy, though schizophrenia has no cure.
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational Purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
This document summarizes key aspects of schizophrenia including its diagnosis, classification, biological and psychological approaches and therapies. It discusses two major diagnostic systems (DSM and ICD) that identify positive and negative symptoms. Issues with diagnosis include reliability between psychiatrists and validity given co-morbidity with other disorders. The biological approach emphasizes the dopamine hypothesis and genetic factors but environmental influences are also important. Biological therapies include drugs and electroconvulsive therapy that can reduce symptoms but have side effects and don't treat the underlying causes. Psychological approaches include behavioral, cognitive and therapies like CBT and token economies that can help some symptoms but also have limitations since cognition alone does not fully explain schizophrenia.
Negative symptoms in schizophrenia can be primary or secondary. Primary negative symptoms are intrinsic to schizophrenia while secondary symptoms are caused by other factors like positive symptoms or medication side effects. Persistent primary negative symptoms present for over 6 months may indicate the deficit syndrome. Several rating scales exist to measure negative symptoms, including the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Treatment involves addressing secondary causes and then using second generation antipsychotics like low-dose amisulpride or adjunctive antidepressants for primary symptoms.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted and repeated thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) performed to temporarily relieve anxiety. Common obsessions include fears of contamination or acting improperly, while compulsions include excessive washing or repeating phrases. OCD is often treated using medication like SSRIs and cognitive behavioral therapy, which exposes patients to anxiety-inducing situations to resist compulsions. Long-term, OCD is a chronic condition with periods of severe symptoms and improvement, though complete remission is rare.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors. Around 5 million Americans have OCD, which appears to be caused by a combination of genetic and biological factors such as abnormal serotonin levels in the brain. Treatment for OCD typically involves antidepressant medication and counseling or group therapy.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that affects 1-3% of the population equally among males and females. Sigmund Freud believed that OCD stemmed from issues with potty training as a child. Therapists now use various approaches including trait, biological, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, and exposure response prevention to understand and treat OCD. Treatment focuses on helping clients gain self-esteem and reduce anxiety when confronting obsessive thoughts and compulsions.
Jeremy, a 21-year-old pizza delivery man, has been experiencing auditory hallucinations and delusions for the past three months while working. He has trouble focusing on tasks and following conversations. Based on his symptoms, the psychiatrist diagnoses Jeremy with schizophrenia. To confirm the diagnosis, tests are performed to rule out other potential causes and further examine his thoughts, moods, and mental status. Schizophrenia is thought to involve excessive dopamine activity in the brain and abnormal synaptic pruning, though the exact mechanisms are unknown. Lifelong treatment typically involves antipsychotic medication alongside therapy.
1. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions (unwanted thoughts, images, or urges) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts).
2. OCD is believed to be caused by a combination of neurobiological factors like abnormal serotonin levels in the brain, genetic predispositions, and psychological and environmental factors like stressful life events or childhood trauma.
3. Treatment for OCD involves pharmacotherapy like SSRIs to target serotonin levels as well as psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention techniques.
This document summarizes research on the prodromal or pre-psychotic phase of schizophrenia. It discusses that 40% of individuals experiencing a prodromal phase will develop schizophrenia. The prodrome lacks clear symptoms but may include things like perceptual disturbances, paranoia, and declining social function. Brain imaging has shown reduced gray matter in those who convert to psychosis. While factors like family history and stress increase risk, there are no definitive predictors of who will convert. The document discusses potential treatments like antipsychotics and psychotherapy during the prodrome to potentially delay or prevent psychosis, but notes significant open questions remain about risks and benefits.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, and behavior. There are several biological factors that may contribute to schizophrenia, including genetic predisposition, drug-induced onset, and changes in brain activity. Research has found that family members of those with schizophrenia have a higher likelihood of developing the disorder themselves, suggesting a genetic component. Certain drugs like LSD, amphetamines, and cannabis have also been linked to increased risk of a first psychotic episode. Neuroimaging studies have observed enlarged ventricles and reduced prefrontal cortex activity in the brains of people with schizophrenia. Medications that block dopamine are commonly used to treat schizophrenia as the dopamine theory proposes that excess dopamine in the brain underlies
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behaviors. It is marked by psychosis like delusions and hallucinations. The exact causes are unknown but genetics and brain chemistry imbalances are thought to play a role. Diagnosis involves symptoms lasting at least six months including two or more of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior. Treatment aims to minimize symptoms and involves antipsychotic medications as well as psychotherapy. First generation antipsychotics mainly block dopamine receptors while second generation drugs also target serotonin receptors, with fewer side effects. However, there is currently no cure for schizophrenia.
