The document discusses the background and theoretical framework of a study on the effect of availability, accessibility, and user-ability of information technology (IT) resources on students' learning at Saint Jude College in Manila, Philippines. Specifically, it aims to examine how the availability, accessibility, and user-ability of IT resources impact students' learning. The study employs cognitive flexibility theory and Kirkpatrick's four levels of evaluation as its theoretical framework. It hypothesizes that the availability, accessibility, and user-ability of IT resources affect students' learning. The significance and scope of the study are also outlined.

1. CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
One of the basic functions of education is preparation of students for life. This function in 21stcentury may be
participation in an information rich society,where knowledge is regarded as the main sourcefor socio-cultural and
politico-economic development of countries and/or nations.Information rich societies aredeveloped and
dominatingand they arecontrollingthe information throughout the world. Information encompasses and relies on
the use of different channels of communication,presently called information and communication technologies
(Hussain,2005) and would be incorporatingbetter pedagogical methods to cope with such emerging situations.
These have changed the scenario of education particularly,pedagogy and instruction makingteachinglearning
process more productive creatingcollaborative,learner centered and interactiveglobal learningenvironments.
Therefore, information technologies areassumed to play a constructiverolein education to make the teaching and
learningprocess more productivethrough collaboration in an information rich society.
Information rich society promotes new practices and paradigms for education where the teacher has to play new
roleof mentoring, coachingand helpingstudents in their studies rather to play the conventional roleof spoon
feeding in the classrooms.Students can learn independently havinga wide choiceof programmed selection and
access to information.Students can be involved in skill oriented activities in group learningenvironments for
accumulated knowledge.
This chapter articulates the background of the study into namely: theoretical,conceptual framework . It goes on
to give the problem
Statement, research hypothesis,significanceof study,scope and limitation of the study.
Teaching is becomingone of the most challengingprofessionsin our society today where
knowledge is expandingso rapidly thatmodern technologies demand the useof Information and
Technology (IT). IThas become within a short time one of the basic building
blocks of a modern society.Many countries now regard understandingIT and masteringi ts
basic concepts as partof the core of education (UNESCO, 2002b).In Philippines ,Government has
established a fully-fledged ITdepartment to stress the importance of IT in promoting
economic growth and development.

2. Observers and proponents of ITsuggest that our useof increasingly sophisticated and enabling
technologies will continue,to the extent that technological literacy will become a basic
functional requirement for our work, social and personal lives.The National Council for
Curriculumand Assessment, UK (2004), notes that as the pace of technological development
continues to grow, children in our schools today will livein a world where IT will be
increasingly embedded in their daily lives.
The use of computers in education is not a new phenomenon. In the 1970‟s,its promoters
claimed that itwould transformand saveeducation (Lockard & Abrams, 1994).The late 1980‟s
sawa growingshifttowards computer integration which emphasized the curriculumand notthe
tool. Its proponents felt that students would learn new skillsas they needed them in order to
make the computer work for them. The computer could now be viewed more as a partner as
opposed to a competitor and could be treated in a more natural manner (Lockard & Abrams,
1994).The 1990‟s sawa heightened focus on increasingtheuse of computer technology in the
classroom,and not justby the evangelists.Growing attention and pressureto implement
technology in education is comingfrom many directions,includingparents and the business
sector, not justdepartments of education.One of the most significantfeatures of the
technological or digital era of much relevanceto education is the Internet. Hargittai (1999)
defines the Internet technically and functionally as a worldwidenetwork of computers and
people interactingtogether.
To enhance and streamlinethe developments in the ICT sector, the government of Philippines
formulated an IT Policy Framework in 2003 to meet the challenges and the harnessingof the
underlyingpotentials and opportunities of the system (National ITPolicy Framework, 2003).
Government recognizes that IT has a big roleto play in stimulation of national development, in
particular,modernization and globalization of the economy. In recognition of the need of IT for
the development process,government undertook several initiatives to promote the development
and application of IT.

