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This document provides an overview of chemical reactions and balancing chemical equations. It discusses key concepts like reactants, products, and the law of conservation of mass. Chemical equations are used to represent reactions by showing the reactants on the left and products on the right, with subscripts indicating the number of atoms. For a reaction to be balanced, the number of each type of atom must be equal on both sides of the equation after applying coefficients. Balancing equations ensures the mass is conserved in accordance with the law of conservation of mass.
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CH1000 Fundamentals of ChemistryModule 2 – Chapter 8
CH1000
Fundament
als of
Chemistry
Module 2 – Chapter 8
Chemical Equations
• Chemists use chemical equations to:
• Summarize a chemical reaction by displaying the substances reacting and
forming.
• Indicate specific amounts of materials consumed or produced during the
reaction.
• Reactants: substances consumed during the reaction.
• Products: substances formed during the reaction.
• Atom balance must be maintained in all chemical reactions.
• All atoms from reactants must appear as part of products.
a A + b B c C + d D
The
coefficient
1 is not
written in
a balanced
equation.
Chemical Equations
1. Reactants and products are separated by an arrow.
2. Reactants are on the left side of the arrow, products are on the right.
3. Whole number coefficients are placed in front of substances to
balance the atoms in the equation.
4. The numbers indicate the units of the substance reacted or formed
during the reaction.
5. Information about the reaction (temperature, time) may be placed
above or below the reaction arrow.
6. The physical state is written in brackets after the formula of the
substance. (g) for gas, (l) for liquid, (s) for solid, (aq) for aqueous
a A + b B c C + d D
Reactant
s
Products
Symbol
Summary
Symbol Significance
Produces (points towards products)
(s) Solid (written after substance)
(l) Liquid (written after substance)
(g) Gas (written after substance)
(aq) Substance dissolved in an aqueous
solution
Heat is added (above or below reaction
arrow)
Δ
Law of Conservation of Mass
• The total mass of substances in a chemical reaction must remain
constant.
water hydrogen + oxygen
100.0 g 11.2 g 88.8 g
100.0 g total of productsreactants
In any chemical reaction:
Mass of reactants = Mass of products
Writing and
Balancing
Chemical
Equations
A balanced chemical equations contain the same
number of each kind of atom on both sides of the
equation.
1. Write a word equation for the reaction.
2. Write the correct formula for each substance
(unbalanced):
3. Balance the equation
a) Count the number of each atom on the reactants and
products side and determine what requires
balancing.
b) Balance each element sequentially, using whole
numbers. It is often best to balance metals first.
mercury(II) oxide mercury + oxygenΔ
HgO Hg + O2
Δ
Hg: 1
O: 1
Hg: 1
O: 2
HgO Hg + O2
Δ
Oxygen atoms
need balancing
on the reactants
side.
2 HgO Hg + O2
Δ
Hg: 2
O: 2
Hg: 1
O: 2
Now Hg atoms
need balancing
on the products
side.
Writing and
Balancing
Chemical
Equations
4. Check after adding coefficients that all atoms still
balance. Adjust as needed (a 2 is needed in front of
Hg).
5. Do a final check to make sure all atoms now balance
on both sides of the equation.
2 HgO 2 Hg + O2
Δ
Hg: 2
O: 2
Hg: ...
2_Chemical_Basis.ppt
The document provides an overview of basic chemistry concepts relevant to biology and the human body. It defines matter and its three states, as well as the composition of matter from elements to atoms. It then discusses the major elements that make up the human body, atomic structure, and how elements are identified. Further, it explains the types of chemical bonds, molecular and compound formations, and chemical reactions. The document also covers energy, enzymes, and the four major organic macromolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Chemistry - Chp 18 - Reaction Rates and Equilibrium - Notes
The document discusses chemical reaction rates and equilibrium. [1] It describes how reaction rates are expressed based on the amount of reactant changing over time and discusses collision theory, in which reactions only occur when collisions reach the minimum energy of activation. [2] It identifies four factors that influence reaction rates: temperature, concentration, surface area, and presence of a catalyst. [3] The document also discusses chemical equilibrium, how systems at equilibrium can be disturbed by changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure based on Le Chatelier's principle, and how the equilibrium constant Keq indicates whether reactants or products are favored.
Unit 7 1 balancing equations
This document discusses balancing chemical equations by adding coefficients to obey the law of conservation of mass. It explains that chemical equations must have the same number and type of atoms on both sides. To balance equations, coefficients are added in front of chemical substances without changing formulas. Examples show balancing equations by adding coefficients to match elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon on both sides. The document warns against changing formulas instead of using coefficients and provides hints for balancing equations.
Chemunit2presentation 110919032447-phpapp02
This unit discusses how matter changes states and undergoes physical and chemical transformations. It introduces the key concepts of physical and chemical properties, the three common states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), mixtures and their separation techniques. It also covers the basic definitions and principles of elements, compounds, the periodic table, and the laws of definite and multiple proportions that govern chemical combinations. The unit provides objectives and outlines the main topics to help students understand the fundamental composition and behavior of matter.
U2L6 - Interactions of Atoms
This document discusses chemical bonding and interactions between atoms. It explains that during chemical changes, atoms are rearranged and bonds are formed and broken, but atoms are neither created nor destroyed. Chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions, with reactants on the left and products on the right. Balanced equations show the conservation of mass with equal numbers and kinds of atoms on both sides. Bohr models represent atoms with electrons in energy levels around the nucleus and show how valence electrons participate in bonding to achieve stable configurations.
Reaction rates and equilibrium
This document discusses reaction rates and chemical equilibrium. It begins by defining reaction rates and factors that influence reaction rates such as temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalysts. It then explains collision theory and the role of activation energy in reactions. The document also covers Le Chatelier's principle, how stresses such as concentration, temperature, and pressure affect chemical equilibrium. It defines equilibrium constants and discusses solubility equilibrium, including solubility product constants and the common ion effect. Finally, it introduces entropy, the role of entropy in spontaneous reactions, and free energy.
Chemthink: Chemical Reactions Tutorial guide
1) Chemical reactions always involve the breaking and forming of chemical bonds.
2) The Law of Conservation of Mass says that the same atoms must be present before and after the reaction.
3) To balance a chemical equation, you change the coefficients in front of each substance until there are the same number of each type of atom in both reactants and products.
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- 1. Chemical Reactions CHAPTER 7 Physical Science Textbook: Physical Science Concepts in Action Prentice Hall © 2009 © J. O’Reilly 2012
- 2. Describing Reactions © J. O’Reilly Chapter 7.1
- 3. 7.1 Describing Reactions Objectives By the end of this section of the book, you should be able to… You might want to leave space in your notes between objectives so you can answer them later! © J. O’Reilly • Understand the law of conservation of mass • Balancing chemical reactions • Compare atomic level structure to visible structure for ionic compounds
- 4. Key Terms – I know exactly what the word means and I could teach it to someone else. – I know the word and could probably use it correctly. – Huh? 7.1 Describing Reactions © J. O’Reilly _____ product _____ _____ reactant _____ _____ law of conservation of mass_____
- 5. Chemical Equations • Describe change by including what is present before & after that change – Reactants – undergo change • Before change – Products – formed from the change • After change • Reactants change into products REACTANTS PRODUCTS © J. O’Reilly
- 6. Chemical Equations • Reactants & products are expressed as formulas – C + O2 CO2 – How many atoms of each element are on each side of the equation – 1 C and 2 O on the reactant side – 1 C and 2 O on the product side – It’s a balanced equation! Just like in Math. © J. O’Reilly
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- 9. Try another one • Ca + NaCl ----> Na + CaCl2 • 1- Count # of atoms for each element on both sides • 2- Find one element that is imbalanced • 3- Add a coefficient to balance both sides • 4- Recount and add more coefficients to fix anything your coefficent changed – Try and balance 1 element at a time, and don’t worry if you have to bounce back and forth a few times as you add coefficients, that is normal. – You CANNOT change subscripts (little numbers) as that would change the chemical formula, only add coefficients before the molecule © J. O’Reilly
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