- Schizophrenia was originally described as having distinct subtypes with different symptoms, but all involve dissociative thinking. Genes on multiple chromosomes have been implicated in schizophrenia risk. Environmental factors like lower birth weight, stress in pregnancy, and advanced paternal age may also play a role.
- Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia include enlarged ventricles, reduced hippocampal and prefrontal cortex volume, and abnormal prefrontal function. The hypofrontality hypothesis suggests dysfunction in prefrontal regions, supported by brain imaging studies. Psychedelic drugs can induce schizophrenia-like symptoms, and NMDA receptor antagonists like PCP and ketamine also produce similar effects in animals. Current drug treatments target dopamine and serotonin receptors.
Etiology of schizophrenia. taniya thomas. msc 1stTaniya Thomas
its is about the various theories explaining the cause(aetiology) of schizophrenia. this includes biological theories, social theories and cognitive theories
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by distressing, intrusive thoughts and related compulsions that attempt to neutralize obsessions. Common obsessions include fears of contamination, harming others, mistakes, and social acceptance. Common compulsions include cleaning, checking, arranging, collecting, counting, and tapping. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), specifically exposure and response prevention (ERP), is an effective treatment that aims to change maladaptive thoughts and behaviors by exposing patients to their fears while preventing compulsions.
Dr. Irfan Ahmad Khan discusses the management of schizophrenia. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by breakdown of thought processes and poor emotional responsiveness. It typically begins in early adulthood.
- Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms like affective flattening and anhedonia.
- The dopamine hypothesis suggests dopamine excess in the mesolimbic pathway contributes to symptoms. Current antipsychotics target dopamine and serotonin receptors.
- Treatment involves antipsychotic drugs, including classical antipsychotics that mainly target D2 receptors, and atypical antipsychotics that have multi-receptor profiles and cause
This document provides information about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It discusses the prevalence of OCD, noting it has a lifetime prevalence of 1.6% and typically has an onset in late adolescence/early adulthood. It is usually chronic and equally affects both genders. The document also examines the pathology of OCD, including increased activity in brain regions like the basal ganglia, orbitofrontal cortex, and thalamus. Signs and symptoms include obsessions, compulsions, and repetitive behaviors. Treatments discussed are cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy using SSRIs, and psychosurgery for severe cases.
This document provides information on childhood schizophrenia and depression. It defines childhood schizophrenia as a severe brain disorder where children interpret reality abnormally, and notes its causes are unknown but may involve genetics, environment, and brain abnormalities. It describes the onset of symptoms between late teens to mid-30s, and risk factors like family history. Signs include language delays and strange behavior. Diagnosis involves evaluating thoughts, functions, and symptoms. Treatments include medications and therapy. Complications involve inability to work or attend school. Childhood depression is defined by inability to enjoy activities and involves symptoms like changes in appetite and sleep. It affects many children and teens and has causes like genetics and life stress.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, f...AmitSherawat2
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and for their family a
Schizophrenia is a long-term mental disorder involving breakdowns in thought, emotion, and behavior. It has genetic and environmental causes and is associated with excessive dopamine in the brain. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms like lack of pleasure, and cognitive symptoms like poor executive functioning. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms, and treatment involves antipsychotic medication as well as family and social support.
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized through biological, psychological, and social models. The biological model emphasizes genetic and neurobiological factors, such as abnormalities in dopamine, glutamate, and other neurotransmitter systems as well as structural brain changes. The psychological model focuses on personality and cognitive factors like theory of mind impairments that may contribute to symptoms. The social model examines environmental influences like family dynamics, life stressors, and psychosocial determinants of the disorder. Current hypotheses propose schizophrenia arises from complex gene-environment interactions impacting neurodevelopment and brain connectivity that increase vulnerability to stress.
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels and behaves. It is characterized by disorganized thinking, delusions and hallucinations. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. It most commonly develops in late adolescence or early adulthood. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms and ruling out other potential causes through medical history, exams and tests. Long-term management focuses on reducing symptoms through medication and therapy, though schizophrenia has no cure.
