Chapter Two Principles of Health Care Ethics12.docx
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Chapter Two Principles of Health Care Ethics 1 2 Principles of Ethics Extends your foundation of ethics. Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations. The four most often used in health care are nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. 3 3 Nonmaleficience Sometimes this is translated as “first do no harm”. Ethical theories define harm in different ways. Consequentialist says harm is that which prevents good. Natural law says harm is something that limits our potential. 4 4 Nonmaleficence Deontologists say harm is something that prevents you from doing your moral duty. Virtue ethicists say harm is something that leads you away from practicing high moral character. Ethical egoists say that harm is something that goes against your self interest. 5 5 Harm in the Clinical Setting Harm is something that negatively affects patients. Clinically, we think of physical harm but other harm is possible. Harm is also caused by negligence. Harm can be caused by violating autonomy. 6 6 Beneficience Beneficience comes from the Latin “bene” and means to benefit. Requires a decision to engage in beneficent acts or to be altruistic. It is a fundamental principle of health care practice. What theories support beneficence? 7 7 Health care and Beneficience The standard of altruism is higher for health care professionals. Altruism is expected. Beneficence sometimes is extended to paternalism when the health care professional makes decisions for the good of the patient. What is this called? 8 8 Autonomy Autonomy means that you can rule yourself. It implies a respect for others. In health care, we have a duty to treat, but not to judge. What are the conditions necessary for autonomy in health care? 9 9 Specific Competence Is defined as the ability to do some things but not others. One can be competent in a limited way. In issues where a person is not competent, the concept of substitute judgment can be used. This also involves the idea of a reasonable person’s decision. 10 10 Specific Competence Coercion can also affect a person’s ability to exercise autonomy. Issues of competence and autonomy also are part of informed consent and other health care issues which are discussed in later chapters. 11 11 Justice The term can be used to mean fairness. Aristotle thought we should treat similar cases in a similar way unless there was some relevant or material difference. We need to examine types of justice: procedural and distributive. 12 12 Procedural Justice This is sometimes called due process. It means that you get your turn; you are treated like everyone else. Procedural injustice can occur with employee situations. Due process is also involved with policy making in procedural justice. 13 13 Distributive Justice This form of justice involves balancing benefits and burdens. Health care resource allocation is one example of a distributive injustice. Health care is a scarce resource, so Resource a.
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Chapter Two Principles of Health Care Ethics12
Chapter Two
Principles of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Principles of Ethics
Extends your foundation of ethics.
Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations.
The four most often used in health care are nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
3
3
Nonmaleficience
Sometimes this is translated as “first do no harm”.
Ethical theories define harm in different ways.
Consequentialist says harm is that which prevents good.
Natural law says harm is something that limits our potential.
4
4
Nonmaleficence
Deontologists say harm is something that prevents you from doing your moral duty.
Virtue ethicists say harm is something that leads you away from practicing high moral character.
Ethical egoists say that harm is something that goes against your self interest.
5
5
Harm in the Clinical Setting
Harm is something that negatively affects patients.
Clinically, we think of physical harm but other harm is possible.
Harm is also caused by negligence.
Harm can be caused by violating autonomy.
6
6
Beneficience
Beneficience comes from the Latin “bene” and means to benefit.
Requires a decision to engage in beneficent acts or to be altruistic.
It is a fundamental principle of health care practice.
What theories support beneficence?
7
7
Health care and Beneficience
The standard of altruism is higher for health care professionals.
Altruism is expected.
Beneficence sometimes is extended to paternalism when the health care professional makes decisions for the good of the patient. What is this called?
8
8
Autonomy
Autonomy means that you can rule yourself.
It implies a respect for others.
In health care, we have a duty to treat, but not to judge.
What are the conditions necessary for autonomy in health care?
9
9
Specific Competence
Is defined as the ability to do some things but not others. One can be competent in a limited way.
In issues where a person is not competent, the concept of substitute judgment can be used. This also involves the idea of a reasonable person’s decision.
10
10
Specific Competence
Coercion can also affect a person’s ability to exercise autonomy.
Issues of competence and autonomy also are part of informed consent and other health care issues which are discussed in later chapters.
11
11
Justice
The term can be used to mean fairness.
Aristotle thought we should treat similar cases in a similar way unless there was some relevant or material difference.
We need to examine types of justice: procedural and distributive.
12
12
Procedural Justice
This is sometimes called due process.
It means that you get your turn; you are treated like everyone else.
Procedural injustice can occur with employee situations.
Due process is also involved with policy making in procedural justice.
13
13
Distributive Justice
This form of justice involves balancing benefits and burdens.
Health care resource allocation is one example of a distributive injustice.
Health care is a scarce resource, so
Resource a ...
Florida National UniversityBiomedical Ethics Assignment Week 2.docx
Florida National University
Biomedical Ethics: Assignment Week 2
Student PowerPoint Presentation Chapter 2
Objectives: The presentation project has more than a few objectives. It involves students to spread over impressions from It changes options for reproductive choices, It can separate roles of genetic mother and gestational mother, the social mother may be different from either of the above. The progression to recognize and analysis circumstances Decision points have also multiplied, Many steps can be completed in the lab which, allows different decision points about having a baby, We are not prepared to deal with all of the changes conceptually, emotionally or ethically. In accumulation, the student will be able to categorize a variety of individual’s rights by allied health professionals.
Format and Guidelines: The student will produce a Power Point Presentation from Chapter 2 of the Textbook and the Article related to Week 3 (Choose your desire topic form these chapters).The Presentation should have a minimum of 12 slides, including Title Page, Introduction, Conclusion, and References.
The student must use other textbooks, research papers, and articles as references (minimum 3).
Due date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 at 11:30PM.
Originality: Turnitin submission required
EACH POWEROIINT SHOULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
1. Title Page: Topic Name, Student Name
2. Introduction: Provide a brief synopsis of the meaning (not a description) of the topic you choose, in your own words
3. Content Body: Progress your theme, provide Material, illustrations and Diagram to explain, describe and clarify the Topic you choose.
4. Conclusion: Briefly summarize your thoughts & conclusion to your critique of the articles and Chapter you read.
5. References: The student must use other textbooks, research papers, and articles as references (minimum 3).
ASSIGNMENT DUE DATE:
The assignment is to be electronically posted in the Assignments Link on Blackboard no later than noon on Sunday, March 15, 2020.
Dr. Gisela Llamas
Florida National University
Grading Sheet
Student Name __________________________________ Date_____________________
Category
Possible Points
Actual Points
Presentation style and content.
3
Distributed bibliography w/ 3 additional readings
2
Inclusion of diversity content Pictures, Graphic, etc.
2
Length: Minimum 12 slides
1
Required Format
2
TOTAL
10
Dr. Gisela Llamas
ASSIGNMENT GRADING SYSTEM
A
90% - 100%
B+
85% - 89%
B
80% - 84%
C+
75% - 79%
C
70% - 74%
D
60% – 69%
F
50% - 59% Or less.
Dr. Gisela Llamas
Chapter Two
Principles of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Principles of Ethics
Extends your foundation of ethics.
Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations.
The four most often used in health care are nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
3
3
Nonmaleficience
Sometimes this is translated as “first do no harm”.
Ethical theories define harm in di ...
Florida National UniversityBiomedical Ethics Assignment Week 2.docx
Florida National University
Biomedical Ethics: Assignment Week 2
Student PowerPoint Presentation Chapter 2
Objectives: The presentation project has more than a few objectives. It involves students to spread over impressions from It changes options for reproductive choices, It can separate roles of genetic mother and gestational mother, the social mother may be different from either of the above. The progression to recognize and analysis circumstances Decision points have also multiplied, Many steps can be completed in the lab which, allows different decision points about having a baby, We are not prepared to deal with all of the changes conceptually, emotionally or ethically. In accumulation, the student will be able to categorize a variety of individual’s rights by allied health professionals.
Format and Guidelines: The student will produce a Power Point Presentation from Chapter 2 of the Textbook and the Article related to Week 3 (Choose your desire topic form these chapters).The Presentation should have a minimum of 12 slides, including Title Page, Introduction, Conclusion, and References.
The student must use other textbooks, research papers, and articles as references (minimum 3).
Due date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 at 11:30PM.
Originality: Turnitin submission required
EACH POWEROIINT SHOULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
1. Title Page: Topic Name, Student Name
2. Introduction: Provide a brief synopsis of the meaning (not a description) of the topic you choose, in your own words
3. Content Body: Progress your theme, provide Material, illustrations and Diagram to explain, describe and clarify the Topic you choose.
4. Conclusion: Briefly summarize your thoughts & conclusion to your critique of the articles and Chapter you read.
5. References: The student must use other textbooks, research papers, and articles as references (minimum 3).
ASSIGNMENT DUE DATE:
The assignment is to be electronically posted in the Assignments Link on Blackboard no later than noon on Sunday, March 15, 2020.
Dr. Gisela Llamas
Florida National University
Grading Sheet
Student Name __________________________________ Date_____________________
Category
Possible Points
Actual Points
Presentation style and content.
3
Distributed bibliography w/ 3 additional readings
2
Inclusion of diversity content Pictures, Graphic, etc.
2
Length: Minimum 12 slides
1
Required Format
2
TOTAL
10
Dr. Gisela Llamas
ASSIGNMENT GRADING SYSTEM
A
90% - 100%
B+
85% - 89%
B
80% - 84%
C+
75% - 79%
C
70% - 74%
D
60% – 69%
F
50% - 59% Or less.
Dr. Gisela Llamas
Chapter Two
Principles of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Principles of Ethics
Extends your foundation of ethics.
Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations.
The four most often used in health care are nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
3
3
Nonmaleficience
Sometimes this is translated as “first do no harm”.
Ethical theories define harm in di.
Ashford 5 - Week 4 - Discussion 2Your initial discussion .docx
Ashford 5: - Week 4 - Discussion 2
Your initial discussion thread is due on Day 3 (Thursday) and you have until Day 7 (Monday) to respond to your classmates. Your grade will reflect both the quality of your initial post and the depth of your responses.
Food Justice/Food Deserts
The purpose of this discussion is to offer you the opportunity to debate the issue of food justice and food deserts. Food deserts are significant issues in poorer neighborhoods in the United States. In many of these neighborhoods, the only access to food is through local convenience stores or fast food restaurants. This severely limits the options for the poor to have access to fresh, wholesome food and has been evidenced as a key reason for the obesity epidemic in the United States. This issue is encompassed in the overarching topic of food justice, which also highlights public access to genetically modified or organic foods and the issues of equal access to positive food options in light of public health and social inequality. Prepare and post a response to the following prompt:
Read the Hilmers article, Neighborhood Disparities in Access to Healthy Foods and Their Effects on Environmental Justice. Assume that your town is a food desert and you would like to do something about it. Prepare an argument to present to your local town council that outlines an idea to offer healthy food options to your town. Use at least one ethical theory or perspective to support the moral or ethical reasoning for why this program should be implemented.
Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from the required resources and/or other scholarly sources, and properly cite any references in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7.
Carefully review the Discussion Forum Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate this Discussion Thread.
Ashford 5: - Week 4 - Discussion 1
Your initial discussion thread is due on Day 3 (Thursday) and you have until Day 7 (Monday) to respond to your classmates. Your grade will reflect both the quality of your initial post and the depth of your responses.
Equal Access to Health Care
insertDiscussionPromptHere
This discussion presents the opportunity for you to address the inequality of access to health care in the United States using moral and ethical reasoning. There is overwhelming evidence that social inequalities affect health outcomes. Many argue that lack of health care access due to poverty is a human rights concern in the United States that should be subject to public and social justice inquiry. As such, the Affordable Care Act was implemented to promote health equity. While there are some that have reported favorable outcomes with respect to health care access, others have reported unfavorable experiences.
What is your perspective on the ethics of providing universal health care to all U.S. citizens,.
1 Chapter 2 Principles of Health Care Ethics .docx
1
Chapter 2
Principles of Health Care
Ethics
3
Principles of Ethics
• Extends your foundation of ethics.
• Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical
situations.
