This study assessed the usage of information and communication technology (ICT) among graduates of Allama Iqbal Open University. 132 graduates participated in the study through a questionnaire. The study found that most graduates had low proficiency in using computer hardware, spreadsheets, presentations software, the internet, e-learning, and blogs. It was also revealed that most graduates faced obstacles in using ICT. The study recommended that educational managers encourage ICT use and facilitate teachers in using computers, the internet, and online resources.
Role of ICT in Shaping the Future of Pakistani Higher Education SystemZaffar Ahmed Shaikh
This study examined the challenges faced by the Pakistani higher education system (HES) in integrating information and communication technology (ICT); it aimed at understanding ICT needs, measuring the increase in ICT demand, determining the relationship between ICT and HES performance, and understanding how the HES copes with the challenges of implementing ICT. The results of these analyses were used as the basis to suggest solutions. The normative Delphi method was applied to evaluate a sample of 30 HES experts randomly selected from urban and rural areas of Pakistan by administering a literature-based 35-item questionnaire. The
experts revealed significant gaps in ICT demand and supply, ICT use, ICT-based higher education problems, and reasons for delays in ICT integration and provided suggestions for developing ICT-driven HES in Pakistan. This
study’s findings suggest that an effective and robust HES ICT policy could greatly improve the status of the Pakistani knowledge-based economy, thus helping establish ICT policy and planning, administration, and integration at the higher education level.
Read more about Technology in Delivering Inclusive Teaching and Learning
Benefits and limitations of technologies used in areas of specialism
Using technologies to enhance teaching and meet individual needs
You can also read more about it on -- https://eln.co.uk/blog/promoting-ict-skills-classrooms
Role of ICT in Shaping the Future of Pakistani Higher Education SystemZaffar Ahmed Shaikh
This study examined the challenges faced by the Pakistani higher education system (HES) in integrating information and communication technology (ICT); it aimed at understanding ICT needs, measuring the increase in ICT demand, determining the relationship between ICT and HES performance, and understanding how the HES copes with the challenges of implementing ICT. The results of these analyses were used as the basis to suggest solutions. The normative Delphi method was applied to evaluate a sample of 30 HES experts randomly selected from urban and rural areas of Pakistan by administering a literature-based 35-item questionnaire. The
experts revealed significant gaps in ICT demand and supply, ICT use, ICT-based higher education problems, and reasons for delays in ICT integration and provided suggestions for developing ICT-driven HES in Pakistan. This
study’s findings suggest that an effective and robust HES ICT policy could greatly improve the status of the Pakistani knowledge-based economy, thus helping establish ICT policy and planning, administration, and integration at the higher education level.
Read more about Technology in Delivering Inclusive Teaching and Learning
Benefits and limitations of technologies used in areas of specialism
Using technologies to enhance teaching and meet individual needs
You can also read more about it on -- https://eln.co.uk/blog/promoting-ict-skills-classrooms
Implication of Educational Technology on Quality Teaching Appraisal from the ...ijtsrd
The purpose of this research paper was to find out the implications of educational technology on quality teaching in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study had just one objective and was carried out in six divisions in the south west region. The survey research design was used and the sample was selected using the simple random sampling and the appropriate stratified random sampling technique. The sample consisted of 330 students and 100 teachers. The questionnaire and the interview were instruments used in the study to collect data. The descriptive statistics comprised tables, percentages, bars and pie charts while for inferential statistics, chi square test of independence was used to verify hypothesis. The results show that the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative retained. Some recommendations were made to better the use of ICTs in the teaching and learning process to both teachers and students Mbah Emmanuel Teke "Implication of Educational Technology on Quality Teaching: Appraisal from the Perspective of Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21338.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/21338/implication-of-educational-technology-on-quality-teaching-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/mbah-emmanuel-teke
Status of Information and Communication Technology Training and Support for S...ijtsrd