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational Purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
This document summarizes key aspects of schizophrenia including its diagnosis, classification, biological and psychological approaches and therapies. It discusses two major diagnostic systems (DSM and ICD) that identify positive and negative symptoms. Issues with diagnosis include reliability between psychiatrists and validity given co-morbidity with other disorders. The biological approach emphasizes the dopamine hypothesis and genetic factors but environmental influences are also important. Biological therapies include drugs and electroconvulsive therapy that can reduce symptoms but have side effects and don't treat the underlying causes. Psychological approaches include behavioral, cognitive and therapies like CBT and token economies that can help some symptoms but also have limitations since cognition alone does not fully explain schizophrenia.
Negative symptoms in schizophrenia can be primary or secondary. Primary negative symptoms are intrinsic to schizophrenia while secondary symptoms are caused by other factors like positive symptoms or medication side effects. Persistent primary negative symptoms present for over 6 months may indicate the deficit syndrome. Several rating scales exist to measure negative symptoms, including the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Treatment involves addressing secondary causes and then using second generation antipsychotics like low-dose amisulpride or adjunctive antidepressants for primary symptoms.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted and repeated thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) performed to temporarily relieve anxiety. Common obsessions include fears of contamination or acting improperly, while compulsions include excessive washing or repeating phrases. OCD is often treated using medication like SSRIs and cognitive behavioral therapy, which exposes patients to anxiety-inducing situations to resist compulsions. Long-term, OCD is a chronic condition with periods of severe symptoms and improvement, though complete remission is rare.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors. Around 5 million Americans have OCD, which appears to be caused by a combination of genetic and biological factors such as abnormal serotonin levels in the brain. Treatment for OCD typically involves antidepressant medication and counseling or group therapy.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that affects 1-3% of the population equally among males and females. Sigmund Freud believed that OCD stemmed from issues with potty training as a child. Therapists now use various approaches including trait, biological, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, and exposure response prevention to understand and treat OCD. Treatment focuses on helping clients gain self-esteem and reduce anxiety when confronting obsessive thoughts and compulsions.
Jeremy, a 21-year-old pizza delivery man, has been experiencing auditory hallucinations and delusions for the past three months while working. He has trouble focusing on tasks and following conversations. Based on his symptoms, the psychiatrist diagnoses Jeremy with schizophrenia. To confirm the diagnosis, tests are performed to rule out other potential causes and further examine his thoughts, moods, and mental status. Schizophrenia is thought to involve excessive dopamine activity in the brain and abnormal synaptic pruning, though the exact mechanisms are unknown. Lifelong treatment typically involves antipsychotic medication alongside therapy.
1. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions (unwanted thoughts, images, or urges) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts).
2. OCD is believed to be caused by a combination of neurobiological factors like abnormal serotonin levels in the brain, genetic predispositions, and psychological and environmental factors like stressful life events or childhood trauma.
3. Treatment for OCD involves pharmacotherapy like SSRIs to target serotonin levels as well as psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention techniques.
This document summarizes research on the prodromal or pre-psychotic phase of schizophrenia. It discusses that 40% of individuals experiencing a prodromal phase will develop schizophrenia. The prodrome lacks clear symptoms but may include things like perceptual disturbances, paranoia, and declining social function. Brain imaging has shown reduced gray matter in those who convert to psychosis. While factors like family history and stress increase risk, there are no definitive predictors of who will convert. The document discusses potential treatments like antipsychotics and psychotherapy during the prodrome to potentially delay or prevent psychosis, but notes significant open questions remain about risks and benefits.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, and behavior. There are several biological factors that may contribute to schizophrenia, including genetic predisposition, drug-induced onset, and changes in brain activity. Research has found that family members of those with schizophrenia have a higher likelihood of developing the disorder themselves, suggesting a genetic component. Certain drugs like LSD, amphetamines, and cannabis have also been linked to increased risk of a first psychotic episode. Neuroimaging studies have observed enlarged ventricles and reduced prefrontal cortex activity in the brains of people with schizophrenia. Medications that block dopamine are commonly used to treat schizophrenia as the dopamine theory proposes that excess dopamine in the brain underlies
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behaviors. It is marked by psychosis like delusions and hallucinations. The exact causes are unknown but genetics and brain chemistry imbalances are thought to play a role. Diagnosis involves symptoms lasting at least six months including two or more of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior. Treatment aims to minimize symptoms and involves antipsychotic medications as well as psychotherapy. First generation antipsychotics mainly block dopamine receptors while second generation drugs also target serotonin receptors, with fewer side effects. However, there is currently no cure for schizophrenia.