• The four most often used in health care are
nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and
justice.
4
Nonmaleficience
• Sometimes this is translated as “first do no
harm”.
• Ethical theories define harm in different ways.
• Consequentialist says harm is that which
prevents good.
• Natural law says harm is something that limits
our potential.
5
Nonmaleficence
• Deontologists say harm is something that
prevents you from doing your moral duty.
• Virtue ethicists say harm is something that
leads you away from practicing high moral
character.
• Ethical egoists say that harm is something that
goes against your self interest.
6
Harm in the Clinical Setting
• Harm is something that negatively affects
patients.
• Clinically, we think of physical harm but other
harm is possible.
• Harm is also caused by negligence.
• Harm can be caused by violating autonomy.
7
Beneficience
• Beneficence comes from the Latin word for
good- “bene”- and means to benefit.
• Requires a decision to engage in beneficent
acts or to be altruistic.
• It is a fundamental principle of health care
practice.
• What theories support beneficence?
8
Health care and Beneficience
• The standard of altruism is higher for health
care professionals.
• Altruism is expected.
• Beneficence sometimes is extended to
paternalism when the health care professional
makes decisions for the good of the patient.
• What is this called?
9
Autonomy
• Autonomy means that you can rule yourself.
• It implies a respect for others.
• In health care, we have a duty to treat, but not
to judge.
• What are the conditions necessary for
autonomy in health care?
10
Specific Competence
• Is defined as the ability to do some things but
not others. So, you can be competent in a
limited way.
• In issues where a person is not competent, the
concept of substitute judgment can be used.
This is also involves the idea of reasonable
person’s decision.
11
Specific Competence
• Coercion can also affect a person’s ability to
exercise autonomy.
• Issues of competence and autonomy also are
part of informed consent and other health
care issues which are discussed in later
chapters.
12
Justice
• The term can be used to mean fairness.
• Aristotle thought we should treat similar cases
in a similar way unless there was some
relevant or material difference.
• We need to examine types of justice:
procedural and distributive.
13
Procedural Justice
• This is sometimes called due process.
• It means that you get your turn; you are
treated like everyone else.
• Procedural injustice can occur with employee
situations.
• Due process is also involved with policy
making in procedural justice.
14
Di ...
Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 12.docx
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent ...
Recommended
Chapter Two Principles of Health Care Ethics12
Chapter Two
Principles of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Principles of Ethics
Extends your foundation of ethics.
Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations.
The four most often used in health care are nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
3
3
Nonmaleficience
Sometimes this is translated as “first do no harm”.
Ethical theories define harm in different ways.
Consequentialist says harm is that which prevents good.
Natural law says harm is something that limits our potential.
4
4
Nonmaleficence
Deontologists say harm is something that prevents you from doing your moral duty.
Virtue ethicists say harm is something that leads you away from practicing high moral character.
Ethical egoists say that harm is something that goes against your self interest.
5
5
Harm in the Clinical Setting
Harm is something that negatively affects patients.
Clinically, we think of physical harm but other harm is possible.
Harm is also caused by negligence.
Harm can be caused by violating autonomy.
6
6
Beneficience
Beneficience comes from the Latin “bene” and means to benefit.
Requires a decision to engage in beneficent acts or to be altruistic.
It is a fundamental principle of health care practice.
What theories support beneficence?
7
7
Health care and Beneficience
The standard of altruism is higher for health care professionals.
Altruism is expected.
Beneficence sometimes is extended to paternalism when the health care professional makes decisions for the good of the patient. What is this called?
8
8
Autonomy
Autonomy means that you can rule yourself.
It implies a respect for others.
In health care, we have a duty to treat, but not to judge.
What are the conditions necessary for autonomy in health care?
9
9
Specific Competence
Is defined as the ability to do some things but not others. One can be competent in a limited way.
In issues where a person is not competent, the concept of substitute judgment can be used. This also involves the idea of a reasonable person’s decision.
10
10
Specific Competence
Coercion can also affect a person’s ability to exercise autonomy.
Issues of competence and autonomy also are part of informed consent and other health care issues which are discussed in later chapters.
11
11
Justice
The term can be used to mean fairness.
Aristotle thought we should treat similar cases in a similar way unless there was some relevant or material difference.
We need to examine types of justice: procedural and distributive.
12
12
Procedural Justice
This is sometimes called due process.
It means that you get your turn; you are treated like everyone else.
Procedural injustice can occur with employee situations.
Due process is also involved with policy making in procedural justice.
13
13
Distributive Justice
This form of justice involves balancing benefits and burdens.
Health care resource allocation is one example of a distributive injustice.
Health care is a scarce resource, so
Resource a ...
Florida National UniversityBiomedical Ethics Assignment Week 2.docx
Florida National University
Biomedical Ethics: Assignment Week 2
Student PowerPoint Presentation Chapter 2
Objectives: The presentation project has more than a few objectives. It involves students to spread over impressions from It changes options for reproductive choices, It can separate roles of genetic mother and gestational mother, the social mother may be different from either of the above. The progression to recognize and analysis circumstances Decision points have also multiplied, Many steps can be completed in the lab which, allows different decision points about having a baby, We are not prepared to deal with all of the changes conceptually, emotionally or ethically. In accumulation, the student will be able to categorize a variety of individual’s rights by allied health professionals.
Format and Guidelines: The student will produce a Power Point Presentation from Chapter 2 of the Textbook and the Article related to Week 3 (Choose your desire topic form these chapters).The Presentation should have a minimum of 12 slides, including Title Page, Introduction, Conclusion, and References.
The student must use other textbooks, research papers, and articles as references (minimum 3).
Due date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 at 11:30PM.
Originality: Turnitin submission required
EACH POWEROIINT SHOULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
1. Title Page: Topic Name, Student Name
2. Introduction: Provide a brief synopsis of the meaning (not a description) of the topic you choose, in your own words
3. Content Body: Progress your theme, provide Material, illustrations and Diagram to explain, describe and clarify the Topic you choose.
4. Conclusion: Briefly summarize your thoughts & conclusion to your critique of the articles and Chapter you read.
5. References: The student must use other textbooks, research papers, and articles as references (minimum 3).
ASSIGNMENT DUE DATE:
The assignment is to be electronically posted in the Assignments Link on Blackboard no later than noon on Sunday, March 15, 2020.
Dr. Gisela Llamas
Florida National University
Grading Sheet
Student Name __________________________________ Date_____________________
Category
Possible Points
Actual Points
Presentation style and content.
3
Distributed bibliography w/ 3 additional readings
2
Inclusion of diversity content Pictures, Graphic, etc.
2
Length: Minimum 12 slides
1
Required Format
2
TOTAL
10
Dr. Gisela Llamas
ASSIGNMENT GRADING SYSTEM
A
90% - 100%
B+
85% - 89%
B
80% - 84%
C+
75% - 79%
C
70% - 74%
D
60% – 69%
F
50% - 59% Or less.
Dr. Gisela Llamas
Chapter Two
Principles of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Principles of Ethics
Extends your foundation of ethics.
Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations.
The four most often used in health care are nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
3
3
Nonmaleficience
Sometimes this is translated as “first do no harm”.
Ethical theories define harm in di ...
Florida National UniversityBiomedical Ethics Assignment Week 2.docx
Florida National University
Biomedical Ethics: Assignment Week 2
Student PowerPoint Presentation Chapter 2
Objectives: The presentation project has more than a few objectives. It involves students to spread over impressions from It changes options for reproductive choices, It can separate roles of genetic mother and gestational mother, the social mother may be different from either of the above. The progression to recognize and analysis circumstances Decision points have also multiplied, Many steps can be completed in the lab which, allows different decision points about having a baby, We are not prepared to deal with all of the changes conceptually, emotionally or ethically. In accumulation, the student will be able to categorize a variety of individual’s rights by allied health professionals.
Format and Guidelines: The student will produce a Power Point Presentation from Chapter 2 of the Textbook and the Article related to Week 3 (Choose your desire topic form these chapters).The Presentation should have a minimum of 12 slides, including Title Page, Introduction, Conclusion, and References.
The student must use other textbooks, research papers, and articles as references (minimum 3).
Due date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 at 11:30PM.
Originality: Turnitin submission required
EACH POWEROIINT SHOULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
1. Title Page: Topic Name, Student Name
2. Introduction: Provide a brief synopsis of the meaning (not a description) of the topic you choose, in your own words
3. Content Body: Progress your theme, provide Material, illustrations and Diagram to explain, describe and clarify the Topic you choose.
4. Conclusion: Briefly summarize your thoughts & conclusion to your critique of the articles and Chapter you read.
5. References: The student must use other textbooks, research papers, and articles as references (minimum 3).
ASSIGNMENT DUE DATE:
The assignment is to be electronically posted in the Assignments Link on Blackboard no later than noon on Sunday, March 15, 2020.
Dr. Gisela Llamas
Florida National University
Grading Sheet
Student Name __________________________________ Date_____________________
Category
Possible Points
Actual Points
Presentation style and content.
3
Distributed bibliography w/ 3 additional readings
2
Inclusion of diversity content Pictures, Graphic, etc.
2
Length: Minimum 12 slides
1
Required Format
2
TOTAL
10
Dr. Gisela Llamas
ASSIGNMENT GRADING SYSTEM
A
90% - 100%
B+
85% - 89%
B
80% - 84%
C+
75% - 79%
C
70% - 74%
D
60% – 69%
F
50% - 59% Or less.
Dr. Gisela Llamas
Chapter Two
Principles of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Principles of Ethics
Extends your foundation of ethics.
Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations.
The four most often used in health care are nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
3
3
Nonmaleficience
Sometimes this is translated as “first do no harm”.
Ethical theories define harm in di.
Ashford 5 - Week 4 - Discussion 2Your initial discussion .docx
Ashford 5: - Week 4 - Discussion 2
Your initial discussion thread is due on Day 3 (Thursday) and you have until Day 7 (Monday) to respond to your classmates. Your grade will reflect both the quality of your initial post and the depth of your responses.
Food Justice/Food Deserts
The purpose of this discussion is to offer you the opportunity to debate the issue of food justice and food deserts. Food deserts are significant issues in poorer neighborhoods in the United States. In many of these neighborhoods, the only access to food is through local convenience stores or fast food restaurants. This severely limits the options for the poor to have access to fresh, wholesome food and has been evidenced as a key reason for the obesity epidemic in the United States. This issue is encompassed in the overarching topic of food justice, which also highlights public access to genetically modified or organic foods and the issues of equal access to positive food options in light of public health and social inequality. Prepare and post a response to the following prompt:
Read the Hilmers article, Neighborhood Disparities in Access to Healthy Foods and Their Effects on Environmental Justice. Assume that your town is a food desert and you would like to do something about it. Prepare an argument to present to your local town council that outlines an idea to offer healthy food options to your town. Use at least one ethical theory or perspective to support the moral or ethical reasoning for why this program should be implemented.
Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from the required resources and/or other scholarly sources, and properly cite any references in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7.
Carefully review the Discussion Forum Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate this Discussion Thread.
Ashford 5: - Week 4 - Discussion 1
Your initial discussion thread is due on Day 3 (Thursday) and you have until Day 7 (Monday) to respond to your classmates. Your grade will reflect both the quality of your initial post and the depth of your responses.
Equal Access to Health Care
insertDiscussionPromptHere
This discussion presents the opportunity for you to address the inequality of access to health care in the United States using moral and ethical reasoning. There is overwhelming evidence that social inequalities affect health outcomes. Many argue that lack of health care access due to poverty is a human rights concern in the United States that should be subject to public and social justice inquiry. As such, the Affordable Care Act was implemented to promote health equity. While there are some that have reported favorable outcomes with respect to health care access, others have reported unfavorable experiences.
What is your perspective on the ethics of providing universal health care to all U.S. citizens,.
1 Chapter 2 Principles of Health Care Ethics .docx
1
Chapter 2
Principles of Health Care
Ethics
3
Principles of Ethics
• Extends your foundation of ethics.
• Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical
situations.
• The four most often used in health care are
nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and
justice.