Education is perceived in this piece as a process of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, support and research. ICT has a very significant place in the education process that involves teachers and instruction. Information and communication technology have become within a very short time, one of the basic building blocks of modern society including Science and technology teachers. The purpose of the study is to determine the status of ICT training and support for science and technology teacher educators in colleges of education within Southeast Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study consisted of 454 science and technology teacher educators in colleges of education within Southeast state Nigeria. The instrument was subjected to face validation by three experts. The reliability coefficients of the instrument for the study is 0.98 using Cronbach's Alpha formula. Five research questions that guided the study were answered using mean and standard deviation. Five research hypotheses were tested at 0.5 level of significance using one way ANOVA. Among the findings of the study were that, there is low ICT training, support and competence for science and technology teacher educators. It was concluded, among others, that government should help. Ezenma Chimezie Bernard ""Status of Information and Communication Technology Training and Support for Science and Technology Teacher Educators in Colleges of Education in Southeast, Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21511.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/multimedia/21511/status-of-information-and-communication-technology-training-and-support-for-science-and-technology-teacher-educators-in-colleges-of-education-in-southeast-nigeria/ezenma-chimezie-bernard
This paper determined the skills needed by business education lecturers, considering the need for them to be at breast with modern technology in the arts of teaching with emphasis on activity-based learning. This study is further heightened with the need to expose business education students to globalized economy. Thus, the need arises to probe the readiness of business educators (saddled with the responsibility of guiding these students) in terms of their competencies in the use of technology in teaching. This study seeks to achieve one objective, answers one research question and test a null hypothesis. The survey research design is adopted and the study was carried out in Nigeria with an accessible population of 500 business educators, out of which 217 respondents were used. A questionnaire on technology-driven teaching skills and content delivery in Business Education generated data for the study analyzed using Linear Regression Analysis. Findings are that technology-driven teaching skills significantly predict effective delivery of the content of business education. This implies that business educators require skills in the use of modern technology in teaching business education. Based on the finding of this study, it is concluded that the effectiveness of content delivery in business education in today’s globalized society is to an average extent dependent upon the skill level of business education lecturers in the use of technology in teaching.
An Analysis on the Application of Information and Communication Technology (I...AJASTJournal
The paper sought to analyse the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in teaching Health Education students in tertiary institutions in Adamawa State. A survey research design was used for the study. The population for the study comprised of 4 tertiary institutions offering Health Education out of which 2 were sampled. A simple random sampling was used in selecting 150 students from each of the institutions sampled making a total of 300 respondents. Data was collected with the use of questionnaire which was subjected to validity and reliability test. The mean and ANOVA was used in establishing the correlation between the variables in the study. The researcher accepts a result if the average mean is above 2.6 which is on the high side and shows a significant relationship. The researchers also reject a result if the average mean is below 2.5 which is on the low side and shows no significant relationship. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that: institutions and their management should have more ICT training centers on campus, the management of the institutions should urgently make sure ICT facilities are available for students’ use, the students should be given assignments, course project, group work, which will involve sourcing for information from the internet, lecturers should encourage students to organize mini seminars for presentation of assignments through the use of power point among others.
This study assessed Information Communication Technology (ICT)integration in four state Colleges
of Education in North Western, Nigeria. The study focuses on three criteria of technology adoption: availability,
utilization and integration. This becomes imperative given that the prospective teachers the colleges produce
will operate in school systems and with students that were influenced by global trends in information explosion.
Also, like most educational innovations, the use of ICT in schools should satisfy the key demands of availability
and accessibility to learners who demand its effective utilization, and, above all, integration into all facets of
curricular and pedagogical practices. The study used the cross-sectional survey design since it aims at a
description and evaluation of existing characteristics of a large population of respondents, by concurrently
studying different samples drawn from the population. Data werecollated using questionnaires administered on
lecturers and computer laboratory technicians of the selected Colleges. The data was analyzed using
percentages and means. The major finding of the study is that ICT presence in these colleges was still
peripheral due to lack of access to internet connectivity. It was therefore recommended that the schools should
expand their ICT capability, the students be given proper orientation and training on the uses and benefits of
ICT and that ICT integration must begin from the teacher training curriculum of the institutions.
Implication of Educational Technology on Quality Teaching Appraisal from the ...ijtsrd
The purpose of this research paper was to find out the implications of educational technology on quality teaching in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study had just one objective and was carried out in six divisions in the south west region. The survey research design was used and the sample was selected using the simple random sampling and the appropriate stratified random sampling technique. The sample consisted of 330 students and 100 teachers. The questionnaire and the interview were instruments used in the study to collect data. The descriptive statistics comprised tables, percentages, bars and pie charts while for inferential statistics, chi square test of independence was used to verify hypothesis. The results show that the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative retained. Some recommendations were made to better the use of ICTs in the teaching and learning process to both teachers and students Mbah Emmanuel Teke "Implication of Educational Technology on Quality Teaching: Appraisal from the Perspective of Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21338.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/21338/implication-of-educational-technology-on-quality-teaching-appraisal-from-the-perspective-of-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/mbah-emmanuel-teke
Status of Information and Communication Technology Training and Support for S...ijtsrd
Education is perceived in this piece as a process of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, support and research. ICT has a very significant place in the education process that involves teachers and instruction. Information and communication technology have become within a very short time, one of the basic building blocks of modern society including Science and technology teachers. The purpose of the study is to determine the status of ICT training and support for science and technology teacher educators in colleges of education within Southeast Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study consisted of 454 science and technology teacher educators in colleges of education within Southeast state Nigeria. The instrument was subjected to face validation by three experts. The reliability coefficients of the instrument for the study is 0.98 using Cronbach's Alpha formula. Five research questions that guided the study were answered using mean and standard deviation. Five research hypotheses were tested at 0.5 level of significance using one way ANOVA. Among the findings of the study were that, there is low ICT training, support and competence for science and technology teacher educators. It was concluded, among others, that government should help. Ezenma Chimezie Bernard ""Status of Information and Communication Technology Training and Support for Science and Technology Teacher Educators in Colleges of Education in Southeast, Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21511.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/multimedia/21511/status-of-information-and-communication-technology-training-and-support-for-science-and-technology-teacher-educators-in-colleges-of-education-in-southeast-nigeria/ezenma-chimezie-bernard
This paper determined the skills needed by business education lecturers, considering the need for them to be at breast with modern technology in the arts of teaching with emphasis on activity-based learning. This study is further heightened with the need to expose business education students to globalized economy. Thus, the need arises to probe the readiness of business educators (saddled with the responsibility of guiding these students) in terms of their competencies in the use of technology in teaching. This study seeks to achieve one objective, answers one research question and test a null hypothesis. The survey research design is adopted and the study was carried out in Nigeria with an accessible population of 500 business educators, out of which 217 respondents were used. A questionnaire on technology-driven teaching skills and content delivery in Business Education generated data for the study analyzed using Linear Regression Analysis. Findings are that technology-driven teaching skills significantly predict effective delivery of the content of business education. This implies that business educators require skills in the use of modern technology in teaching business education. Based on the finding of this study, it is concluded that the effectiveness of content delivery in business education in today’s globalized society is to an average extent dependent upon the skill level of business education lecturers in the use of technology in teaching.
An Analysis on the Application of Information and Communication Technology (I...AJASTJournal
The paper sought to analyse the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in teaching Health Education students in tertiary institutions in Adamawa State. A survey research design was used for the study. The population for the study comprised of 4 tertiary institutions offering Health Education out of which 2 were sampled. A simple random sampling was used in selecting 150 students from each of the institutions sampled making a total of 300 respondents. Data was collected with the use of questionnaire which was subjected to validity and reliability test. The mean and ANOVA was used in establishing the correlation between the variables in the study. The researcher accepts a result if the average mean is above 2.6 which is on the high side and shows a significant relationship. The researchers also reject a result if the average mean is below 2.5 which is on the low side and shows no significant relationship. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that: institutions and their management should have more ICT training centers on campus, the management of the institutions should urgently make sure ICT facilities are available for students’ use, the students should be given assignments, course project, group work, which will involve sourcing for information from the internet, lecturers should encourage students to organize mini seminars for presentation of assignments through the use of power point among others.
This study assessed Information Communication Technology (ICT)integration in four state Colleges
of Education in North Western, Nigeria. The study focuses on three criteria of technology adoption: availability,
utilization and integration. This becomes imperative given that the prospective teachers the colleges produce
will operate in school systems and with students that were influenced by global trends in information explosion.
Also, like most educational innovations, the use of ICT in schools should satisfy the key demands of availability
and accessibility to learners who demand its effective utilization, and, above all, integration into all facets of
curricular and pedagogical practices. The study used the cross-sectional survey design since it aims at a
description and evaluation of existing characteristics of a large population of respondents, by concurrently
studying different samples drawn from the population. Data werecollated using questionnaires administered on
lecturers and computer laboratory technicians of the selected Colleges. The data was analyzed using
percentages and means. The major finding of the study is that ICT presence in these colleges was still
peripheral due to lack of access to internet connectivity. It was therefore recommended that the schools should
expand their ICT capability, the students be given proper orientation and training on the uses and benefits of
ICT and that ICT integration must begin from the teacher training curriculum of the institutions.
This document shows the importanace of technology in education. Check http://importanceoftech.com for more relevant articles showing importance of tech.
The teaching and learning styles that teachers and students apply in their teaching and learning have dramatically changed due to technological advances particularly in computer. Technological advancements are affecting the way we teach and learn. Technology has found a profound home in the world of teaching and learning. Teaching/learning technologies (TLT) have received considerable attention of many including academicians in recent years. The promises of TLT vary for the respective publics. Many insist that students today do not learn well with traditional teaching and learning methods. They argue that students require presentations that are visual and stimulating. Classroom teachers hold the key to the effective use of technology to improve learning. Whatever the varying perceptions of the promises of teaching, leaning, technology, presentation instruction in the classroom, using the Web for teaching the bulk of their course, and many other faculty are considering adopting such technologies. This paper will examine some of the advantages and disadvantages of only one type of TLT, presentational technology in the classroom, and some of the issues for faculty to consider before adopting it.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
International Accreditation Organization tells you about the role of technology in education, what are the impact of students, how it can be implemented.
USE OF ICT TO ENHANCE THE LEARNING PROCESS IN HIGHER EDUCATIONijejournal
ICTs in Education refers to the development of information and communications technology specifically
for teaching/learning purposes, while the ICTs in education involves the adoption of general components
of information and communication technologies in the teaching learning process. The National Mission on
Education through Information and Communication Technology (NME-ICT), launched in 2009 by the
Central Government. Let’s see how Information and Communication Technology (ICT) evolved the Higher
Education system: The role of ICT in higher education, what students learn, The role of ICT in Higher
Education, how Students Learn, The role of ICT in Higher Education, when students learn, The role of ICT
in higher education, where students learn. Online courses, development of e-content, e-learning, digital
libraries, online encyclopaedias, journals, and books would promote learning and make knowledge
available to all irrespective of the distance or location or financial resources. Government intervention is
necessary so that ICT can be made successful in higher education. Information and Communications
Technology (ICT) has the proven power to change the world. This acronym refers to the merging of audiovisual and telephone networks with the computer single unified system of cabling.
REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION & R...Abdul Waheed Jamali
Information Communication Technologies are constructed energetic deviations in civilization. They are manipulating all facets of life expectancy. The encouragements were fondled additional and more to institutes since ICTs deliver together pupils also tutors with more chance’s trendy adjust learning and teaching to discrete prerequisites society is coercing institutes to suitably respond to that technical modernization. According to Tunio (2002), ICTs reduce the absorption of knowledge, facilitate the acquirement, and offer under-developing countries unprecedented chances to instigate educational organisms. Also, ICTs improve strategy devising and implementation and broaden the assortment of chances for commercial and other arenas.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Assessment of usage of information and communication technology among graduates of allama iqbal open university
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 1 No. 12; September 2011
169
ASSESSMENT OF USAGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
AMONG GRADUATES OF ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
Dr Muhammad Ajmal
Lecturer
Department of Distance
Non Formal & Continuing Education
Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad
Pakistan
Dr Fazalur Rahman
Lecturer
Department of early childhood and elementary teacher education
Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad
Pakistan
Dr Muhammad Hamid Ullah
Head Department of Social Sciences
Riphah University Islamabad
Pakistan
Khush Bakht Hina
Lecturer
Department of Education
National University of Modern Languages Islamabad
Pakistan
Tariq Ghayyur
Lecturer
Department of Education, University of Sargodha
Pakistan
ABSTRACT
The paper reports findings of the study conducted to examine the use of ICT in working environment. It was
descriptive study. 132 graduates of Allama Iqbal Open University participated in the study. A questionnaire was
used to collect data. The study revealed that most of the graduates faced obstacles in the use of ICTs. It was
further revealed that graduates had low proficiency of using computer hardware. The study recommended that
Educational managers to encourage use of ICT and facilitate teachers in using computers, internet and online
resources.
Key words: Information and Communication Technology; Assessment; Allama Iqbal Open University
INTRODUCTION
Information and communication technology (ICT) has become, within a very short time, one of the basic building
blocks of modern society. Understanding ICT and mastering the basic skills and concepts of ICT is becoming a
part of the core of education, alongside reading, writing and numeracy in many countries. The role of Information
and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the educational institutions is becoming increasingly prominent for
both because of the need for students to develop skills that will empower them in modern society and because of
the potential value of such technologies as tools for learning.
One of the challenges facing teacher educators is how to ensure that perspective teachers have the necessary
combination of required skills and pedagogical knowledge that will enable them to both effectively use today‘s
technologies in the classroom as well as continue to develop and adapt to new technologies that emerge in the
future. ICT has great potential for achieving teaching and learning outcomes.
3. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 1 No. 12; September 2011
171
Integration of information and communication technology (ICT) has become a priority in national educational
policies worldwide. Meaningful integration requires a number of pre-conditions such as economic opportunity,
political will, availability of suitable equipment, support infrastructures, professional development and others.
Warlick (2005) states that technology today offer many new opportunities for innovations in teaching learning
process through new learning tasks and potentially powerful scoring, reporting and the real-time feedback
mechanisms. Information and communication technologies have brought new possibilities into the education
sector, but, at the same time, they have placed more demands on teachers. They now have to learn how to cope
with computers in their classrooms, how to compete with students in accessing the enormous body of
information—particularly via the Internet, and how to use the hardware and software to enhance the
teaching/learning process. The demands and concerns facing the education enterprise were not created by ICTs
and will not be resolved by ICTs either. It is going to be very difficult—if not impossible—for countries to meet
the objective of effective learning, for all, anywhere, anytime.
Our inability to meet this challenge, however, is self-inflicted because we tend to think of linear scaling, that is,
using the same model of education (a school constrained by space and time) but more of it and on a larger scale.
What we really need is to think differently and radically. The education model developed for the Industrial Age
cannot achieve educational empowerment effectively in the Information Age. New teaching methods are needed
to develop a new literacy for the 21st century. According to Warlick (2005a), students need to learn to expose
information, employ information, and express their ideas compellingly. Exposing information requires them to
find, decode, and evaluate relevant information. Employing information requires them to process, manipulate,
analyze, and add value to newly constructed knowledge. Finally students need to learn how to express their ideas
compellingly using text, graphics, sound, video, virtual reality, and various types of media that they find relevant
to them and their society
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study were as following:
1. To measure the proficiency of graduates of AIOU in using word processing, spreadsheets and
presentation software
2. To analyze the proficiency of graduates of AIOU in internet and E-mail
3. To assess the proficiency of graduates of AIOU in using E-learning and blogs
4. To explore the use of ICT in work environment by AIOU graduates
5. To find out the obstacles faced by teachers in ICT use
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The study was descriptive in nature. All the graduates of faculty of Education of Allama Iqbal Open University
(AIOU) were taken as the population of the study. Sample was comprised of 132 graduates of Allama Iqbal Open
University who were teaching in various schools, colleges and universities in districts Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
A questionnaire was designed by using likert scale to collect data.
SAMPLE OF THE STUDY
Convenient sampling technique was used to select sample. A sample comprised of 132 graduates of faculty of
Education working as teachers in both public and private educational institutes of district Rawalpindi and
Islamabad was selected for the study.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
A Questionnaire was designed with the help of literature review to collect data from the graduates of faculty of
Education. Ten indicators were used in this questionnaire. Five statements were selected against each indicator to
analyze the indicators and to assess proficiency of graduates in ICT in their work environment.
DATA ANALYSIS
Data was analyzed by using percentage, and mean scores.
CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY
A summary of the conclusions of the study is presented below:
1. 27% respondents had excellent proficiency while 25% respondents had good proficiency and 20%
respondents had fair proficiency, 17% had low proficiency and 11% had no proficiency of using computer
management. Mean score is 3.39 that shows most of the graduates had good proficiency of using computer
management.
5. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 1 No. 12; September 2011
173
REFERENCES
Cabanatan, P. G. (2001). ICT trends in teacher training curricula: an Asia-Pacific perspective, paper presented at
the Asia Pacific Workshop on Educational Technology, Tokyo, Japan, 4–11
Omona, W. and Odongo, R. (2006). Application of information and communication technology (ICT) in health
information access and dissemination in Uganda. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science.
Retrieved August 6, 2010 from http://lis.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/38/1/45
Rosen, L., & Michelle, W. (1995). Computer availability, computer experience and technophobia among public
school teachers. Computer in Human Behaviour, 11, 9-31.
Shavinina, L. V. (2001). A new generation of educational multimedia: High intellectual and creative educational
multimedia technologies. In L. R Vandervert, L. V. Shavinina & R. A. Cornell (Eds.), Cyber education: The
future of Distance Learning. Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 63-82.
Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (2002). SITE position paper: statement of basic
principles and suggested actions (‗Ames White Paper‘). Retrieved August 6, 2010, from
www.aace.org/site/SITEstatement.htm
Solomon, G., & Schrum, L. (2007). Web 2.0: New tools, new schools. Eugene, OR: International Society for
Technology in Education.
Thierer, A. (2000). Divided over the digital divide, Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.
Warlick, D. F. (2005). Classroom blogging: a teacher‘s guide to the blogosphere. Raleigh, NC: The Landmark
Project.
Warlick, D.F. (2005a). Raw materials for the mind: a teacher‘s guide to digital literacy. Raleigh, NC: The
Landmark Project.
Westera, W., & Sloep, P. (2001). The future of education in cyberspace. In L. R Vandervert, L. V. Shavinina & R.
A. Cornell (Eds.), Cyber education: The future of Distance Learning. Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert,
Inc