- Schizophrenia was originally described as having distinct subtypes with different symptoms, but all involve dissociative thinking. Genes on multiple chromosomes have been implicated in schizophrenia risk. Environmental factors like lower birth weight, stress in pregnancy, and advanced paternal age may also play a role.
- Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia include enlarged ventricles, reduced hippocampal and prefrontal cortex volume, and abnormal prefrontal function. The hypofrontality hypothesis suggests dysfunction in prefrontal regions, supported by brain imaging studies. Psychedelic drugs can induce schizophrenia-like symptoms, and NMDA receptor antagonists like PCP and ketamine also produce similar effects in animals. Current drug treatments target dopamine and serotonin receptors.
Etiology of schizophrenia. taniya thomas. msc 1stTaniya Thomas
its is about the various theories explaining the cause(aetiology) of schizophrenia. this includes biological theories, social theories and cognitive theories
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by distressing, intrusive thoughts and related compulsions that attempt to neutralize obsessions. Common obsessions include fears of contamination, harming others, mistakes, and social acceptance. Common compulsions include cleaning, checking, arranging, collecting, counting, and tapping. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), specifically exposure and response prevention (ERP), is an effective treatment that aims to change maladaptive thoughts and behaviors by exposing patients to their fears while preventing compulsions.
Dr. Irfan Ahmad Khan discusses the management of schizophrenia. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by breakdown of thought processes and poor emotional responsiveness. It typically begins in early adulthood.
- Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms like affective flattening and anhedonia.
- The dopamine hypothesis suggests dopamine excess in the mesolimbic pathway contributes to symptoms. Current antipsychotics target dopamine and serotonin receptors.
- Treatment involves antipsychotic drugs, including classical antipsychotics that mainly target D2 receptors, and atypical antipsychotics that have multi-receptor profiles and cause
This document provides information about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It discusses the prevalence of OCD, noting it has a lifetime prevalence of 1.6% and typically has an onset in late adolescence/early adulthood. It is usually chronic and equally affects both genders. The document also examines the pathology of OCD, including increased activity in brain regions like the basal ganglia, orbitofrontal cortex, and thalamus. Signs and symptoms include obsessions, compulsions, and repetitive behaviors. Treatments discussed are cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy using SSRIs, and psychosurgery for severe cases.
This document provides information on childhood schizophrenia and depression. It defines childhood schizophrenia as a severe brain disorder where children interpret reality abnormally, and notes its causes are unknown but may involve genetics, environment, and brain abnormalities. It describes the onset of symptoms between late teens to mid-30s, and risk factors like family history. Signs include language delays and strange behavior. Diagnosis involves evaluating thoughts, functions, and symptoms. Treatments include medications and therapy. Complications involve inability to work or attend school. Childhood depression is defined by inability to enjoy activities and involves symptoms like changes in appetite and sleep. It affects many children and teens and has causes like genetics and life stress.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, f...AmitSherawat2
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and for their family a
Schizophrenia is a long-term mental disorder involving breakdowns in thought, emotion, and behavior. It has genetic and environmental causes and is associated with excessive dopamine in the brain. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms like lack of pleasure, and cognitive symptoms like poor executive functioning. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms, and treatment involves antipsychotic medication as well as family and social support.
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that causes difficulties with thinking, emotions and behavior. Symptoms usually emerge in late teens to early 30s and include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior. Genetics and environmental factors both contribute to its development. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to manage symptoms as well as support for independent living. Relapse is common if medications are stopped, so ongoing monitoring and compliance are important for long-term management of the condition.
Schizophrenia & Other Psychotic Disorders.pptprachirlaxkar
1. Schizophrenia is a group of disorders with heterogeneous causes and unknown exact etiology. It has a worldwide prevalence of 0.6-1.9% and peak onset ages of 10-25 for males and 25-35 for females.