4
Nonmaleficience
• Sometimes this is translated as “first do no
harm”.
• Ethical theories define harm in different ways.
• Consequentialist says harm is that which
prevents good.
• Natural law says harm is something that limits
our potential.
5
Nonmaleficence
• Deontologists say harm is something that
prevents you from doing your moral duty.
• Virtue ethicists say harm is something that
leads you away from practicing high moral
character.
• Ethical egoists say that harm is something that
goes against your self interest.
6
Harm in the Clinical Setting
• Harm is something that negatively affects
patients.
• Clinically, we think of physical harm but other
harm is possible.
• Harm is also caused by negligence.
• Harm can be caused by violating autonomy.
7
Beneficience
• Beneficence comes from the Latin word for
good- “bene”- and means to benefit.
• Requires a decision to engage in beneficent
acts or to be altruistic.
• It is a fundamental principle of health care
practice.
• What theories support beneficence?
8
Health care and Beneficience
• The standard of altruism is higher for health
care professionals.
• Altruism is expected.
• Beneficence sometimes is extended to
paternalism when the health care professional
makes decisions for the good of the patient.
• What is this called?
9
Autonomy
• Autonomy means that you can rule yourself.
• It implies a respect for others.
• In health care, we have a duty to treat, but not
to judge.
• What are the conditions necessary for
autonomy in health care?
10
Specific Competence
• Is defined as the ability to do some things but
not others. So, you can be competent in a
limited way.
• In issues where a person is not competent, the
concept of substitute judgment can be used.
This is also involves the idea of reasonable
person’s decision.
11
Specific Competence
• Coercion can also affect a person’s ability to
exercise autonomy.
• Issues of competence and autonomy also are
part of informed consent and other health
care issues which are discussed in later
chapters.
12
Justice
• The term can be used to mean fairness.
• Aristotle thought we should treat similar cases
in a similar way unless there was some
relevant or material difference.
• We need to examine types of justice:
procedural and distributive.
13
Procedural Justice
• This is sometimes called due process.
• It means that you get your turn; you are
treated like everyone else.
• Procedural injustice can occur with employee
situations.
• Due process is also involved with policy
making in procedural justice.
14
Di ...
Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 12.docx
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent ...
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Expe.docx
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from: M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Experience Registered Trademark CEC 2013. All Rights Reserved.
The Basis for Health Care Ethics
What is Ethics?Ethics is what you believe is right or wrong. It is a moral philosophy that seeks to help the individual distinguish between good and bad as defined by one's culture. Ethics guides individuals and groups in their decisions about health care and other matters. Ethics helps the individual and group set boundaries.
Health care ethics is based on the law, professional codes of ethics, standards of care, and institutional policies and practices (corporate law).
Codes of EthicsCodes of ethics or codes of conduct are lists of standards or guides that provide an ethical framework for practice within a profession. Physicians are bound by the Hippocratic oath, but nursing has its own code of ethics. All health professions have a code of ethics.
It is axiomatic that the practice of health care presents moral and ethical dilemmas, because it deals with human beings and life-altering circumstances.
Health care financing presents broader moral dilemmas in the allocation of scarce resources. The conflict exists between the inherent values, duties, and obligations in caring for patients and the availability of resources to treat them.
The depth or content of a code of ethics is dependent on the type of contact that the health care professional has with a patient.
Ethical Theories
A number of ethical frameworks or theories are used to make decisions in health care and, in general, to set boundaries for expected behavior. The theories are used to determine what is fair or unfair. The following are several ethical frameworks:
Normative ethics: The ethical theory that describes how things ought to be.
Teleological theory: Also known as consequentialist theory, which believes that the best action in any situation is the one that promotes the greatest happiness for the largest number of people. In health care financing, this would fall under the rubric of cost containment by calculating the net benefits verses the consequences.
Utilitarianism: This is Mill’s definition of morality, which is the practical ethics of judgment: What is the greatest good that will benefit the greatest number of people? Medicare falls under this rubric.
Deontological theory: What one should or must do based on the obligations and duties of one’s life. This theory focuses on means, whereas teleological theory focuses on ends.
Virtue ethics: This is the ethics of care as a part of virtue ethics; virtue ethics is a form of normative ethics, which emphasizes the character of the interaction between the health care provider and the patient. This is the opposite of the emphasis on rules or consequences in other moral theories. Health care virtues include compassion, conscientiousness, cooperativeness, discernment, honesty, trustworthiness, truth telling, integrity, kindness, respect, and commitment.
Situational ...
Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 12.docx
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent.
Question 1Discuss with your colleagues the following questions.docx
Question 1
Discuss with your colleagues the following questions: What is Legality? Specifically how are employees and medical entities legally responsible in Health Service Organizations? Provide two specific real life case examples that you find on the internet or in the print media. Read the background articles but this discussion will take research beyond the above articles. Provide citation of authority to support your initial response to discussion questions. Peers are expected to demonstrate critical thinking in their questions related to the classmates' descriptions. Initial response to dicussion topic must be no later than midnight Thursday and then you must substantively respond to at least 2 classmate submissions no later than 6pm Sunday. See Discussion Requirements in Discussion topic entitled "
Discussion Expectations and Grading"
No duplication. Redundant primary posts will not be graded.
Lecture articles
http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/13-legal-issues-for-hospitals-and-health-systems.html
[Legal issues facing health care professionals]
http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/Vol2num1/pdf/lazaro.pdf [ethical and legal analysis of health care case]
Background Readings for week 1 discussion 1
http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government
[everyone should have a baseline understanding of the U.S. Government, specifically the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and legal responsibilities of individuals and organizations from each of the three branches]
https://www.osha.gov/workers.html#6
[This government website outlines employer responsibilities under Occupational Health and Safety Administration federal law.]
http://healthsafety.etsu.edu/docs/Employee_Safety_Handbook.pdf
[This employee handbook identifies a number of state and federal obligations as it relates to employees. Pay special attention to the activities and programs on page 10 of this handbook.]
http://www.wha.org/data/sites/1/emergencyPrep/EthicalResp_HCLeadership_8-08.pdf
Question 2
Discuss with your colleagues 1.What are Ethics? 2. Where do they come from and who is responsible? 3. How do ethics apply to health care organizations and its employees? Provide two specific real life case examples that you find on the internet or in the print media. 4. Research a specific ethics issue applicable to health care organizations, discuss how it was handled, what ethics theory epitomizes the handling of the issue and how would you have handled the issue and which specific ethics theory would apply to your solution. [see below A Framework for Thinking Ethically to help with last question]
Read the background articles but this discussion will take research beyond the above articles. Provide citation of authority to support your initial response to conference questions. Peers are expected to demonstrate critical thinking in their questions related to the classmates' descriptions. Initial response to dicussion topic mu ...
CHAPTER 2Principles of Healthcare EthicsJim Summers.docx
CHAPTER 2
Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Jim Summers
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 of Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century
presented the major ethical theories and their application in health care
as part of a foundation for the study of ethics. This chapter extends that
foundation by showing how those theories inform the principles used in health
care and apply to the issues in that field. The principles commonly used in
healthcare ethics—justice, autonomy, nonmaleficence, and beneficence—
provide you with an additional foundation and tools to use in making ethical
decisions. Each of these principles is reviewed here. The concept of justice
is presented last because it is the most complex. In addition, this chapter
presents a model for decision making that uses your knowledge of the theory
and principles of ethics.
NONMALEFICENCE
If we go back to the basic understanding of the Hippocratic ethical teaching,
we arrive at the dictum of “first do no harm, benefit only.” The principle of
nonmaleficence relates to the first part of this teaching and means “to do no
harm.” In healthcare ethics, there is no debate over whether we want to avoid
doing bad or harm. However, the debate occurs when we consider the meaning
of the word harm. The following ethical theories come into play here:
leads to less good or utility than other choices.
rational natures, that which circumscribes or limits our potential.
carrying out our duty or that which is opposed to the formal conditions of
the moral law.
eudaimonia, a person of practical
wisdom—would find that harm is that which is immoderate, that which
leads us away from manifesting our proper ends as humans.
her self-interest.
What Is “Harm” in the Clinical Setting?
In the clinical setting, harm is that which worsens the condition of the patient.
However, deciding what harm or worsen means is no simple matter. Much of
health care involves pain, discomfort, inconvenience, expense, and perhaps
47
even disfigurement and disability. Using the natural law theory of double
would say that the greater good, the greater utility, occurs from accepting the
pain or dismemberment as part of the cost to get the benefit the healthcare
procedures promise. The due care standard to provide the most appropriate
treatment with the least pain and suffering sounds almost like a deontological
principle.1
Most healthcare workers consider harm to mean physical harm, because the
long history of healing has focused primarily on overcoming bodily disorders.
However, harm can occur in other ways. For example, healthcare managers can
these can lead to adverse patient outcomes. Harm also comes from strategic
decisions that lead to major financial losses and ...
5 Public Health Ethics, Law, and PolicybenkrutiStockThi.docx
5 Public Health Ethics, Law, and Policy
benkrut/iStock/Thinkstock
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to
• Explain the relationship between ethics and public health work.
• List the central assumptions of the Public Health Code of Ethics.
• Summarize the importance of key public health cases.
• Illustrate how policies and laws are utilized in public health efforts.
© 2019 Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
150
Section 5.1 The Role of Ethics in Public Health
The ethics, morals, laws, policies, and legislation involved in public health can become very
confusing, even for those who work in the field. This chapter provides a brief overview of each
of these elements, plus examples of their importance and function in the public health realm.
In public health, it is important to understand and differentiate between terms such as ethics
and morals, as they can be vastly different in practice. The Public Health Leadership Society’s
principles of ethical practice are also key to understanding how and why public health offi-
cials make policy recommendations.
Lastly, this chapter discusses the difference between policy and law, focusing on how policy
shapes public health, including its responsibilities and its outcomes. The role of policy briefs,
their purpose, and how they are written is explored, and examples of existing policies that
became laws and how they have worked within the public health realm are summarized.
5.1 The Role of Ethics in Public Health
Morals and ethics are very much alike in many respects, and the terms are often used inter-
changeably; however, they are not the same concepts. Morals are an individual’s principles of
right and wrong. They set the stage for acceptable behaviors and beliefs. Morals are not uni-
versal, and they are highly individualized, often shaped by upbringing and culture. A person
living in House A on Street A may believe that elbows on the table during dinner is unaccept-
able (it is “wrong,” or immoral), while a person living in House B on Street B may believe that
elbows on the table at meal time is fine (it is “right,” or moral).
Ethics are principles that govern a person’s behavior because they are rules provided by an
external source, such as codes of conduct in a community setting or a workplace. Ethics are
more universal and common to a set community. For example, the community of residents on
Street B are Amish, and those on Street A are not
Amish. The community ethical code in the Amish
community (everyone on Street B) would state
that elbows on the table are unethical behaviors.
This is now considered a principle governed by an
external source (the Amish community). So, while
the person living in House B on Street B may have
a moral belief that elbows on the table are fine, the
community of Street B says it is unethical. This is
where ethics and morals can collide. In most situ-
ation ...
A Framework for Thinking EthicallyThis document is designed as a.docx
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This document is designed as an introduction to thinking ethically. We all have an image of our better selves-of how we are when we act ethically or are "at our best." We probably also have an image of what an ethical community, an ethical business, an ethical government, or an ethical society should be. Ethics really has to do with all these levels-acting ethically as individuals, creating ethical organizations and governments, and making our society as a whole ethical in the way it treats everyone.What is Ethics?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
It is helpful to identify what ethics is NOT:
· Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
· Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
· Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it. Law can be a function of power alone and designed to serve the interests of narrow groups. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address new problems.
· Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms. Some cultures are quite ethical, but others become corrupt -or blind to certain ethical concerns (as the United States was to slavery before the Civil War). "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is not a satisfactory ethical standard.
· Ethics is not science. Social and natural science can provide important data to help us make better ethical choices. But science alone does not tell us what we ought to do. Science may provide an explanation for what humans are like. But ethics provides reasons for how humans ought to act. And just because something is scientifically or technologically possible, it may not be ethical to do it.