3. Theoretical Framework
The study employed the theory of Cognitive Flexibility (Spiro & Jehng, 1992),emphasized by
Kirkpatrick‟s four levels of evaluation (Kirkpatrick,1994).The theory of Cognitive flexibility
suggests that learners grasp the nature of complexity more readily by being presented with
multiplerepresentations of the same information in different contexts. It emphas izes the ability
to spontaneously restructureone's knowledge in many ways, in adaptiveresponseto radically changingsituational
demands. The theory largely concerns itself with transfer of knowledge and
skills beyond their initial learningsituation.Skillstransfer can bedescribed as learner‟s desireto
use the knowledge and skillsmastered in the trainingprogramon the job (Noe & Schmitt, 1986
in Yamnill & McLean, 2001).Behavioral changewould likely occur for learners who learn the
material presented in trainingand desireto apply that new knowledge or skills to work activities.
For the teachers and students to useand develop IT materials thatfacilitateteachingand
learningthey should be in position to demonstrate high cognitive flexibi lity (Spiro,Feltovich,
Jacobson,& Coulson,1992).This puts emphasis on transfer of learning.Transfer of learning
refers to the extent to which performance in one situation such as multimedia lesson isreflected
in another situation such as workingon the job or in a subsequent lesson (Allessi & Trollip,
2001).Therefore teaching is often a precursor to apply or use that knowledge in the real world
for students in the classrooms.
Conceptual Framework
The World Bank (2003 citingRodriguez& Wilson,2000) opines thatITis the set of activities
which facilitateby electronic means the processing,transmission and display of information.
Accordingto United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific
(UNESCAP, 2001) ITs refer to technologies people use to share,distribute,gather information

4. and to communicate, through computers and computer networks. In this study IT is viewed as
set of tools that can be used to process,avail and access,information and communication
services or products.The services and products may includehardwareand software; Internet,
telephones/mobile phones, telefax, type writer, calculators,radios,televisions,hydraulic
machines used in industries amongothers. Bakkabulindi (2002;2000) observes that ITs a re of
two major types namely; ITs for convertingor processingdata into information such as adding
machines,calculators,typewriters and computers; and ITs for communication of data and or
information from one placeto another: These includetelegraph, telephone, telefax and computer
networks. These gadgets offer the possibility for an interactiveapproach.Interaction refers to the
relation between the user and these gadgets. In this study, IT further refers to the availability,
accessibility and user-ability of these gadgets. Availability impliesthe presence of these IT
resources,accessibility means the degree to which these IT resources are easily accessibleby
as many people as possible.User-ability refers to the capability of the students and teachers to
use these resources to achieve specified goals.
Learning refers to concerted activity thatincreases the capacity and willingnessof students to
acquireand productively apply new knowledge and skills,to grow, mature and to adapt
successfully to changes and challenges (Warschaure,1996).Such learningempowers students to
make wisechoices,solveproblems and break new grounds. Learning certainly includes
academic studies and occupational trainingthrough high school and beyond. In this study,
learningwill refer to the process whereby learners acquireand master knowledge and skills
imparted in them by the instructor and through interaction with technological tools in relation to
their academic performance, work placepreparedness and application of the acquired skillsand
knowledge.
Statement of the problem
Students‟ learningremains central in any academic achievement debate. ITs providea window