2. The etiology involves genetic, biological, neurological, environmental, and psychosocial factors. The stress-diathesis model integrates these factors. Dopamine dysfunction and abnormalities in brain structures like the limbic system are also involved.
3. Diagnosis is based on DSM-IV criteria including two or more symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations lasting at least 6 months along with social and occupational dysfunction. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication,
Schizophrenia & Other Psychotic Disorders.pptdrkomalsai
1. Schizophrenia is a group of disorders with heterogeneous causes and unknown exact etiology. It has a worldwide prevalence of 0.6-1.9% and peak onset ages of 10-25 for males and 25-35 for females.
2. The etiology involves genetic, biological, neurological, environmental, and psychosocial factors. The stress-diathesis model integrates these factors. Neurobiological theories implicate dopamine and other neurotransmitters.
3. Diagnosis is based on DSM-IV criteria including two characteristic symptoms for at least 6 months along with social/occupational dysfunction. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication, psychosocial therapies, and hospitalization if needed for safety or stabilization
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior, failure to recognize reality, and symptoms like false beliefs, hearing voices, and reduced motivation. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors and typically begins in young adulthood. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms like lack of emotion and motivation. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to manage symptoms, though negative symptoms are less responsive to medication. Long-term management also includes non-pharmacological therapies.
schizophrenia is most common psychiatric condition characterized by disturbance in thinking, emotion and volition with presence of clear consciousness.
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating mental illness which demands immediate attention by the family. There are certain types of schizophrenia based on its symptom presentation and its management mostly depends sxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Schizophrenia is a psychotic condition characterized by a disturbance in thinking, emotions, volition and faculties in the presence of clear consciousness, which usually leads to social withdrawal
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that causes symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions and disorganized thinking. It affects about 1% of the population and typically emerges during late adolescence or early adulthood. The exact causes are unknown but likely involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and management involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies. Prognosis varies but many people are able to lead relatively normal lives with proper long-term treatment and support.
Participants will explore the prevalence of psychotic experiences among kids with mental health concerns and kids in the general population, discuss the differential diagnosis of psychotic symptoms in children and youth, examine the relationship between hallucinations and suicidal behavior in youth and review the appropriate psychiatric and medical workup for youth with psychotic experiences
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that causes abnormalities in thought, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is a chronic condition that begins early in life. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, catatonia, and negative symptoms. It is diagnosed based on signs and symptoms, and is treated through a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies like family therapy and social skills training. The causes are thought to involve genetic and environmental factors like prenatal infections, drug use, and brain abnormalities.
Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that causes difficulties distinguishing reality from fantasy, impaired thinking, emotional expression, social behavior, and normal functioning. It typically develops in late teens to early adulthood. Genetics and environmental factors both contribute to its development. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms like lack of emotion, and cognitive symptoms like poor executive functioning. There is no medical test for diagnosis, which is based on psychiatric evaluation and presence of characteristic symptoms for a minimum duration.
In 1911, Eugen Bleuler, first used the word "schizophrenia."The word schizophrenia does come from the Greek words meaning "split" and "mind," & refers to the way that people with schizophrenia are split off from reality; they cannot tell what is real and what is not real.
Schizophrenia was first identified in the 1890s and characterized by early onset and chronic course. Key symptoms include thought interference, passivity experiences, and delusional perceptions. Genetics plays a role, with identical twins showing a 45% concordance. Environmental factors like birth complications and cannabis use can also increase risk. Treatment involves antipsychotics while family and cognitive behavioral therapies help reduce relapse. Early intervention leads to better outcomes.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions. The exact cause is unknown but there are several hypotheses including a dopamine imbalance in the brain. Symptoms include changes in behavior, speech abnormalities, hallucinations, and delusions. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications which work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. While medications can help control symptoms, schizophrenia has no cure and often becomes a chronic condition.
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by positive and negative symptoms. It was first identified in the 1890s and has genetic and environmental risk factors. Key aspects include diagnostic criteria, types of schizophrenia, implicated neurochemicals and neural pathways, pharmacological treatments including antipsychotics, and importance of psychosocial interventions and early intervention. Non-pharmacological management includes family therapy, CBT, and vocational rehabilitation.