Why Identifying Ethical Standards is Hard
There are two fundamental problems in identifying the ethical standards we are to follow:
1. On what do we base our ethical standards?
2. How do those standards get applied to specific situations we face?
If our ethics are not based on feelings, religion, law, accepted social practice, or science, what are they based on? Many philosophers and ethicists have helped us answer this critical question. They have suggested .
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.2) If you .docx
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.
2) If you are unable to draw diagrams in Microsoft Word, you may use scanned copies of hand drawn diagrams.
3) Word count: The suggested word limit for each sub-question is 200-250 words. (1200 to 1500 words altogether)
4) You must clearly acknowledge all sources using Harvard referencing system including the textbook.
Question 1 (a) Explain, with the aid of diagrams, how an outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East might be expected to impact the Australian markets for petrol and passenger cars with large engines that run on petrol. (6 marks)
(b) The latest electric car is expected to be released in Australia shortly at a very affordable price. What impact might this have on the market for cars which run on petrol? Justify your answer. (4 marks)
Question 2 (a) Australian government is encouraging young people to attend universities with a view to increase the proportion of educated youth workforce. While this policy certainly reduces the number of people available for work today it will increase their skills when they eventually complete their university degrees and enter the workforce. Use the production frontier model and graph to show the effects of such a policy on Australian output. (6 marks)
(b) What are the long-term determinants of economic growth and how can government influence economic growth. (4 marks)
Question 3 (a) Suppose the government is thinking of imposing a sales tax on all brands of cigarettes. What will be the likely impact of this tax on the price of cigarettes and who will bear the major burden of the tax? How will your answer change if the tax was imposed on the consumption of coffee instead? Explain with the help of appropriate diagrams. (6 marks)
(b) Coles and Woolworths dominate the Australian supermarket/grocery sector. Which type of market structure does this sector resemble? Provide a brief explanation. Based on the concepts learnt in this unit explain the likely reasons for the prevalence of this market structure in the Australian supermarket sector. (4 marks)
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded da ...
Lesson 15 Ethical Considerations Readings Social Work Co.docx
Lesson 15: Ethical Considerations
Readings:
Social Work Code of Ethics
http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp
Psychologist Code of Ethics
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Public Health Code of Ethics, “Principles of the Ethical Practice of Public Health”
http://www.apha.org/~/media/files/pdf/about/ethics_brochure.ashx
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule
http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/summary/index.html
Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) General Guidance
http://ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/students.html
Commentary
The subject of ethics in mental health is interesting and can be examined in many ways. We can examine it from the requirements of a particular discipline (public health, social work, etc.), from a legal perspective, from the treatment aspect, from an economics point of view and so on.
As a first step to studying the ethical treatment of persons with mental illness, we suggest that you review Lesson 4 on Mental Health Policy and the Law. In that lesson, we saw how the treatment of persons with mental illness has become more humane, stemming from the Civil Rights movement and several important legal cases, including Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital (1914), Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Pate v. Robinson (1966), Ford v. Wainwright (1986) Addington v. Texas (1979), and Olmstead v. L.C. (1999). From these important legal cases stemmed protections such as the right to treatment, right to a competency trail, awareness of the risks and harms of treatment, required informed consent to receive treatment, the right to a humane treatment plan and the right to participate in individual treatment planning. These legal cases have served as the foundation of the ethical treatment of individuals with mental illness.
In this lesson we will explore ethical codes. In addition to the above mentioned legal cases, ethical codes have been developed in the psychology, social work and public health fields to preserve the rights of all persons who receive treatment, including those with physical and/or mental illness. We will examine various aspects of professional ethics, some discipline codes and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), one of the federal acts that further protect individual and privacy rights. The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is another act that protects the privacy of students’ educational records and has some implication here.
Social Work Code of Ethics
The Social Work Code of Ethics is a comprehensive articulation of the behaviors required of all social workers to assure the ethical treatment of clients. If you visit
http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp, you’ll see that the code focuses on the core values of service, dignity and worth of the person, the importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence. The specific ethical considerations of ...
MODULE 12 - RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN HEALTH CARE
This is a module of the recently published book:
"PEHR (Professionalism and Ethics Handbook for Residents) by the © Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, 2015
King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Riyadh - 2015
Professionalism and Ethics Handbook for Residents
232p; 14.8cm × 21cm
ISBN: 978-603-90608-2-6
1-Medical ethics 2-Professional ethics I-Title
174.2 dc 1436/2924
L.D. no. 1436/2924
ISBN: 978-603-90608-2-6.
By the end of this module, the resident will be able to:
1. Identify the ethical issues related to resource allocation in public health
2. Present at least one ethical framework for resource allocation
3. Utilize an ethical framework to outline an approach to allocate resources
Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 12
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent ...
CompetencyAnalyze how human resource standards and practices.docx
Competency
Analyze how human resource standards and practices within the healthcare field support organizational mission, visions, and values.
Scenario
Wynn Regional Medical Center (WRMC) is the premier hospital in your area. The hospital has been in your city for over 100 years. Over the past decade, the hospital has been losing money for various reasons, though primarily due to uncompensated care. You were recently hired as the Vice President for Human Resources at WRMC, and part of your responsibilities include presenting historical information to participants of the new employee orientation.
Instructions
Create a PowerPoint presentation detailing the changing nature of the healthcare workforce. The presentation should contain speaker notes for each slide or voiceover narration. The presentation should address the following topics and questions:
Historical information on the changing healthcare workforce
How have legislation and policies changed in the past decade?
How have patient demographics changed in the past decade (baby boomers, generation X, millennials, ethnicities)?
How have patient centric approaches changed in the past decade (use of the Internet and social media to gather health information)?
Challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce
What are some of the challenges associated with the policy and legislative changes?
What are some challenges associated with demographic changes?
What are some of the challenges associated with patients “researching” their own health instead of going to the doctor?
Current state of healthcare
What have been some of the improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade?
Resources
This
link
has information for creating a PowerPoint presentation.
Here is a
link
to information about adding speaker notes.
Here is a
link
to information about creating a voiceover narration using Screencast-O-Matic.
GRADING RUBRICS:
1.Clear and thorough explanation of the history of the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
2. Clear and thorough discussion of the challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
3. Comprehensive analysis of the current state of healthcare.
Includes a clear and thorough assessment of improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade and supports assertions with multiple supporting examples.
.
CompetencyAnalyze financial statements to assess performance.docx
Competency
Analyze financial statements to assess performance and to ensure organizational improvement and long-term viability
.
Scenario
In an ongoing effort to explore the feasibility of expanding services into rural areas of the state, leadership at Memorial Hospital has determined that conducting a review of its financial condition will be essential to ensuring the organization’s ability to successfully achieve its expansion goals.
Instructions
The CFO has provided you with a copy of the organization’s
financial statements
. This information will be critical in evaluating the organization’s financial capacity to support the proposed expansion of services into the rural areas of the state.
You are asked to review these financial statements (which include the Income Statement, Statement of Cash Flows, and the Balance Sheet) and prepare an executive summary outlining the financial strength of the organization and evidence to support the expansion. Your executive summary should include the following:
An overview of the issue.
A review of critical financial ratios (Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency) based on financial statements.
Inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios.
Provide a recommendation based on ration analysis.
Resources
This
link
has information for creating an executive summary.
Grading Rubric:
1.
Comprehensive identification of summary of the issue. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
2. Clear and thorough review of critical financial ratios--Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency--based on financial statements. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
3. Clear and thorough inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
4. Comprehensive recommendation, based on ration analysis. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Chapter Two Principles of Health Care Ethics12.docx
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Expe.docx
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from: M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Experience Registered Trademark CEC 2013. All Rights Reserved.
The Basis for Health Care Ethics
What is Ethics?Ethics is what you believe is right or wrong. It is a moral philosophy that seeks to help the individual distinguish between good and bad as defined by one's culture. Ethics guides individuals and groups in their decisions about health care and other matters. Ethics helps the individual and group set boundaries.
Health care ethics is based on the law, professional codes of ethics, standards of care, and institutional policies and practices (corporate law).
Codes of EthicsCodes of ethics or codes of conduct are lists of standards or guides that provide an ethical framework for practice within a profession. Physicians are bound by the Hippocratic oath, but nursing has its own code of ethics. All health professions have a code of ethics.
It is axiomatic that the practice of health care presents moral and ethical dilemmas, because it deals with human beings and life-altering circumstances.
Health care financing presents broader moral dilemmas in the allocation of scarce resources. The conflict exists between the inherent values, duties, and obligations in caring for patients and the availability of resources to treat them.
The depth or content of a code of ethics is dependent on the type of contact that the health care professional has with a patient.
Ethical Theories
A number of ethical frameworks or theories are used to make decisions in health care and, in general, to set boundaries for expected behavior. The theories are used to determine what is fair or unfair. The following are several ethical frameworks:
Normative ethics: The ethical theory that describes how things ought to be.
Teleological theory: Also known as consequentialist theory, which believes that the best action in any situation is the one that promotes the greatest happiness for the largest number of people. In health care financing, this would fall under the rubric of cost containment by calculating the net benefits verses the consequences.
Utilitarianism: This is Mill’s definition of morality, which is the practical ethics of judgment: What is the greatest good that will benefit the greatest number of people? Medicare falls under this rubric.
Deontological theory: What one should or must do based on the obligations and duties of one’s life. This theory focuses on means, whereas teleological theory focuses on ends.
Virtue ethics: This is the ethics of care as a part of virtue ethics; virtue ethics is a form of normative ethics, which emphasizes the character of the interaction between the health care provider and the patient. This is the opposite of the emphasis on rules or consequences in other moral theories. Health care virtues include compassion, conscientiousness, cooperativeness, discernment, honesty, trustworthiness, truth telling, integrity, kindness, respect, and commitment.
Situational ...
Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 12.docx
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent.
Question 1Discuss with your colleagues the following questions.docx
Question 1
Discuss with your colleagues the following questions: What is Legality? Specifically how are employees and medical entities legally responsible in Health Service Organizations? Provide two specific real life case examples that you find on the internet or in the print media. Read the background articles but this discussion will take research beyond the above articles. Provide citation of authority to support your initial response to discussion questions. Peers are expected to demonstrate critical thinking in their questions related to the classmates' descriptions. Initial response to dicussion topic must be no later than midnight Thursday and then you must substantively respond to at least 2 classmate submissions no later than 6pm Sunday. See Discussion Requirements in Discussion topic entitled "
Discussion Expectations and Grading"
No duplication. Redundant primary posts will not be graded.
Lecture articles
http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/13-legal-issues-for-hospitals-and-health-systems.html
[Legal issues facing health care professionals]
http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/Vol2num1/pdf/lazaro.pdf [ethical and legal analysis of health care case]
Background Readings for week 1 discussion 1
http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government
[everyone should have a baseline understanding of the U.S. Government, specifically the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and legal responsibilities of individuals and organizations from each of the three branches]
https://www.osha.gov/workers.html#6
[This government website outlines employer responsibilities under Occupational Health and Safety Administration federal law.]
http://healthsafety.etsu.edu/docs/Employee_Safety_Handbook.pdf
[This employee handbook identifies a number of state and federal obligations as it relates to employees. Pay special attention to the activities and programs on page 10 of this handbook.]
http://www.wha.org/data/sites/1/emergencyPrep/EthicalResp_HCLeadership_8-08.pdf
Question 2
Discuss with your colleagues 1.What are Ethics? 2. Where do they come from and who is responsible? 3. How do ethics apply to health care organizations and its employees? Provide two specific real life case examples that you find on the internet or in the print media. 4. Research a specific ethics issue applicable to health care organizations, discuss how it was handled, what ethics theory epitomizes the handling of the issue and how would you have handled the issue and which specific ethics theory would apply to your solution. [see below A Framework for Thinking Ethically to help with last question]
Read the background articles but this discussion will take research beyond the above articles. Provide citation of authority to support your initial response to conference questions. Peers are expected to demonstrate critical thinking in their questions related to the classmates' descriptions. Initial response to dicussion topic mu ...