5. of opportunity for educational institutions and other organizations to harness and usetechnology
to complement and supportthe teaching and learningprocess.However, despite the enormous
advocacy of IT aided teaching and learning,investment and donation of IT equipment to
saintjudecollegephinma, the college still faces thechallengeof how to transform students learning
process to providestudents with the skillsto function effectively in this dynamic,information rich,
and continuously changingenvironment.
The causeof concern is thatunless this problemis addressed,investment in the development of
IT in the college is goingto be put to waste and improvement in the quality of teachingand
learningis goingto be sluggish.This may make the college fail to achieveits mission and to
produce graduates who areready for the world of work which is increasingly relianton IT
aided generation and dissemination of knowledge. In view of this discrepancy,there is need to
examine the particular effects of availability,accessibility and user-ability of IT resources on
students learningin saint judecollegephinma
The main purpose of the study was to identify the perceived effect of the availability,
accessibility and user-ability of IT resources on student‟s learningin St jude collegephinma using
cross-sectional survey design with a view to provide relevant recommendations.
1) To examine the effect of the availability of IT resources on student‟s learningin saintjudecollege
Phinma ?
2) To assess theeffect of the accessibility of IT resources on student‟s learningsaintjudecollegemanila phinma ?
3) To investigate the effect of the user-ability of ITresources on student‟s learningin saintjudecollegemanila
phinma.?
4.what is the gender impactinformation technology in education on access .?

6. 5.are some course better suited for IT in education than others ?
Hypothesis of the Study.
Followingis the hypothesis relativeto the stated problem .
The study was guided by the followinghypothesis:
1. Availability of IT has effect on students‟ learningin saintjudecollegephinma .?
2. Accessibility of IT resources affects students‟ learningin saintjudecollegephinma ?
3. User-ability of ITresources affects student‟s learningin saintjudecollegephinma ?
4.What is the gender impactinformation technology in education on access .?
5.Are some coursebetter suited for IT in education than others ?
Significance of the the study
The study should be of great importance to the policy makers ,student and College administrators of
SaintJude College phinma helpingthem to appreciatethe usefulness of IT in learningso as to come up
with policies thatpromote IT in learning.
The findings and recommendations of the study should be of importanceto SaintJude College Phinma
lecturers and other lecturers of higher institution of learningon the use of IT to aid learning.
The researcher hopes that resultof the study may be useful to future researchers with interest in
examiningfurther the effects of IT on students learning.This should lead to the generation of
new ideas for the better implementation of ITinto learningprocess.
Scope and Limitations of the study
The study on the Effectcive use of IT in education on students learningwas carried outin Saintjude college phinma
sampaloc manilaPhilippines and July 2018.This study is only limited to student currently enrolled in

7. students learningin Saintjudecollege manila .worth while additional to future study to overcome the problem
would be incorporatemore than one data source,namely; data collected
limitations in differentcircumstancesvaryingdependingon student and instructor needs. Little
emphasis is beingput on the embracement of educational technology,yet if properly used, ICT
can providean array of powerful tools that may help in transformingthe present isolated teachercentered
and text bound classroominto rich,students focused interactiveknowledge
environment. If not well addressed,investment in development of ITin the college will be
wasteful and the teachingand learningprocess shall continueto be very slowlimitingthe
college from achievingthe development it is hoped to bringin the college mission.
Definitionof Terms
Education;
is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.
Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research.Wikipedia
Effective ;
Means producing or capable of producing a result. (www.merriam-webster)
Use;
put something such as a tool,skill, or building to a particular purpose:
Information technology :
Information technology is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data,
or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered to be a
subset of information and communications technology. Wikipedia

8. Allied health student
Allied Health is a term used to describethe broad range of health professionalswho are not doctors, dentists or
nurses.Allied health professionalsaimto prevent, diagnoseand treat a range of conditions and illnesses and often
work within a multidisciplinary health team to providethe best patient outcomes.
Gender:
Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and
femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex, sex-based social
structures, or gender identity. Wikipedia
Computer
A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations
automatically via computer programming. Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized sets of
operations, called programs.
Perception:
It is the ability to apprehend through the means of senses,understandingabout the student and instructor useof
technology in their educational activities.
Motivation:
The focus the students have in completing a task through the usageof technology.
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM):
It’s a model that describethe acceptanceof technology by an individual based on their perceived usefulness and
ease of use of the technology.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT):
It is used in this study as the integration of technology into the educational systemto deliver quality learningand
teaching.