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech or behavior. It affects over 21 million people worldwide, with about 1.1% of the US population experiencing it. The onset typically occurs in early 20s for males and late 20s for females. It has genetic and environmental factors, with genetics playing a role in increased risk if a family member also has it. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms like social withdrawal, and cognitive impairment. Diagnosis requires continuous symptoms for 6 months including at least two like delusions or hallucinations along with impaired functioning.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels and behaves. It is a brain disorder that is often genetic and can be triggered by environmental factors. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, and decreased emotional expression and motivation. While there is no cure, treatment with medications and psychotherapy can help manage symptoms and improve functioning. Lifelong treatment is typically required to prevent relapse.
This document summarizes key topics in social psychology, including person perception, attribution processes, interpersonal attraction, attitudes, conformity, obedience, and behavior in groups. It discusses how we form impressions of others and common biases. Interpersonal attraction is explored in terms of factors like physical attractiveness and similarity. Theories of attitude formation and change are presented. Experiments on conformity, obedience, and bystander effects are summarized.
This document discusses various topics related to social relations, including prejudice, aggression, attraction, conflict, altruism, and peacemaking. It addresses how prejudice forms and persists over time due to social inequalities and people's tendency to favor their own groups. Aggression is influenced by both biological and psychological factors like genetics, neural activity, biochemistry, and frustration. Attraction between people is shaped by proximity, exposure, reciprocal liking, similarity, association, and physical attractiveness. The document also examines conformity, obedience, and how groups can influence individual behavior and attitudes through social norms, pressure, and polarization.
Social psychology involves studying how people relate to and influence one another. Key topics include attitudes, prejudice, aggression, attraction, love, and group behavior. Attitudes can guide actions if external pressures are low, the attitude is aware, and relevant to the behavior. However, actions often influence attitudes instead due to cognitive dissonance, the mental discomfort from inconsistent cognitions. Prejudice arises from categorization, vivid cases, a just world view, and provides an outlet for anger. Groups impact conformity, polarization, social loafing, and deindividuation where people lose their sense of self.
This document provides an overview of different types of psychological therapies, including:
- Psychotherapy, which involves interaction between a therapist and client suffering psychological difficulties. The most popular is an eclectic approach combining techniques from different schools.
- Psychoanalysis, developed by Freud using techniques like free association and dream interpretation to understand the unconscious.
- Humanistic therapy focuses on self-fulfillment and takes a present/future orientation rather than past issues. Client-centered therapy uses empathy, acceptance and genuineness.
- Behavior therapies apply learning principles to change unwanted behaviors. Techniques include counterconditioning, systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, and operant conditioning using rewards.
- Cognitive therapy teaches more
The document discusses various biomedical therapies used to treat mental health conditions, including psychopharmacology drugs and electroconvulsive therapy. It describes the different drug schedules and some common psychotropic medications like antipsychotics, antianxiety drugs, and antidepressants. Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat psychosis and other conditions and were beginning to help with schizophrenia symptoms, though they often have powerful side effects. The document also briefly mentions the emptying of mental hospitals, testing new drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgeries like lobotomies which were developed in the 1930s using an ice pick-like instrument through the eye sockets.
This document summarizes different types of treatments for psychological disorders including psychotherapy approaches like insight therapies (talk therapy), behavior therapies, and biomedical therapies. It discusses who seeks treatment for mental disorders and who provides treatment, including clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors. Specific therapeutic approaches are described like psychoanalysis, client-centered therapy, behavior therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and biomedical therapies like psychopharmacotherapy. Current trends in treatment like managed care and empirically validated treatments are also mentioned.
This document provides information from the DSM-IV on various mental disorders and diagnostic criteria. It begins with cautionary statements about using the DSM for diagnosis and discusses key concepts like the difference between a mental disorder and deviance. It then covers disorders usually diagnosed in childhood, including learning disorders and autism. It also discusses schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, major depressive disorder, and the multiaxial assessment system used in the DSM-IV. The document provides diagnostic criteria and descriptions for many disorders.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Chapter14
1. Bell Work
• Which of the following statements is most
accurate?
– Although they may be superficially
charming, antisocial personalities rarely
experience genuine affection for anyone.
– Antisocial personalities are, by definition,
violent criminals.
– Antisocial personalities act as they do out
of terror of punishment or humiliation.
– Antisocial personalities tend to have an
excessively high tolerance for frustration.