CHAPTER 2Principles of Healthcare EthicsJim Summers.docx
CHAPTER 2
Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Jim Summers
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 of Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century
presented the major ethical theories and their application in health care
as part of a foundation for the study of ethics. This chapter extends that
foundation by showing how those theories inform the principles used in health
care and apply to the issues in that field. The principles commonly used in
healthcare ethics—justice, autonomy, nonmaleficence, and beneficence—
provide you with an additional foundation and tools to use in making ethical
decisions. Each of these principles is reviewed here. The concept of justice
is presented last because it is the most complex. In addition, this chapter
presents a model for decision making that uses your knowledge of the theory
and principles of ethics.
NONMALEFICENCE
If we go back to the basic understanding of the Hippocratic ethical teaching,
we arrive at the dictum of “first do no harm, benefit only.” The principle of
nonmaleficence relates to the first part of this teaching and means “to do no
harm.” In healthcare ethics, there is no debate over whether we want to avoid
doing bad or harm. However, the debate occurs when we consider the meaning
of the word harm. The following ethical theories come into play here:
leads to less good or utility than other choices.
rational natures, that which circumscribes or limits our potential.
carrying out our duty or that which is opposed to the formal conditions of
the moral law.
eudaimonia, a person of practical
wisdom—would find that harm is that which is immoderate, that which
leads us away from manifesting our proper ends as humans.
her self-interest.
What Is “Harm” in the Clinical Setting?
In the clinical setting, harm is that which worsens the condition of the patient.
However, deciding what harm or worsen means is no simple matter. Much of
health care involves pain, discomfort, inconvenience, expense, and perhaps
47
even disfigurement and disability. Using the natural law theory of double
would say that the greater good, the greater utility, occurs from accepting the
pain or dismemberment as part of the cost to get the benefit the healthcare
procedures promise. The due care standard to provide the most appropriate
treatment with the least pain and suffering sounds almost like a deontological
principle.1
Most healthcare workers consider harm to mean physical harm, because the
long history of healing has focused primarily on overcoming bodily disorders.
However, harm can occur in other ways. For example, healthcare managers can
these can lead to adverse patient outcomes. Harm also comes from strategic
decisions that lead to major financial losses and ...
5 Public Health Ethics, Law, and PolicybenkrutiStockThi.docx
5 Public Health Ethics, Law, and Policy
benkrut/iStock/Thinkstock
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to
• Explain the relationship between ethics and public health work.
• List the central assumptions of the Public Health Code of Ethics.
• Summarize the importance of key public health cases.
• Illustrate how policies and laws are utilized in public health efforts.
© 2019 Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
150
Section 5.1 The Role of Ethics in Public Health
The ethics, morals, laws, policies, and legislation involved in public health can become very
confusing, even for those who work in the field. This chapter provides a brief overview of each
of these elements, plus examples of their importance and function in the public health realm.
In public health, it is important to understand and differentiate between terms such as ethics
and morals, as they can be vastly different in practice. The Public Health Leadership Society’s
principles of ethical practice are also key to understanding how and why public health offi-
cials make policy recommendations.
Lastly, this chapter discusses the difference between policy and law, focusing on how policy
shapes public health, including its responsibilities and its outcomes. The role of policy briefs,
their purpose, and how they are written is explored, and examples of existing policies that
became laws and how they have worked within the public health realm are summarized.
5.1 The Role of Ethics in Public Health
Morals and ethics are very much alike in many respects, and the terms are often used inter-
changeably; however, they are not the same concepts. Morals are an individual’s principles of
right and wrong. They set the stage for acceptable behaviors and beliefs. Morals are not uni-
versal, and they are highly individualized, often shaped by upbringing and culture. A person
living in House A on Street A may believe that elbows on the table during dinner is unaccept-
able (it is “wrong,” or immoral), while a person living in House B on Street B may believe that
elbows on the table at meal time is fine (it is “right,” or moral).
Ethics are principles that govern a person’s behavior because they are rules provided by an
external source, such as codes of conduct in a community setting or a workplace. Ethics are
more universal and common to a set community. For example, the community of residents on
Street B are Amish, and those on Street A are not
Amish. The community ethical code in the Amish
community (everyone on Street B) would state
that elbows on the table are unethical behaviors.
This is now considered a principle governed by an
external source (the Amish community). So, while
the person living in House B on Street B may have
a moral belief that elbows on the table are fine, the
community of Street B says it is unethical. This is
where ethics and morals can collide. In most situ-
ation ...
A Framework for Thinking EthicallyThis document is designed as a.docx
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This document is designed as an introduction to thinking ethically. We all have an image of our better selves-of how we are when we act ethically or are "at our best." We probably also have an image of what an ethical community, an ethical business, an ethical government, or an ethical society should be. Ethics really has to do with all these levels-acting ethically as individuals, creating ethical organizations and governments, and making our society as a whole ethical in the way it treats everyone.What is Ethics?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
It is helpful to identify what ethics is NOT:
· Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
· Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
· Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it. Law can be a function of power alone and designed to serve the interests of narrow groups. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address new problems.
· Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms. Some cultures are quite ethical, but others become corrupt -or blind to certain ethical concerns (as the United States was to slavery before the Civil War). "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is not a satisfactory ethical standard.
· Ethics is not science. Social and natural science can provide important data to help us make better ethical choices. But science alone does not tell us what we ought to do. Science may provide an explanation for what humans are like. But ethics provides reasons for how humans ought to act. And just because something is scientifically or technologically possible, it may not be ethical to do it.
Why Identifying Ethical Standards is Hard
There are two fundamental problems in identifying the ethical standards we are to follow:
1. On what do we base our ethical standards?
2. How do those standards get applied to specific situations we face?
If our ethics are not based on feelings, religion, law, accepted social practice, or science, what are they based on? Many philosophers and ethicists have helped us answer this critical question. They have suggested .
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.2) If you .docx
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.
2) If you are unable to draw diagrams in Microsoft Word, you may use scanned copies of hand drawn diagrams.
3) Word count: The suggested word limit for each sub-question is 200-250 words. (1200 to 1500 words altogether)
4) You must clearly acknowledge all sources using Harvard referencing system including the textbook.
Question 1 (a) Explain, with the aid of diagrams, how an outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East might be expected to impact the Australian markets for petrol and passenger cars with large engines that run on petrol. (6 marks)
(b) The latest electric car is expected to be released in Australia shortly at a very affordable price. What impact might this have on the market for cars which run on petrol? Justify your answer. (4 marks)
Question 2 (a) Australian government is encouraging young people to attend universities with a view to increase the proportion of educated youth workforce. While this policy certainly reduces the number of people available for work today it will increase their skills when they eventually complete their university degrees and enter the workforce. Use the production frontier model and graph to show the effects of such a policy on Australian output. (6 marks)
(b) What are the long-term determinants of economic growth and how can government influence economic growth. (4 marks)
Question 3 (a) Suppose the government is thinking of imposing a sales tax on all brands of cigarettes. What will be the likely impact of this tax on the price of cigarettes and who will bear the major burden of the tax? How will your answer change if the tax was imposed on the consumption of coffee instead? Explain with the help of appropriate diagrams. (6 marks)
(b) Coles and Woolworths dominate the Australian supermarket/grocery sector. Which type of market structure does this sector resemble? Provide a brief explanation. Based on the concepts learnt in this unit explain the likely reasons for the prevalence of this market structure in the Australian supermarket sector. (4 marks)
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded da ...
Lesson 15 Ethical Considerations Readings Social Work Co.docx
Lesson 15: Ethical Considerations
Readings:
Social Work Code of Ethics
http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp
Psychologist Code of Ethics
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Public Health Code of Ethics, “Principles of the Ethical Practice of Public Health”
http://www.apha.org/~/media/files/pdf/about/ethics_brochure.ashx
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule
http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/summary/index.html
Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) General Guidance
http://ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/students.html
Commentary
The subject of ethics in mental health is interesting and can be examined in many ways. We can examine it from the requirements of a particular discipline (public health, social work, etc.), from a legal perspective, from the treatment aspect, from an economics point of view and so on.
As a first step to studying the ethical treatment of persons with mental illness, we suggest that you review Lesson 4 on Mental Health Policy and the Law. In that lesson, we saw how the treatment of persons with mental illness has become more humane, stemming from the Civil Rights movement and several important legal cases, including Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital (1914), Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Pate v. Robinson (1966), Ford v. Wainwright (1986) Addington v. Texas (1979), and Olmstead v. L.C. (1999). From these important legal cases stemmed protections such as the right to treatment, right to a competency trail, awareness of the risks and harms of treatment, required informed consent to receive treatment, the right to a humane treatment plan and the right to participate in individual treatment planning. These legal cases have served as the foundation of the ethical treatment of individuals with mental illness.
In this lesson we will explore ethical codes. In addition to the above mentioned legal cases, ethical codes have been developed in the psychology, social work and public health fields to preserve the rights of all persons who receive treatment, including those with physical and/or mental illness. We will examine various aspects of professional ethics, some discipline codes and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), one of the federal acts that further protect individual and privacy rights. The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is another act that protects the privacy of students’ educational records and has some implication here.
Social Work Code of Ethics
The Social Work Code of Ethics is a comprehensive articulation of the behaviors required of all social workers to assure the ethical treatment of clients. If you visit
http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp, you’ll see that the code focuses on the core values of service, dignity and worth of the person, the importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence. The specific ethical considerations of ...
MODULE 12 - RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN HEALTH CARE
This is a module of the recently published book:
"PEHR (Professionalism and Ethics Handbook for Residents) by the © Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, 2015
King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Riyadh - 2015
Professionalism and Ethics Handbook for Residents
232p; 14.8cm × 21cm
ISBN: 978-603-90608-2-6
1-Medical ethics 2-Professional ethics I-Title
174.2 dc 1436/2924
L.D. no. 1436/2924
ISBN: 978-603-90608-2-6.
By the end of this module, the resident will be able to:
1. Identify the ethical issues related to resource allocation in public health
2. Present at least one ethical framework for resource allocation
3. Utilize an ethical framework to outline an approach to allocate resources
Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 12
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent ...
Similar to Chapter Two Principles of Health Care Ethics12.docx (20)
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Expe.docx
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Expe.docx
Question 1Discuss with your colleagues the following questions.docx
Question 1Discuss with your colleagues the following questions.docx
CHAPTER 2Principles of Healthcare EthicsJim Summers.docx
CHAPTER 2Principles of Healthcare EthicsJim Summers.docx
5 Public Health Ethics, Law, and PolicybenkrutiStockThi.docx
5 Public Health Ethics, Law, and PolicybenkrutiStockThi.docx
A Framework for Thinking EthicallyThis document is designed as a.docx
A Framework for Thinking EthicallyThis document is designed as a.docx
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.2) If you .docx
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.2) If you .docx
Lesson 15 Ethical Considerations Readings Social Work Co.docx
Lesson 15 Ethical Considerations Readings Social Work Co.docx
descriptionsofethicaltheoriesandprinciples-120122151916-phpapp01.pdf
descriptionsofethicaltheoriesandprinciples-120122151916-phpapp01.pdf
More from bartholomeocoombs
CompetencyAnalyze how human resource standards and practices.docx
Competency
Analyze how human resource standards and practices within the healthcare field support organizational mission, visions, and values.
Scenario
Wynn Regional Medical Center (WRMC) is the premier hospital in your area. The hospital has been in your city for over 100 years. Over the past decade, the hospital has been losing money for various reasons, though primarily due to uncompensated care. You were recently hired as the Vice President for Human Resources at WRMC, and part of your responsibilities include presenting historical information to participants of the new employee orientation.
Instructions
Create a PowerPoint presentation detailing the changing nature of the healthcare workforce. The presentation should contain speaker notes for each slide or voiceover narration. The presentation should address the following topics and questions:
Historical information on the changing healthcare workforce
How have legislation and policies changed in the past decade?
How have patient demographics changed in the past decade (baby boomers, generation X, millennials, ethnicities)?
How have patient centric approaches changed in the past decade (use of the Internet and social media to gather health information)?
Challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce
What are some of the challenges associated with the policy and legislative changes?
What are some challenges associated with demographic changes?
What are some of the challenges associated with patients “researching” their own health instead of going to the doctor?
Current state of healthcare
What have been some of the improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade?
Resources
This
link
has information for creating a PowerPoint presentation.
Here is a
link
to information about adding speaker notes.
Here is a
link
to information about creating a voiceover narration using Screencast-O-Matic.
GRADING RUBRICS:
1.Clear and thorough explanation of the history of the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
2. Clear and thorough discussion of the challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
3. Comprehensive analysis of the current state of healthcare.
Includes a clear and thorough assessment of improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade and supports assertions with multiple supporting examples.
.
CompetencyAnalyze financial statements to assess performance.docx
Competency
Analyze financial statements to assess performance and to ensure organizational improvement and long-term viability
.
Scenario
In an ongoing effort to explore the feasibility of expanding services into rural areas of the state, leadership at Memorial Hospital has determined that conducting a review of its financial condition will be essential to ensuring the organization’s ability to successfully achieve its expansion goals.
Instructions
The CFO has provided you with a copy of the organization’s
financial statements
. This information will be critical in evaluating the organization’s financial capacity to support the proposed expansion of services into the rural areas of the state.
You are asked to review these financial statements (which include the Income Statement, Statement of Cash Flows, and the Balance Sheet) and prepare an executive summary outlining the financial strength of the organization and evidence to support the expansion. Your executive summary should include the following:
An overview of the issue.
A review of critical financial ratios (Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency) based on financial statements.
Inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios.
Provide a recommendation based on ration analysis.
Resources
This
link
has information for creating an executive summary.
Grading Rubric:
1.
Comprehensive identification of summary of the issue. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
2. Clear and thorough review of critical financial ratios--Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency--based on financial statements. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
3. Clear and thorough inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
4. Comprehensive recommendation, based on ration analysis. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
.
CompetencyAnalyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare.docx
Competency
Analyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare workers may encounter in the medical field.
Instructions
You have recently been promoted to Health Services Manager at Three Mountains Regional Hospital, a small hospital located in a mid-size city in the Midwest. Three Mountains is a general medical and surgical facility with 400 beds. Last year there were approximately 62,000 emergency visits and 15,000 admissions. More than 6,000 outpatient and 10,000 inpatient surgeries were performed.
An important aspect of the provider/patient relationship pertains to open communication and trust. Patients want to know that their doctors and the support staff associated with their care understand their wishes and will abide by them. Ideally, these conversations happen well before an emergency or procedure takes place; however, often times this information is missing from a patient's file. As part of Three Mountains' initiative to build trust with their patients, an increased emphasis has been placed on obtaining living wills from the patient as part of the intake process to ensure that the healthcare team has written directives of the patient's wishes in case of incapacitation. You will be creating a living will for a patient and provide educational information as to why the patient should fill it out during the admission process before a procedure.
Introduction:
Explain the definition of a living will and its key components. This section will provide an educational overview of the document for the patient.
Living Will Template:
Create a living will that can serve as a template to the patients. This should cover the basic treatment issues such as resuscitation, feeding tubes, ventilation, organ and tissue donations, etc. Provide instructions in the template that can be easily altered, depending on each patient's wishes.
Summary:
In this section, you will discuss the importance of this document and encourage patients to complete it. Address how this document ensures that a patient's wishes are known and followed by the healthcare team.
NOTE
- APA formatting and proper grammar, punctuation, and form required. APA help is available
here.
.
CompetencyAnalyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare wor.docx
Competency
Analyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare workers may encounter in the medical field.
Instructions
You have recently been promoted to Health Services Manager at Three Mountains Regional Hospital, a small hospital located in a mid-size city in the Midwest. Three Mountains is a general medical and surgical facility with 400 beds. Last year there were approximately 62,000 emergency visits and 15,000 admissions. More than 6,000 outpatient and 10,000 inpatient surgeries were performed.
An important aspect of the provider/patient relationship pertains to open communication and trust. Patients want to know that their doctors and the support staff associated with their care understand their wishes and will abide by them. Ideally, these conversations happen well before an emergency or procedure takes place; however, often times this information is missing from a patient's file. As part of Three Mountains' initiative to build trust with their patients, an increased emphasis has been placed on obtaining living wills from the patient as part of the intake process to ensure that the healthcare team has written directives of the patient's wishes in case of incapacitation. You will be creating a living will for a patient and provide educational information as to why the patient should fill it out during the admission process before a procedure.
Introduction:
Explain the definition of a living will and its key components. This section will provide an educational overview of the document for the patient.
Living Will Template:
Create a living will that can serve as a template to the patients. This should cover the basic treatment issues such as resuscitation, feeding tubes, ventilation, organ and tissue donations, etc. Provide instructions in the template that can be easily altered, depending on each patient's wishes.
Summary:
In this section, you will discuss the importance of this document and encourage patients to complete it. Address how this document ensures that a patient's wishes are known and followed by the healthcare team.
NOTE
- APA formatting and proper grammar, punctuation, and form required.
.
CompetencyAnalyze collaboration tools to support organizatio.docx
Competency
Analyze collaboration tools to support organizational goals.
Scenario
You are a new manager at Elliot Building Supplies International who has seen huge success in managing your global team remotely. This success has been shown in the team outcomes/production and employee satisfaction and engagement. Senior leadership has taken notice of your success and has asked you to create a presentation to share with your peers, who also manage remotely, that explains the best collaboration tools for remote teams. Also, you will explain the best way to manage effectively and create a motivating and satisfying work environment that supports collaboration.
Instructions
You will need to include the following in your PowerPoint presentation.
Presentation welcome/introduction slide.
Collaboration tools that you have used to be successful.
This should include at least 4 different types of tools.
Each type should be explained in detail, along with the benefits it provides.
Critical skills to successfully manage remote employees.
Closing slide to share final thoughts and ideas.
.
Competency Checklist and Professional Development Resources .docx
Competency Checklist and Professional Development Resources
An important and yet often overlooked function of leadership in an early childhood program is the ability to positively influence the people in the program. For this group assignment, consider the characteristics of a leader who can support and lead teachers in reflective teaching. This type of self-reflection is the first step to understanding how a supervisor supports teachers to accomplish their goals through mentoring. For this assignment, your group will need to address the following two components:
Part 1
: Consider the following question as your group completes the competency checklist below: What might be evidence that a teacher leader possesses the competence to also be a mentor? You are encouraged to evenly divide the competencies among your group, so that each member contributes to providing brief examples of interactions while highlighting the characteristic(s) that demonstrates each competency. While this portion can be completed independently, you should then collaborate to ensure that each group member provides feedback before submitting the full collaborative document.
Competency Checklist
Competency
Describe an example of a teacher-leader with children (when acting as a teacher)
Describe an example of a teacher-leader with adults (when acting as a supervisor)
Listens well, does not interrupt, and respects the pace of the other person
Is able to wait for others to discover solutions, form own ideas, and reflect
Asks questions that encourage details
Is aware of and comfortable with his or her feelings and the emotions of others
Is responsive to others
Guides, nurtures, supports, and empathizes
Integrates emotion and intellect
Fosters reflection or wondering by others
Is aware of how others’ reactions affect a process of dialogue and reflection, including sensitivity to bias and cultural context
Is willing to have consistent and predictable meeting times and places
Is flexible and available
Is able to form trusting relationships
Part 2:
Professional Development Resources Document
–Early childhood programs have numerous curriculum options which may contribute to a need to support teachers and staff in a curriculum context they are not familiar with. Therefore, as we prepare to support protégés, we can refer to the National Association of the Education of Young Children core standards for professional development, to promote the use of best practices. These six core standards, briefly describe what early childhood professionals should know and be able to do. After reading each of the
NAEYC Standards for Early Childhood Professional Preparation Programs (Links to an external site.)
, focus on the first four standards:
STANDARD 1.
PROMOTING CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
STANDARD 2.
BUILDING FAMILY AND COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS
STANDARD 3.
OBSERVING, DOCUMENTING, AND ASSESSING TO SUPPORT YOUNG CHILDREN AND FAMILIES
STANDARD 4.
US.
Competency 6 Enagage with Communities and Organizations (3 hrs) (1 .docx
Competency 6: Enagage with Communities and Organizations (3 hrs) (1 to 2 Pages)
Behavior: use empathy, reflection, and interpersonal skills to effectively engage diverse clients and constituencies.
For this assignment, you are to explore how your community is addressing the needs of its citizens during the CoVID 19 situation. Explore how you can consult and connect with community leaders and organizations to be a part of solutions in your community. Provide a detailed account of your exploration of community needs, as well as how you participated at the community level to address the needs of your community.
.
Competency 2 Examine the organizational behavior within busines.docx
Competency 2: Examine the organizational behavior within business systems
Provide the name of the corporation you will be using as the basis for this project.
Provide the organization’s purpose or mission statement.
Describe the organization's industry.
Provide the name and position of the person interviewed during this portion of the assignment (indicate as much pertinent information (e.g., length of service with company, previous roles in the company, educational background, etc.).
Provide the list of interview questions you asked the manager/executive.
Indicate which two - three of the following concepts from this competency that you intend to evaluate the organization/team on and describe the company’s/team’s current situation with each topic you’ve selected:
Motivational theories
Psychological contract
Job design
Use of evaluation, feedback and rewards
Misbehavior
Individual or organizational stress
Provide citations in APA format for any references
.
CompetenciesEvaluate the challenges and benefits of employ.docx
Competencies
Evaluate the challenges and benefits of employing a diverse workforce.
Design a plan for conducting business and managing employees in a global society.
Critique the actions of organizations as they integrate diverse perspectives into their cultures.
Evaluate the role of identity, diverse segments, and cultural backgrounds within organizations.
Attribute different cultural perspectives to current social-cultural dimensions.
Analyze the importance of managing a diverse workforce.
Scenario Information
Your company has been nominated for a national diversity award associated with your efforts and dedication to diversity initiatives in the workplace and their impact on the organization and community. You have been asked to summarize your efforts for the year in a slide presentation for the diversity committee who selects the winner. Be sure to include details of the changes you made in your organization and the impact the changes made.
Instructions
As part of your nomination, you have been asked to create a slide presentation including a voice recording for your entry (Voice Recording not needed). Remember your audience when giving your presentation and include the following slides:
Title slide
Highlighting the importance of workplace diversity
Discussing the points that were included in your diversity plan
Describing how culture and inclusion impact your organization
Providing examples of how diverse workgroups work together in the workplace
Gives examples of strategies used to incorporate Hofstede's cultural dimensions in a global workforce
Provides best practices for managers associated with managing a diverse, global workforce
Conclusion slide that includes a summary of why you should win this award
Any additional, relevant information
References
.
CompetenciesDescribe the supply chain management principle.docx
Competencies
Describe the supply chain management principles through the flow of information, materials, services, and resources.
Analyze the external and internal drivers that influence supply chain principles.
Evaluate supply chain management operational best practices.
Compare the nature of logistics operations and services in both international and domestic contexts.
Apply strategic supply chain management to logistics systems.
Analyze different software systems and technology strategies used in supply chain management.
Scenario
You have just been promoted to Senior Analyst at Mitchell Consulting, a firm that specializes in providing managerial expertise in supply chain management. After completing many assignments under the supervision of a Senior Analyst, your role now allows you to make selections for clients. You are assigned a new client, Scent
Solution
s. Your new manager, Partner Ronda Anderson, has directed you to work on this case and provide analysis and options to resolve the problems directly to the client.
Scent
.
CompetenciesABCDF1.1 Create oral, written, or visual .docx
Competencies
A
B
C
D
F
1.1: Create oral, written, or visual communications appropriate to the audience, purpose, and context.
4 points
Key Criteria: Tailors communication to purpose, context, and target audience. Clearly articulates the thesis and purpose, and supports the thesis and purpose with authentic and appropriate evidence. Provides smooth transitions and leaves no awkward gaps from point to point. Shows coherent progress from the introduction to the conclusion with no unnecessary sections.
