1. 1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Interference and integration are two topics in sociolinguistics that occur as a cause
and effect of the use of two or more languages in societies’ multilingual speech. Both are also
closely related to the problem of code switching and code mixing. If the event code switching
is replacement language or variety of languages by a speaker due to certain reasons and done
consciously, while the code mixing is the use of fragments of other languages in the use of a
language that may be necessary so as not to be considered an error or deviation . So in the
events of interference also uses elements of other languages in using a language that is a
mistake because it deviated from the rules or the rules of the language used. If traced the
causes of this interference is returned to the speaker's ability to use certain language so that he
or she was influenced by other languages. This interference usually occurs in the second
language (L2), and which interfere into the second language is the first language or mother
tongue.

2. 2
CHAPTER II
INTERFERENCE AND INTEGRATION
A. Interference
1. Definition of Interference
Interference term was first used by Weinreich (1953) to refer to the change in the
system of a language in relation to the contiguity of these languages with elements of other
languages made by speakers who are bilingual. As discussed in the last chapter that bilingual
speakers are the speakers that use to languages alternately and multilingual speakers are
speakers of many languages that can use interchangeably. However, the ability of each
speaker to the L1 and L2 are very varied. There are speakers mastered the L1 and L2 as good,
but some are not, in fact there are very minimal ability to L2. Bilingual speakers who have
the ability to L1 and L2 as good, would not have difficulty to use both languages whenever
necessary because the two languages that follow behavior separately and work independently.
Bilingual speakers who have this ability by Ervin and Osgood (1965: 139) called parallel-
capable language. While the ability to L2 much lower or not equal to the ability of L1 called
compound capable language. Speakers who have the ability of this compound usually have
difficulty in using their L2 as it will be influenced by the ability of his L1. Hartman and Stork
(1972: 115) called the interference as a "error or deviation" that occur as a result of
entrainment speech habits of the mother tongue (L1 dialect) into the second language (dialect
L2). In the study of sociolinguistics, the problems which talked much in the interference are
as proposed by Weinreich (1953) in his book Language in Contact. Interference is meant by
him is interference that appear in the system of a language change, either on the system of
phonology, morphology, syntax and others. Therefore, the interference of the system of a
language, it is commonly called a "systemic interference”.1
The cause of interference according to Weinreich (Sukardi, 1999:4) is the less of vocabulary
in a language to face the advance and innovation. Besides that, the lost of words that is
seldom used, also language needs the synonyms and the prestige of source languages.2
1 Abdul Chaer, Rineka Cipta, Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal,Pg 120-122
2 Https://Pusatbahasaalazhar.Wordpress.Com/Interferensi dan Integrasi, Wednesday, 08-04-2015,
01:00 pm

3. 3
2. Kinds of Interference
 Interference in Phonology
The interference of phonological system is looked from the speakers below.
1. Tapanuli in Indonesian: phoneme / ∂ / in the word "pergi" and "tipe" is pronounced to
[pɛrgi] and [tipɛ].
2. Tapanuli in English: phoneme / ∂ / in the word "little, grammar, time" is pronounced
to [littlɛ, grɛimɛr, taɪm].
3. Indonesian in English: phoneme / f / in the word "face, drives, false" be pronounced
as [peɪs, draɪp, pↄ: ls].
4. The others examples are:
5. Japan: the word "gasoline" is pronounced to [gasorini]
6. Hawaii: The name “George” pronounced to [Kioki]
In connection with this interference in the field of phonology, Weinreich distinguish
any type of substitution interference (such as speakers Bali), over differentiation interference
(such as speakers of (Tapanuli and Java), under differentiation interference (such as Japanese
speakers), and reinterpretation interference (such as speakers Hawaii).
 Interference in Morphology
Interference in morphology referred into the formation of words with affixes. Affixes
of a language can be used to form words in other languages. For example, in Dutch and
English there is suffix- isasi, so that many Indonesian speakers used it in the formation of
Indonesian words, like neonisasi, tendanisasi, and turinisasi. These forms are deviations
from the systematic Indonesian morphology, because to form a noun in Indonesian there is
confix pe-an. So, those should be peneonan, penendaan and penurian. In the actual this data
has not exist. Another example is in Arabic language there are -wi and -ni suffixes to form
adjectives; so many Indonesian speakers used those suffixes as in the words of manusiawi,
bahasawi, surgawi, and gerejani. The use of word forms such as "ketabrak, kejebak,
kekecilan, and kemahalan" in Indonesian standard these also included in interference causes