– All of the above
2. Bell Work
• Harold sits all day alone on a park bench,
babbling incoherently and giggling to himself.
Harold would most likely be diagnosed as
having
– Catatonic
– Disorganized
– Residual
– Paranoid
– Undifferentiated
3. FRQ
• Often misunderstood, schizophrenia is a psychological disorder
affecting one percent of the population. In addition to treating the
disorder, psychologists work to identify its nature and origins.
Identify two characteristic symptoms used to diagnose
schizophrenia.
• Discuss a research finding that supports a genetic basis for
schizophrenia.
• What is the dopamine hypothesis regarding the origins of
schizophrenia?
• Describe how medications used to treat schizophrenia affect
the actions of neurotransmitters at the synapses.
• Identify a risk inherent in using medications in the treatment
of schizophrenia.
• People sometimes confuse schizophrenia with dissociative identity
disorder (DID). Identify two key characteristics that differentiate
DID from schizophrenia.
4. Abnormal Behavior
• The medical model
• What is abnormal behavior?
– Deviant: Does it violate societal norms?
– Maladaptive: Does it impair everyday
functioning?
– Causing personal distress
– Examples
• A continuum of normal/abnormal
6. Prevalence, Causes, and Course
• Epidemiology is the study of the distribution
of mental or physical disorders in the
population.
• Prevalence
• Lifetime prevalence
• Diagnosis
• Etiology refers to the apparent causation and
developmental history of an illness
• Prognosis
19. Etiology of Schizophrenia
• Genetic vulnerability
• Neurochemical factors
• Structural abnormalities of the brain
• The neurodevelopmental hypothesis
• Expressed emotion
• Precipitating stress
20. • Research has linked schizophrenia to a genetic
vulnerability and changes in neurotransmitter
activity at dopamine, and perhaps serotonin,
receptors. Structural abnormalities in the brain,
such as enlarged ventricles, are associated
with schizophrenia, as are metabolic
abnormalities in the prefrontal and temporal
lobes. Researchers theorize that positive
symptoms are related to prefrontal
abnormalities and negative symptoms to
temporal abnormalities. The question remains
to be answered re: whether these abnormalities
are cause or consequence of schizophrenia.
21. • The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia
asserts that it is attributable to disruptions in
maturational processes of the brain before or at the
time of birth that are caused by prenatal viral
infections or malnutrition, obstetrical complications,
and other brain insults.
• Studies of expressed emotion, or the degree to which
a relative of a person with schizophrenia displays
highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitudes
toward the patient, suggest that expressed emotion is
a good predictor of the course of schizophrenic illness,
negatively impacting prognosis.
• Precipitating stress and unhealthy family dynamics
have also been shown to be related to schizophrenia.
22. Figure 14.18 The dopamine hypothesis as an explanation for schizophrenia
24. Psychological Disorders and the Law
• Insanity
– M’naghten rule
• Involuntary commitment
– danger to self
– danger to others
– in need of treatment
25. Figure 14.22 The insanity defense: public perceptions and actual realities
26. Culture and Pathology
• Cultural variations
• Culture bound disorders
– Koro
– Windigo
– Anorexia nervosa
Editor's Notes
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in the population.
Prevalence refers to the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period.
Lifetime prevalence is the percentage of people who have been diagnosed with a specific disorder at any time in their lives. Current research suggests that about 44% of the adult population will have some sort of psychological disorder at some point in their lives.
A diagnosis is a means of distinguishing one illness from another.
Etiology refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness, while prognosis is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.
Twin studies suggest a moderate genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders. They may be more likely in people who are especially sensitive to the physiological symptoms of anxiety. Abnormalities in neurotransmitter activity at GABA synapses have been implicated in some types of anxiety disorders, and abnormalities in serotonin synapses have been implicated in panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders.
Many anxiety responses, especially phobias, may be caused by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning. Parents who model anxiety may promote the development of these disorders through observational learning.
Cognitive theories hold that certain styles of thinking, overinterpreting harmless situations as threatening, for example, make some people more vulnerable to anxiety disorders. The personality trait of neuroticism has been linked to anxiety disorders, and stress appears to precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders.