3 points
Key Criteria: Tailors communication to purpose, context, and target audience. Articulates the thesis and purpose, and supports the thesis and purpose with authentic and appropriate evidence. Generally provides smooth transitions and leaves few awkward gaps from point to point. Shows identifiable progress from the introduction to the conclusion with no unnecessary sections.
2 points
Key Criteria: Considers the purpose, context, and target audience. Articulates the thesis and purpose, and shows some evidence supporting both. Some transitions are not smooth, and there are occasional gaps or awkward connections from point to point. There is a sense of progress from the introduction through the conclusion, but the organization may not be completely clear.
1 point
Key Criteria: Does not tailor communication well in terms of purpose, context, and target audience. Provides a weak thesis, unclear purpose, and little or no evidence to support points. Transitions may be rough or nonexistent, and there are significant gaps or connections between points that leave sections incomprehensible. Progress from the introduction through the conclusion is difficult to decipher, and there may be some material that is unrelated to thesis and purpose.
0 points
Key Criteria: Does not tailor communication in terms of purpose, context, and target audience. Lacks a good thesis and has little or no evidence to support a thesis. Transitions are rough or nonexistent, and there are few discernable connections from point to point. There is no identifiable progress from the introduction through the conclusion, and/or there is substantial material that is unrelated to thesis and purpose.
1.2: Communicate using appropriate writing conventions, including spelling, grammar, mechanics, word choice, and format.
4 points
Uses a format that is highly appropriate to the writing task and carefully tailors the style and tone to the specific audience. Aligns both the writing style and grammar usage to standards appropriate to the task.
3 points
Uses a format that is appropriate to the writing task and tailors the style and tone to the specific audience. Aligns both the writing style and grammar usage to standards appropriate to the task.
2 points
Generally has a clear purpose, but there may be a gap between the format used and the writing task. Fails to fully align the style and tone to the audience, or fails to fully define the audience for the writing task. Has some style or grammar.
COMPETENCIES734.3.4 Healthcare Utilization and Finance.docx
COMPETENCIES
734.3.4
:
Healthcare Utilization and Finance
The graduate analyzes financial implications related to healthcare delivery, reimbursement, access, and national initiatives.
INTRODUCTION
It is essential that nurses understand the issues related to healthcare financing, including local, state, and national healthcare policies and initiatives that affect healthcare delivery. As a patient advocate, the professional nurse is in a position to work with patients and families to access available resources to meet their healthcare needs.
REQUIREMENTS
Your submission must be your original work. No more than a combined total of 30% of the submission and no more than a 10% match to any one individual source can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. An originality report is provided when you submit your task that can be used as a guide.
You must use the rubric to direct the creation of your submission because it provides detailed criteria that will be used to evaluate your work. Each requirement below may be evaluated by more than one rubric aspect. The rubric aspect titles may contain hyperlinks to relevant portions of the course.
A. Compare the U.S. healthcare system with the healthcare system of Great Britain, Japan, Germany, or Switzerland, by doing the following:
1. Identify
one
country from the following list whose healthcare system you will compare to the U.S. healthcare system: Great Britain, Japan, Germany, or Switzerland.
2. Compare access between the
two
healthcare systems for children, people who are unemployed, and people who are retired.
a. Discuss coverage for medications in the two healthcare systems.
b. Determine the requirements to get a referral to see a specialist in the two healthcare systems.
c. Discuss coverage for preexisting conditions in the two healthcare systems.
3. Explain
two
financial implications for patients with regard to the healthcare delivery differences between the two countries (i.e.; how are the patients financially impacted).
B. Acknowledge sources, using in-text citations and references, for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized.
C. Demonstrate professional communication in the content and presentation of your submission.
File Restrictions
File name may contain only letters, numbers, spaces, and these symbols: ! - _ . * ' ( )
File size limit: 200 MB
File types allowed: doc, docx, rtf, xls, xlsx, ppt, pptx, odt, pdf, txt, qt, mov, mpg, avi, mp3, wav, mp4, wma, flv, asf, mpeg, wmv, m4v, svg, tif, tiff, jpeg, jpg, gif, png, zip, rar, tar, 7z
RUBRIC
A1:COUNTRY TO COMPARE
NOT EVIDENT
A country for comparison is not identified.
APPROACHING COMPETENCE
The identified country for comparison is not from the given list.
COMPETENT
The identified country for comparison is from the given list.
A2:ACCESS
NOT EVIDENT
A comparison of healthcare system access is not provided.
APPROACHING COMPETENCE
The comparison does not acc.
Competencies and KnowledgeWhat competencies were you able to dev.docx
Competencies and Knowledge
What competencies were you able to develop in researching and writing the course Comprehensive Project? How did you leverage knowledge gained in the assignments (Units 1–4) in completing the Comprehensive Project? How will these competencies and knowledge support your career advancement in management
.
Competencies and KnowledgeThis assignment has 2 parts.docx
Competencies and Knowledge
This assignment has 2 parts:
What competencies were you able to develop in researching and writing the course Comprehensive Project? How did you leverage knowledge gained in the intellipath assignments (Units 1- 4) in completing the Comprehensive Project? How will these competencies and knowledge support your career advancement in management?
Discuss the similarities and differences between shareholder wealth maximization and stakeholder wealth maximization.
.
Competencies and KnowledgeThis assignment has 2 partsWhat.docx
Competencies and Knowledge
This assignment has 2 parts:
What competencies were you able to develop in researching and writing the course Comprehensive Project? How did you leverage knowledge gained in the intellipath assignments (Units 1- 4) in completing the Comprehensive Project? How will these competencies and knowledge support your career advancement in management?
Discuss the similarities and differences between shareholder wealth maximization and stakeholder wealth maximization.
.
Competences, Learning Theories and MOOCsRecent Developments.docx
Competences, Learning Theories and MOOCs:
Recent Developments in Lifelong Learning
Karl Steffens
Introduction
We think of our societies as ‘knowledge societies’ in which lifelong learning is
becoming increasingly important. Lifelong learning refers to the idea that people
not only learn in schools and universities, but also in non-formal and informal
ways during their lifespan.The concepts of lifelong learning and lifelong education
began to enter the discourse on educational policies in the late 1960s (Tuijnman
& Boström, 2002). However, these are related, but distinct concepts. As Lee (2014,
p. 472) notes ‘the terminological change (from lifelong education, continuing
education and adult education, to lifelong learning) reflects a conceptual departure
from the idea of organised educational provision to that of a more individualised
pursuit of learning’.
One of the first important documents on lifelong learning was the report of the
International Commission on the Development of Education to UNESCO in
1972, titled ‘Learning to be. The world of education today and tomorrow’. In his
introductory letter to the Director-General of UNESCO, the chairman of the
Commission, Edgar Faure, stated that the work of the Commission was based on
four assumptions (see Elfert pp. and Carneiro pp. in this issue). The first was
related to the idea that there was an international community which was united by
common aspirations and the second was the belief in democracy and in education
as its keystones. The third was ‘that the aim of development is the complete
fulfilment of man, in all the richness of his personality, the complexity of his forms
of expression and his various commitments — as individual, member of a family
and of a community, citizen and producer, inventor of techniques and creative
dreamer’. The last assumption was that ‘only an over-all, lifelong education can
produce the kind of complete man, the need for whom is increasing with the
continually more stringent constraints tearing the individual asunder’ (Faure,
1972, p. vi).
Following the Faure Report, the UNESCO Institute for Education, which
was founded in Germany in 1951, started to focus on lifelong learning and
subsequently became the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL, http://
uil.unesco.org/home/). It was under its leadership that a formal model of lifelong
education was developed and published in the book ‘Towards a System of Life-
long Education’ (Cropley, 1980). The concept of lifelong learning also became
manifest in the ‘Education for All’ (EFA) agenda that was launched at the World
Conference on Education for All which took place in Jomtien (Thailand) in
1990 (Inter-Agency Commission, 1990). Ten years later, at the World Education
Forum in Dakar (Senegal) in 2000, the Dakar Framework for Action was
designed ‘to enable all individuals to realize their right to learn and to fulfil their
responsibility to contribute to the development of their society’ (UNESCO,
2000, p..
Compensation & Benefits Class 700 words with referencesA stra.docx
Compensation & Benefits Class 700 words with references
A strategic purpose for a well-blended compensation program, one that includes various types of direct compensation, is gaining employee commitment and productivity. One of the most effective tactics for this strategy is designing a process for linking individual achievement to organizational goals.
Prepare a report to senior leaders addressing the following:
·
Explain the concept of tying performance to organizational goals.
·
Describe the different types of individual and group-level performance measurements.
·
What are the advantages and disadvantages of individual versus group-level performance recognition?
·
Discuss the options an organization has to link individual or group monetary rewards to organizational success.
·
Develop recommendations for how to implement, monitor, and evaluate such a program.
.
Compensation, Benefits, Reward & Recognition Plan for V..docx
Compensation, Benefits, Reward & Recognition Plan for V.P. Operations
Learning Team B
HRM 595
December 19, 2017
Rosalie M. Lopez
Running head: COMPENSATION, BENEFITS, REWARD & RECOGNITION PLAN
1
COMPENSATION, BENEFITS, REWARD & RECOGNITION PLAN
2
Compensation, Benefits, Reward & Recognition Plan for V.P. Operations
Introduction
Base Salary Range
For the position of VP of Operations, the National Average Salary is $122,624. In San Francisco, the average is higher and placed at $155,946. This amount is 16% higher than the National Average (Payscale, 2016). The reason for this increase is because of experience and geography. These are the two prime factors that impact the pay scale. Another major factor is the employer. Most employers base their decision to hire an individual on the experience they bring with them. Of course, with more experience, higher pay is required. With our company cutting cost a less experienced individual would be the best fit for the position.
Standard Employee Benefit
In many cases, your employee benefits could be the turning point for a prospective employee. This benefit is a vital portion of any employee packet. These valuable benefits are used as a blanket of security in the case of any sickness, injury, unemployment, old age, or death (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2015, p. 362). There is a significant difference between incentives and benefits: benefits are financial and nonfinancial compensations that are indirect to the employee. To have a competitive strategy Blossoms Up! must align their profits with the compensation package that has been already put in place. This action will help provide flexibility to the amount and the benefits available (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015).
There are also some benefits that most companies are legally obligated to provide. Three benefits are required regardless of the number of employees that the company has. These interests involve social security, workers compensation, and unemployment insurance (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015). Other laws must be adhered to when dealing with a certain number of individuals. When a company has 50 or more employee they must have the Family and Medical Leave Act in place and since its induction in 2015 the Affordable Care Act for Health Insurance for companies with 20 or more employees. For the health insurance to be considered standard medical, vision and dental plans must be made available to the business. These programs that must be regarded as being under the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) or a Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015).
There are some voluntary benefits that we can include. We are already looking into adding a pension package using the Defined Contribution Plan as well as the 401(K) plan (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015). Life insurance is another excellent benefit that could be added to the package as well as short-term and long-term disability insurance. Adding Vacation and PTO, and Holiday pay is .
Compete the following tablesTheoryKey figuresKey concepts o.docx
Compete the following tables:
Theory
Key figures
Key concepts of personality formation
Explanation of the disordered personality
Scientific credibility
Comprehensiveness
Applicability
Attachment
Complete the following...200-300 words..
Is Freud's theory a viable theory for this century?
Provide reasons for
your
view.
.
Compensation Strategy for Knowledge WorkersTo prepare for this a.docx
Compensation Strategy for Knowledge Workers
To prepare for this assignment, review the below articles about employee compensation, which are also listed in the required reading section of the Unit IV Study Guide.
Hopkins, C. (2017). How to create a compensation plan in 6 steps. Retrieved from https://fitsmallbusiness.com/employee-compensation-plan/
How to design an employee compensation plan [SlideShare slides]. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/FitSmallBusiness/how-to-design-a-compensation-plan-dave?ref=http://fitsmallbusiness.com/how-to-pay-employees/
You are the director of compensation for a midsized organization. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation that justifies the implementation of a new compensation strategy that will support the motivational needs of knowledge workers and reinforce the real-time performance appraisal system that the organization has embraced. While your goal is to retain, motivate, and grow the current workforce of multi-generational knowledge workers, you must also justify to your senior management that this compensation strategy is competitive in the marketplace.