4. 4
additive used there come from the Javanese language and dialect of Jakarta. The standard
forms are tertabrak, terjebak, terlalu kecil, and terlalu mahal.3
 Interference in Syntax
Interference in syntax field occurred in the use of fragments of words, phrases, and
clauses within sentences. Here are some examples of syntactic interference.
1. The interfered Indonesian: Mereka akan married bulan depan. (influenced by English)
The Indonesian equivalent: Mereka akan menikah bulan depan.4
2. The interfered Indonesian: Mau pergi aku dulu ke pasar. (influenced by Batakness)
The correct Indonesian: Aku mau pergi dulu ke pasar/ Aku mau pergi ke pasar dulu.
3. The interfered English : I have watched it yesterday. (influenced by Indonesian)
The Indonesian equivalent: Saya telah menontonnya kemarin.
The correct English : I have watched it or I watched it yesterday.
It is common to think that the use of the structure: have/has + past participle in
English correspond to “sudah” (already done), and to combine the time expression
“kemarin” (yesterday) with “sudah” is standard in the language. However, in English
yesterday is not normally used in present perfect tense; it is usually used in simple
past tense. Thus, the use of yesterday in the sentence above happens because of the
Indonesian equivalent expression.
Another example is:
o The interfered English: We would like to discuss about English grammar.
o The Indonesian equivalent: Kami ingin mendiskusikan tentang grammar
bahasa Inggris.
o The correct English: We would like to discuss English grammar.
Indonesian often says mendiskusikan or membicarakan tentang although the standard
says it should be berbicara or membicarakan (without tentang). Because tentang correspond
3 Ibid, pg 123
4 Ibid, pg 124

5. 5
to about and mendiskusikan correspond to discuss, then an English phrase discuss about is
produced by Indonesian speakers.
English native speakers (Australian, American, etc) staying in Indonesian often find it
hard to pronounce correctly several Indonesian sounds are not found in English. For example,
it is often difficult for the speakers to pronounce /ŋ/ in the beginning of words, such as in
ngambil (take), ngantor (to work), and ngrusak (to destroy). It is also a problem for them to
pronounce /h/ at the end, such as; rumah (house), merah (merah), lelah (tired). Most of
English natives also often make mistakes in placing adjective after the noun. Thus, because in
English people say big house, tall boys, and hot sauce. Then, they often say besar rumah,
tinggi laki-laki and pedas bumbu.5
Viewed in terms of "language pure", interference at any level (phonology,
morphology, and syntax) is a "disease", because "damage" the language. People who are
purist of the language would not be able to accept other forms of words and sentence
structure which is not in accordance with the truth. However, when viewed from the business
development of the language, this interference is a grace, because it is a very important
mechanism to enrich and develop a language to reach the level of a perfect language to be
used in all areas of activity. Hockett (1958) says that the interference is the biggest symptom,
most important, and most dominant in the language.
The contribution mainly from the interference is in the field of vocabulary. Languages
that have a socio-cultural background and extensive usage (such as English and Arabic), also
have the vocabulary that is relatively very much vocabularies will contribute much to the
evolving languages and the languages have contact with them. In this process, the contributed
or influenced language called as source (donor language); and language that accepted the
language called by (receiver language); whereas an element that is given called by (reserve
language).6
All forms of interferences are studied within in the frame of second (foreign)
language learning as well as in the field of psycholinguistics. Several approaches have been
developed in order to minimize errors in language learning including the most renowned ones
such as The Grammar-Translation Method, Natural Method, Direct Method, Audiolingual,
5
MadeIwan Indrawan Jendra, Graha Ilmu, Sociolinguistics(The Study of Societies’ Language), Pg 97-99
6 Abdul Chaer, Rineka Cipta, Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal,Pg 125-126

