The document discusses several approaches to decision making in value issues and ethical dilemmas:
1) Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing happiness and pleasure for all affected parties by evaluating the consequences of different options.
2) Deontology or duty-based ethics, exemplified by Kant, focuses on adhering to universal moral rules and duties rather than consequences.
3) Virtue ethics examines what decision or action an ethical person of good character would take based on their virtues and moral traits.
4) Divine command ethics derives ethics from following rules set forth by a divine authority figure like God or scripture. The document analyzes the applications and criticisms of each approach.
EUTHANASIA AND SUICIDE DYSTHANASIA ORTHOTHANASIA
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO THE DYING
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES END OF LIFE CARE PLAN OR DNR
NURSING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILTIES
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
The EINC initiative of the Philippine Department of Health- Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control-Family Health Office (DOH-NCDPC-FHO) and DOH Center for Health Promotions (NCHP), supported by the Joint Programme on Maternal and Neonatal Health (JPMNH), and being funded by AusAID, was piloted in 11 hospitals in the Philippines, and has yielded favorable results.
The recommended EINC practices during the intrapartum period include continuous maternal support by having a companion of choice during labor and delivery, freedom of movement during labor, monitoring progress of labor using the partograph, non-drug pain relief before offering labor anesthesia, position of choice during labor and delivery, spontaneous pushing in a semi-upright position, non-routine episiotomy, and active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL).
For newborns, four core steps were recommended in a time bound sequence. A social marketing handle, “The First Embrace,” accompanied the initiative for practice change among health workers.
EUTHANASIA AND SUICIDE DYSTHANASIA ORTHOTHANASIA
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS TO THE DYING
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES END OF LIFE CARE PLAN OR DNR
NURSING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILTIES
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
The EINC initiative of the Philippine Department of Health- Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control-Family Health Office (DOH-NCDPC-FHO) and DOH Center for Health Promotions (NCHP), supported by the Joint Programme on Maternal and Neonatal Health (JPMNH), and being funded by AusAID, was piloted in 11 hospitals in the Philippines, and has yielded favorable results.
The recommended EINC practices during the intrapartum period include continuous maternal support by having a companion of choice during labor and delivery, freedom of movement during labor, monitoring progress of labor using the partograph, non-drug pain relief before offering labor anesthesia, position of choice during labor and delivery, spontaneous pushing in a semi-upright position, non-routine episiotomy, and active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL).
For newborns, four core steps were recommended in a time bound sequence. A social marketing handle, “The First Embrace,” accompanied the initiative for practice change among health workers.
Ethics Lessons Learned and Best PracticesWhat is your personal .docxgitagrimston
Ethics: Lessons Learned and Best Practices
What is your personal philosophical approach to help you answer and deal with ethical questions? Do you notice co-workers behaving in ways you would never? How is it that in a professional environment in which everyone goes through a hiring process and a screening process, they behave so differently? Every person has a moral compass that guides his or her behavior
and ultimately shapes his or her personal code of ethics. The code of ethics will help
a person to recognize a problem and make decisions regarding the appropriate course of action.
How can you devise or define your own personal ethical statement of values and principles?
There are three primary ethical philosophies, each answering the fundamental question, “Do the ends justify the means?”
If you answered NO, then you are an absolutist (or legalist) and subscribe to deontological ethics (the ethics of duty). The ends never justify the means. One should discover the rules and follow them
If you answered YES, you are a relativist and subscribe to teleological ethics. This is the ethics of the finals ends, or of the consequences of the act. The end can and often does justify the means. Intention is critical.
If you answered MAYBE or SOMETIMES, then you subscribe to situational ethics. This is the ethics of specific acts. Does the end justify the means? It all depends. There are several thoughts of situational ethics. Below are just a few.
Antinominanism espouses that there are no moral absolutes. Every person and situation is unique. The one absolute is the Golden Rule: You shall love your neighbor as yourself. Always place people first; do what is best for people.
Deontelics, as put forth by philosopher John Merrill, holds that some acts, by their very nature, are unethical in most cases. The truth is paramount. Lying is unethical in most cases, but there are rare exceptions for good purposes
Utilitarianism believes that the best course of action is that which brings the most happiness to the greatest number of people. This is a philosophy of the greatest good (rather than the greatest happiness) over a long period of time.
Situational ethics reflected in Aristotle’s (384-322 B.C.) Golden Mean is a rational and moral position that is somewhere in between (though not necessarily in the middle). When found in an ethical dilemma, the following steps of principled reasoning are employed.
•Appraise the situation
•Identify your personal values
•Appeal to those ethical principles without abandoning your personal values
•Consider your loyalties
How would you describe yourself as a worker?
If you’ve never thought about this, theOccupational Work Ethic Inventory (OWEI)
will help you learn more about the type of worker you are.
Take some time to complete the inventory. What did you learn about yourself that you
Social Responsibility, continued
Historically, social responsibility was left to the non-profits
and not necessarily the business o ...
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholderI Morals & Ethical Pri.docxphilipnelson29183
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholder
I Morals & Ethical Principles
II Ethical Decision Making in Business
(Why good people do bad things)
Greg Smith
Choice of
Ethical
Perspective
Morality:
The social rules that govern & limit our conduct, especially the ultimate rules concerning right and wrong.
The basic guidelines for cooperative social existence.
Serves to restrain the purely self-interested desires in each of us in order to make it possible for all of us to live together.
When we make a decision or take an action we can be:
Moral - in compliance with moral standards
key operating questions of management is "is this action or decision fair to us and all stakeholders involved?"
Immoral - in opposition to moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision regardless of what it takes?"
Amoral - without consideration of moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision?"
Nonmoral - outside the sphere of moral concern
Moral standards get confused with:
Law Etiquette
Conscience
Corporate/Professional Codes
Religion
Moral Relativism:
The belief that morality is just a function of what a particular society happens to believe, that what is right is determined by what a society says is right.
abortion is condemned as immoral in Catholic Spain, but is practiced as a morally neutral form of birth control in Japan
Moral relativists believe that there is no absolute moral standard independent of culture, no universal definition of right or wrong.
polygamy, stealing, slavery have all been tolerated by the moral system of one society or another
Moral Universalism is the belief that variations in moral standards reflect different factual circumstances rather than fundamental differences in values.
Which is right?
It is good to emphasize that in viewing other cultures we should keep
an open mind and not simply dismiss their social practices.
Compromise position is Moral Perspectivalism,
the consideration of multiple perspectives while at the same time asserting universal truths.
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
*
1. Preconventional Level:
- how we behave as infants & children
- emphasis in decisions is on ourselves
Stage 1 - Reaction to punishment - pain avoidance
Stage 2 - Seeking of rewards - praise, candy, trip to a movie
2. Conventional Level:
- child learns the importance of conforming to norms of society
Stage 3 - Good boy/nice girl morality - rewards such as feelings of warmth, loyalty acceptance from family & peers
Stage 4 - Law and order morality - certain norms are expected in society - individual sees himself as part of a larger social system
3. Postconventional Level:
- a more advanced notion of right or wrong than that which is conventionally articulated
- moral principles are internalized, seen as "right"
- focus is on humanity as a whole
- f.
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