Your presentation should describe a compensation program for knowledge workers. The title of the knowledge worker's position is entirely up to you (e.g., sales executive I, systems engineer III, etc.). You may use various sources (including the lesson materials), but you must use at least one additional resource from the CSU Online Library. Include a reference slide, and cite any sources used in proper APA format. Your presentation should be a minimum of 12 slides in length—not counting the title and reference slides. You may also use the slide notes function to explain slide contents as necessary, but this is not required.
Be sure to address the questions below in your presentation.
· What is the compensation strategy being proposed?
· Did employees provide input?
· Who else provided input?
· What incentives are included in the plan? How will it motivate the employees?
· How will employees determine fairness of the pay structure?
· Why do you believe the employees will be satisfied with this plan? Justify the compensation strategy that supports the motivational needs of knowledge workers.
· What is your communication plan for rolling out the new program?
Physical Security
Chapter 8
Principles of Computer Security, Fifth Edition
Copyright © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
Objectives (1 of 2)
Describe how physical security directly affects computer and network security.
Discuss steps that can be taken to help mitigate risks.
Describe the physical security components that can protect your computers and network.
Identify environmental factors that can affect security
Principles of Computer Security, Fifth Edition
Copyright © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
2
Objectives (2 of 2)
Identify the different types of fires and the various fire suppression systems designed to limit the .
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- 1. Chapter Two Principles of Health Care Ethics 1 2 Principles of Ethics Extends your foundation of ethics. Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations. The four most often used in health care are nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. 3 3 Nonmaleficience Sometimes this is translated as “first do no harm”. Ethical theories define harm in different ways. Consequentialist says harm is that which prevents good. Natural law says harm is something that limits our potential. 4 4
- 2. Nonmaleficence Deontologists say harm is something that prevents you from doing your moral duty. Virtue ethicists say harm is something that leads you away from practicing high moral character. Ethical egoists say that harm is something that goes against your self interest. 5 5 Harm in the Clinical Setting Harm is something that negatively affects patients. Clinically, we think of physical harm but other harm is possible. Harm is also caused by negligence. Harm can be caused by violating autonomy. 6 6 Beneficience Beneficience comes from the Latin “bene” and means to benefit. Requires a decision to engage in beneficent acts or to be altruistic. It is a fundamental principle of health care practice. What theories support beneficence? 7 7
- 3. Health care and Beneficience The standard of altruism is higher for health care professionals. Altruism is expected. Beneficence sometimes is extended to paternalism when the health care professional makes decisions for the good of the patient. What is this called? 8 8 Autonomy Autonomy means that you can rule yourself. It implies a respect for others. In health care, we have a duty to treat, but not to judge. What are the conditions necessary for autonomy in health care? 9 9 Specific Competence Is defined as the ability to do some things but not others. One can be competent in a limited way. In issues where a person is not competent, the concept of substitute judgment can be used. This also involves the idea of a reasonable person’s decision. 10 10 Specific Competence
- 4. Coercion can also affect a person’s ability to exercise autonomy. Issues of competence and autonomy also are part of informed consent and other health care issues which are discussed in later chapters. 11 11 Justice The term can be used to mean fairness. Aristotle thought we should treat similar cases in a similar way unless there was some relevant or material difference. We need to examine types of justice: procedural and distributive. 12 12 Procedural Justice This is sometimes called due process. It means that you get your turn; you are treated like everyone else. Procedural injustice can occur with employee situations. Due process is also involved with policy making in procedural justice. 13 13
- 5. Distributive Justice This form of justice involves balancing benefits and burdens. Health care resource allocation is one example of a distributive injustice. Health care is a scarce resource, so Resource allocation issues are common in health care; what are some examples of these issues? 14 14 Material Reasons to Discriminate Basic argument is that the person deserves it or needs it In the U.S., if you work hard, you deserve to be rewarded. In contrast, if you disobey the law, you deserve to be punished. 15 15 Discrimination based on Need Need can be based on misfortune or disability. Need can be based on special talents or abilities and on opportunities. Need can be based on past discrimination. Need can also be based on structural social problems. 16 16
- 6. In the larger society, There is a need to discriminate based on material need. You are rewarded based on how much you contribute. You are also rewarded based on how much effort you put forth. This thinking also applies to patient care. Can you give some examples? 17 17 Need based on Misfortune Misfortune can lead to discrimination based on or against need for care. For example, life threatening situations are treated before minor emergencies. Special talents or the potential loss of opportunity can be arguments for special treatment. What other groups fall into the need based category? 18 18 Need based on past Discrimination Redress of past injustices may be a reason for different treatment. The health care system has responded to the needs of some special groups. Structural problems have also been considered in needs based discrimination; what are some examples? 19
- 7. 19 Distributive Justice and Rights We are still debating if health care is a right or a commodity. Need to think about whether something is a legal right or a moral right. There are many types of rights and many overlap with each other (See figure in text). 20 20 Legal or Positive Rights Legal right means that someone has a legal obligation to fulfill your right. Positive right means that you are entitled to something. Sometimes legal rights become that which you can get enforced. 21 21 Substantive Rights Can be legal rights or not. They are right to a particular thing such as education, health care, minimum wage, etc. Different nations have differing opinions about substantive rights for their citizens. 22
- 8. 22 Negative Rights You have the right to be left alone. The Bill of Rights lists many negative rights. The negative right of one person may be in conflict with the negative right of another (i.e. smokers). Other negative rights include freedom from sexual harassment, and medical record privacy. 23 23 Process, Natural, and Ideal Rights You have the right of due process. Natural rights means that you respect the attributes that people have in nature. These rights allow humans to reach their full potential. Natural rights express our common morality and ideal rights inspire. 24 24 Reflective Equilibrium Model Making ethical decisions requires considered judgments. These judgments require rational moral reasoning. Ethical theories and principles are used to explain moral reasoning. Reflective equilibrium model provides a process for considering
- 9. and reconsidering decisions. 25 25 Reflective Equilibrium Model 26 26 How can you Use the Model in Practice? Describe a situation where making an ethics choice might be difficult. Now, use Reflective Equilibrium Model to assist you in deciding the most ethical decision to make. Why is this model not in common practice in health care? 27 In Summary… 28 28 image2.jpg image3.png
- 10. DFM2: Critical Commentary PAGE 1 Task 1 Video List Select three videos from this list to watch prior to completing the requirements for this task. The videos you choose should, collectively, represent examples of teachers addressing the cultural, social, and emotional needs of students. To determine the content of each video, it may help to read the descriptions on the web pages. 1. “Writing a Cooperative Paragraph,” English learners (ELs)— second grade https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200783990 2. “Building Classroom Community through the Study of Chinese Art and Culture,” second grade https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200783347
- 11. 3. “Creating Fractured Fairy Tales Using Story Maps,” fifth grade https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200783189 4. “Defining the Problem, Effect, and Solution through an Interactive Read Aloud,” kindergarten https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200783059 5. “Determining the Influence of Media on American Culture and Stereotypes,” 12th grade https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200782854 6. “Developing Drug Awareness and Resistance Skills,” sixth grade
- 12. https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/190967517 7. “Learning about Cultural Identity,” kindergarten https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/134389413 https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200783990 https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200783347 https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200783189 https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200783059 https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200782854 https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/190967517 https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/134389413 DFM2: Critical Commentary Task 1 Video List PAGE 2
- 13. 8. “Developing U.S. History Content Vocabulary,” fifth grade https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200782444 9. “Adding Mixed Numbers with Like and Unlike Denominators,” sixth grade https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200782060 10. “Analyzing American Literature through a Fish Bowl Discussion,” 11th grade https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200781790 11. “Analyzing Diverse Media to Clarify Text,” seventh grade https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200778242 https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200782444 https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200782060 https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200781790
- 14. https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200778242 2048.3.1 : Recognizing the Community of Care The graduate plans for learning environments that meet all students' cultural, social, and emotional learning needs by incorporating knowledge of individual learners, diverse cultures, and communities. INTRODUCTION Western Governors University employs a three-step developmental framework to support you through your preclinical and clinical experiences. This framework also helps to ensure you exit the program confident in your ability to meet the needs of your future students and school system. This assessment falls under step one of the three-step framework. In this task, you will engage in activities that will go toward preclinical hours of your Early Preclinical Experiences requirements. In this task and others in this program, you will use Gibbs' Reflective Cycle (Gibbs, 1988) as a framework to respond to observations and experiences. Gibbs' Reflective Cycle encourages you to think systematically about the phases of an experience or activity, first describing the experience, then
- 15. addressing how it made you feel, next evaluating and analyzing it, then drawing a conclusion, and finally considering how this experience will apply to your future practice. For this task you will select three videos that allow you to observe learning environments where efforts are being made to meet cultural, social, and emotional learning needs of students. In each video, you will observe teachers in their classrooms and will then evaluate their efforts to incorporate the diverse cultures and communities of individual learners into the learning environment. Please note: To assist you in this task, we strongly recommend you start by reviewing the SOE Professional Dispositions and Ethics linked in the Web Links section below. You might consider reviewing Module 13 prior to starting this task. REQUIREMENTS Your submission must be your original work. No more than a combined total of 30% of the submission and no more than a 10% match to any one individual source can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. The originality report that is provided when you submit your task can be used as a guide.
- 16. You must use the rubric to direct the creation of your submission because it provides detailed criteria that will be used to evaluate your work. Each requirement below may be evaluated by more than one rubric aspect. The rubric aspect titles may contain hyperlinks to relevant portions of the course. Tasks may not be submitted as cloud links, such as links to Google Docs, Google Slides, OneDrive, etc., unless specified in the task requirements. All other submissions must be file types that are uploaded and submitted as attachments (e.g., .docx, .pdf, .ppt). A. Identify three videos from the attached “Task 1 Video List” found in the “Supporting Documents” section. Note: When selecting three videos to observe, it may be helpful to read the description available on the web page for each video. You will want to choose videos that will give you enough relevant material to respond to parts B1–B5. B. Reflect on your video observations by doing the following: 1. Discuss specific examples of how the teachers in the videos effectively incorporated the needs of individual learners within their learning environments, including
- 17. at least one example of each of the following from any of the three videos: • cultural needs • social needs • emotional needs 2. Discuss ways that the teachers could have more effectively incorporated individual learners’ cultural, social, or emotional needs in the learning environments. 3. Discuss two culturally sustaining pedagogy strategies you learned from observing the videos that you could incorporate into your future practice as a teacher. a. Explain how you can apply the two strategies from B3 in your future classroom. 4. Explain how you could involve your students’ caregivers in the execution of the strategies from part B3, including specific examples. 5. Explain how you could involve the community in the execution of the strategies from part B3, including specific examples.
- 18. C. Acknowledge sources, using in-text citations and references, for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized. D. Demonstrate professional communication in the content and presentation of your submission. File Restrictions File name may contain only letters, numbers, spaces, and these symbols: ! - _ . * ' ( ) File size limit: 200 MB File types allowed: doc, docx, rtf, xls, xlsx, ppt, pptx, odt, pdf, txt, qt, mov, mpg, avi, mp3, wav, mp4, wma, flv, asf, mpeg, wmv, m4v, svg, tif, tiff, jpeg, jpg, gif, png, zip, rar, tar, 7z Task 1 Video List Select three videos from this list to watch prior to completing the requirements for this task. The videos you choose should, collectively, represent examples of teachers addressing the cultural, social, and emotional needs of students. To determine the content of each video, it may help to read the descriptions on the web pages. 1. “Writing a Cooperative Paragraph,” English learners (ELs)— second grade https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200783990 2. “Building Classroom Community through the Study of
- 19. Chinese Art and Culture,” second grade https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200783347 3. “Creating Fractured Fairy Tales Using Story Maps,” fifth grade https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/200783189 4. “Defining the Problem, Effect, and