Somatoform disorders are physical ailments that cannot be explained by organic conditions. They are not psychosomatic diseases, which are real physical ailments caused in part by psychological factors. (Recall from chapter 13 that psychosomatic disease as a category has fallen into disuse). Individuals with somatoform disorders are not simply faking an illness, which would be termed malingering.
Somatization disorder is marked by a history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin. They occur mostly in women and often coexist with depression and anxiety disorders.
Conversion disorder is characterized by a significant loss of physical function (with no apparent organic basis), usually in a single organ system…loss of vision, partial paralysis, mutism, etc…glove anesthesia, for example, is neurologically impossible.
Hypochondriasis is characterized by excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about developing physical illnesses.
Somatoform disorders often emerge in people with highly suggestible, histrionic personalities and in people who focus excess attention on their physiological processes. They may be learned avoidance strategies, reinforced by attention and sympathy.
Dissociative disorders are a class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity.
Dissociative amnesia is a sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting. Memory loss may be for a single traumatic event or for an extended time period around the event.
Dissociative fugue is when people lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity…forget their name, family, where they live, etc., but still know how to do math and drive a car.
Dissociative identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder) involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities.
DID is related to severe emotional trauma that occurred in childhood, although this link is not unique to DID, as a history of child abuse elevates the likelihood of many disorders, especially among females.
Some theorists believe that people with DID are engaging in intentional role playing to use an exotic mental illness as a face-saving excuse for their personal failings and that therapists may play a role in their development of this pattern of behavior, others argue to the contrary. In a recent survey, only ¼ of American psychiatrists in the sample indicated that they felt there was solid evidence for the scientific validity of DID.
Mood disorders are a class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes.
Major depressive disorder is marked by profound sadness, slowed thought processes, low self-esteem, and loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure. Major depression is also called unipolar depression. Research suggests that the lifetime prevalence rate of unipolar depression is between 7 and 18%. Evidence suggests that the prevalence of depression is increasing, particularly in more recent age cohorts, and that it is 2X as high in women as in men.
Dysthymic disorder consists of chronic depression that is insufficient in severity to justify diagnosis of major depression.
Bipolar disorder (formerly known as manic-depressive disorder) is characterized by the experience of one or more manic episodes usually accompanied by periods of depression. In a manic episode, a person’s mood becomes elevated to the point of euphoria.
Bipolar disorder affects a little over 1%-2% of the population and is equally as common in males and females.
People are given the diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder when they exhibit chronic but relatively mild symptoms of bipolar disturbance.
Evidence suggests genetic vulnerability to mood disorders. These disorders are accompanied by changes in neurochemical activity in the brain, particularly at norepinephrine and serotonin synapses.
Cognitive models suggest that negative thinking contributes to depression. Learned helplessness and a pessimistic explanatory style have been proposed by Martin Seligman as predisposing individuals to depression. Hopelessness theory, the most recent descendant of the learned helplessness model of depression, proposes a sense of hopelessness as the “final pathway” leading to depression…not just explanatory style, but also high stress, low self-esteem, and other factors combine in the development of depression. Current research also implicates ruminating over one’s problems as important in the maintenance of depression, extending and amplifying individuals’ episodes of depression.
Interpersonal inadequacies and poor social skills may lead to a paucity of life’s reinforcers and frequent rejection. Stress has also been implicated in the development of depressive disorders.
Insanity is not a diagnosis, it is a legal concept. Insanity is a legal status indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness.
The M’naghten rule holds that insanity exists when a mental disorder makes a person unable to distinguish right from wrong.
Involuntary commitment occurs when people are hospitalized in psychiatric facilities against their will. Rules vary from state to state, but generally, people are subject to involuntary commitment when they are a danger to themselves or others or when they are in need of treatment (as in cases of severe disorientation).
In emergency situations, psychiatrists and psychologists can authorize temporary commitment only for a period of 24-72 hours. Long-term commitments must go through the courts and are usually set up for renewable six-month periods.
The principal categories of psychological disturbance are identifiable in all cultures, but milder disorders may go unrecognized in some societies.
Culture-bound disorders illustrate the diversity of abnormal behavior around the world, as well as cultural influence.
Koro is an obsessive fear that one’s penis will withdraw into one’s abdomen, seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia.
Windigo involves intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a cannibal, seen only among Algonquin Indian cultures.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation, until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures.