history of medicine

1. Lecture 3
MEDICINE AND PHARMACY
OF THE MIDDLE AGES
(5-17 CENTURY)

3. The period of dark ages is characterized:
• By influence of alchemy on development of
medicine and pharmacy
• By the increase of number of medicines and
complication over of their making was brought
to the origin of independent pharmacies
• A selection pharmacy is in the special industry of
function of doctor and chemist
• The special state preparation of druggists is
organized.

4. Medicine in Arabian
Caliphates
• In 7-8 centuries the Arabs
won Palestine, territory of
modern states of Syria,
Egypt and Iran, northern
part of Africa.
• Since 7 century
developed the rich culture
in the states of near and
average east. The
science has reached
more high level, than
West-European culture of
that time.

5. Arabic medicine absorbed all the best from
Hypocrate to Galen.
• Arabic medicine solved
imported problems
independently too.
• Such issues were
covered in Arabic
treatise:
a) Body structure;
b) The views on disease;
c) The principles of the
prophylaxis;
d) The system of the
training of doctors.

6. • Arabians translated the best Greek, Latin,
Persian and Indian manuscripts into the their
native language. Arabs watched over
development of science, the centers of science
and higher education, library were created in
cities.
• Medicine in Caliphate on the special place and
considered the first among sciences.
Considerable development of organization of
medical business got in Caliphates.
• The first information about foundation of
hospitals belong to 800. To 1160 over 60
hospitals were counted in Baghdad.

7. The first pharmacy was opened in 754.
• In caliphates there were some beginnings
of state medicine - special persons with
supervision above medical and pharmacy
business, examinations of doctors were
conducted at schools and academies.
• Large development on the East was
attained by chemistry, more faithful, such
its direction as alchemy.

8. Alchemy got the name in an Arabic period.
• Word “alchemy” consists of Arabic prefix of “al” and
“chemistry”, which knows “stone of wisdom”. Main task
alchemy is converting of cheap metals into gold. For this
purpose they tried to find a matter which quicker «ripening» of
gold. This powder was named by elixir, so a word appeared
elixir. An elixir must was own other magical properties: to heal
of all diseases and give immortality.
• Alchemists were done a lot of discoveries, among them is a
receipt of sulphuric, nitric and vinegar acids, salts of mercury;
perfection of such processes as besieging, filtration,
crystallization, making vehicle for distillation of water and
others. Distillation was utilized for a receipt cleaning of alcohol
which was adopted the spirit of wine, because he turned out
distillation of wine. At this time were convinced, that an
alcohol is most strong medicine, he was named” Aqua of vitae”
(water of life).

9. AI-Razi (985-925)
• He was the founder and the head of the
Baghdad's hospital.
• A great work "All embracing book on medicine",
that consisted of 25 volumes was prepared by
him.
• AI-Razi was called Galen of his time. AI-Razi
was specialist in hygiene. When it was
necessary to choose a place for building the
hospital, he hung some meat in different places
of the city. Where the meat was preserved best
of all, the construction was started.

10. • Al - Razi developed the method of making
of gypsum and methods of imposition of
gipseous bandage for fixing of break
bone.
• Al - Razi wrote the first medical book in 25
volumes.
• Describing every illness, Ar - Razi
analyzed it from the point of view the
Greek, Syrian, Indian, Persian and Arabic
authors, whereupon laid out his
supervisions and conclusions.

11. Avicenna is a prominent scientist of
world history
• A biggest scientist of the Arabic world
Avicenna is the founder of the pharmacy of
the Middle Ages. Avicenna was born not far
away from Bukhara, Tajikistan.
• There got education. He was engaged in
the advanced and practical study in Iran. A
lot of works are written them on the themes
of medical art.

12. «Canon of medicine».
• it consists of 5 volumes. Two books of «Canon» were devoted
medicines; second - simple, fifth - to the difficult medical forms.
• The second book of «Canon» is divided into two treatises. The
first treatise includes sections about the system of simple
medications, about properties of simple medications, about
looking to some external medications and about their storage.
• In the fourth book of Canon spared much attention to poisons and
antidotes. Poisons are separately examined vegetable, animal, and
also poisoning these poisons and helps from poisonings.
• In the fifth book of «Canon» Avicenna describes different
difficult medical forms, technology of their making and
application. Pharmacy of Avicenna on many ages passed
pharmacy of Europe. Pharmacists used his works over 500 years.
• Avicenna also required the first to conduct the previous tests of
medications on animals and only after it to appoint their man.

13. Medicine and Pharmacy in Europe
• Middle Ages in the west are characterized the
new phenomenon which did not know the age-
old world - large epidemics. There were the
special disease establishments in the port cities
of Europe (Venice, Genoa), port supervisors -
«guardians of health» appeared, «city doctors
appeared later».
• The special rules - «regulations» which had for a
purpose warning of skidding and distribution of
contagious illnesses were published in some
cities. Hospitals were opened at monasteries.

14. Medicine in medieval monasteries
• During the Middle Ages
remnants of the Western
knowledge of Pharmacy and
Medicine were preserved in
the monasteries (fifth to
twelfth centuries). These
scientists are known to have
been taught in the cloisters
as early as the seventh
century.

15. Preparing drugs by monks
• Manuscripts from many
islands were translated or
copied for monastery
libraries. The monks
gathered herbs and simples
in the field, or raised them
in their own herb gardens.
• These they prepared
according to the art of the
apothecary for the benefit of
the sick and injured.
Gardens such as these still
may be found in
monasteries in many
countries.

16. • The personal touch of official medicine of
middle ages were difficult medical samples
of writing. The number of ingredients in one
recipe quite often reached to a few ten. The
special place was occupied by antidotes -
so-called terpack, which included 70 and
more component parts, basic component
part is serpentine meat.
• Terpak was considered also a mean against
all of internal illnesses. These facilities were
valued very expensive. Making of them, as a
rule, was conducted in public, in the
presence of guests and invited persons.

17. In some European states the functions of doctor and
chemist parted by Kings Decrees.
• Forbidden doctors to trade in medications, and to the
druggists - engaged in treatment. In the same period the
order of receipt of pharmaceutical education was
legalized in Europe. For example, to get pharmaceutical
education in France it is necessary it was to visit 4 years
a student in a pharmacy, then 10 years to work in quality
the helper of druggist and only after it to go in for an
exam on the receipt of rank of druggist.
• In connection with organization of the first pharmacies
the revisions of pharmacies were set, the oath of
druggists which prepared medicinal preparations
governed storage and vacation of poisons.

19. The first medical school was opened in
Solerno.
• The center of medicine in the Middle Ages were
universities which in the primary kind presented
the corporation of students, which was analogical
workshops.
• Then were opened universities in Bolonii, Paris,
Oxford and other cities.
• The number of students in these universities was
very insignificant, not exceeding a few ten on all of
faculties.
• The most progressive role had university in
Solerno.

20. Late period of the Middle Ages are characterized
new direction in chemistry - medical chemistry.
Medicinal or pharmaceutical
chemistry is a scientific
discipline at the
intersection of chemistry
and pharmacology involved
with designing,
synthesizing and
developing pharmaceutical
drugs. Medicinal chemistry
involves the identification,
synthesis and development
of new chemical entities
suitable for therapeutic use.
It also includes the study of
existing drugs, their
biological properties, and
their quantitative structure-
activity relationships.