6. 6
Suggestopedia, and the Silent Way. All of these are established in the spirit of finding the
best way to help language student reach success in acquiring the target language.
In addition, Robert W. Blair (1991) said that sociolinguistics usually suggest in
applying a functional-syllabus that emphasize developing communication needs. The
successful in mastering the target language however is not only a matter of adopting correct
methods or approaches. Lots of people believe that an achievement may also be gained by
considering how the students, the teachers as well as the people around the learners perceive
and judge the language, culture and the speakers of the language being learned.7
B. Integration
1. Definition of Integration
Integration is the elements of another language that used in certain language and
considered as the member of language itself. It was not considered again as the loan element
or adoption.
Acceptance another element of language in certain language until being integration
need time and step which relative length ,at the first time ,a speaker of language used another
element of language in discourse it as borrowing element because felt needed,for example
because in its L1 there is no parable. If then the foreign element is used, it can be accepted
and used by others, so the element will has the integrated status. For example, the word
“research” in the ‘60s to the 70s is used as an element that has not been integrated. Speech
and spelling was still in its original language. But then words and spelling and adjusted, so
written as research. So, since it said the research was not considered anymore as an element
of the loan, but has become an Indonesian vocabulary or English vocabulary that has been
integrated into Indonesian .
The elements acceptance process of a foreign language, especially the elements of
vocabulary, in Indonesian at the first seemed a lot done audioly. That is, at first Indonesian
speakers hear the grains of lexical is spoken by native speakers, and then try to use it. What is
heard by the ear, that is uttered, and wrote it. Therefore, vocabulary that was accepted audioly
7 Made Iwan Indrawan Jendra, Graha Ilmu, Sociolinguistics(The Study of Societies’Language),Pg 99

7. 7
often appeared the irregular characteristic when it is compared with the original vocabulary.
See the following vocabularies and then compare them with its original form.8
 Klonyo -eau de Cologne
 Dongkrak -domme kracht
 Atret -achter uit
 Persekot -voorschot
 Sopir -chauffeur
 Sirsak -zuursak
 Pelopor -voorloper
In the next stage, especially after the government issued a general guideline term
formation and general guidelines Indonesian spelling enhanced (see the Moeliono 1988)
receipt and absorption of foreign words is done visually. That is, the absorption was carried
through in the original writing ,and writing was adjusted according to the rules contained in
the second language documents above. Like ,the system become sistem(not sistim), phonem
become fonem, standard become standar.
Absorption of foreign elements in the Development of Indonesian not only through
the absorption of foreign words that are accompanied by adjustments pronunciation and
spelling ,but many were done with direct translation and translation of the concept .direct
translation means that the vocabulary sought equivalent in Indonesian. For example, the
airport into bandar udara, paardekracht being tenaga kuda, samen werking being kerja
sama, joint venture being usaha patungan, and balance budget being anggaran berimbang.
Translating the concept means the concept of foreign vocabulary was studied well and then
the concept of Indonesian vocabulary was looked to determine the close concept between
Indonesian and the foreign vocabulary. For example, begroting post being mata anggaran,
networks being jaringan, brother in law being ipar laki-laki, and medication being
pengobatan .
Absorption of the languages of the country, region or language, by the Indonesian
does not seem so cause problems, because in language linguistic archipelago was still allied
cognate with Indonesian. Moreover, the absorption occurs in the areas of vocabulary. If a
8 Abdul Chaer, Rineka Cipta, Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal,Pg 128-129

8. 8
loan word already exists at the level of integration, it means that it has approved a loan word
and converged into the new language. Therefore, in the integration process that occurs is
commonly also called convergence.9
9 Ibid, Pg 129-130

9. 9
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
Interference and integration are difference, but actually they have the same side also, namely
that both the language symptoms that occur as a cause and effect of the use of two or more
languages in societies’ multilingual speech. Integration and interference have similarities that
both interference symptoms and integration can occur on the fields of the language. Those are
vocabulary, phonology, morphology, syntax, grammar, utterance, etc.