This chapter covers essential concepts related to databases, including definitions, functionalities, advantages, disadvantages, and the relational data model. It explains the role of database management systems (DBMS), schema, instances, and the properties of database tables, along with the significance of primary and foreign keys. Additionally, it discusses various applications of databases across different sectors like banking, airlines, and manufacturing.

1. Chapter Seven
Basic Data Storage
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2. Outcome of this chapter
⚫Describes databases and DBMS concepts,
terminology, and architecture
⚫Describes the basic concepts necessary for a good
understanding of databases design and
implementation
⚫Describe the conceptual modeling techniques used in
database systems
⚫Describes the relational data model, its integrity
constraints and update operations, and the operations
of the relational algebra
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3. Introduction to Database
⚫A database is an organized collection of data.
⚫It is the collection of schemas, tables, queries,
reports, views and other objects.
⚫Database is a well-arranged and self-defining
collection of data that is used to preserve data and
metadata (Data about Data) and maintain data
stability and integrity.
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4. Database Functionalities
⚫Data Storage Management
⚫Data Transformation and Presentation
⚫Security
⚫Multi-user Access Control
⚫Backup and Recovery
⚫Data Integrity
⚫Database Access Language
⚫Database Communication Interface.
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5. Applications of databases
⚫Banking: transactions
⚫Airlines: reservations, schedules
⚫Universities: registration, grades
⚫Sales: customers, products, purchases
⚫Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
⚫Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply
chain
⚫Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
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6. Advantages & Disadvantages of DB
Advantages:
⚫High data quality, integrity, and consistency
⚫Reduced data redundancy and application maintenance
⚫Easy access and sharing
⚫Scalable
⚫Improved security
⚫Specialized and productive management tool
Major disadvantages:
⚫ Increased complexity
⚫Greater impact of failure
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7. Relational Database
⚫A relational database (RDB) is a collective set of
multiple data sets organized by tables, records and
columns.
⚫RDBs also establish a well-defined relationship
between database tables.
⚫In simplest terms, a relational database is one that
presents information in tables with rows and columns
showing relation between them.
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8. Database Management System
⚫All the database design and data manipulation tasks
are carried by a Database Management System
(DBMS).
⚫It is computer software designed for the purpose of
managing databases based on a variety of data
models.
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9. Schema and Instance
Schema : logical structure of the database is called
Schema.
Instance : The actual content of the database at a
particular point in time is called an Instance.
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10. Database table properties
⚫Unique table name.
⚫All values in a row describe
the one instance.
⚫All values in a column are of
the same kind.
⚫Each row is distinct.
⚫A cell of the table holds a
single value.
⚫Each column has a unique
name.
⚫There is no ordering in rows.
⚫NULL value can also be
stored in tables.
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11. A simple Database Table
In a database, data are organized in
relations (tables) which may be
linked by some constraints.
Columns contain what
information is needed to be stored
and Rows contain each record.
For example, in a university
database, there can be tables to
store information about courses,
instructors, student, section etc.
Columns are called fields and each
row contains record which stores
value for each field. Here, ID,
name, dept_name and salary are
the fields to store and {2222,
Einstein, Physics, 95000} is a
record.
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12. Data Model
⚫A detailed model that captures overall structure of
organizational data while being independent of any
implementation considerations.
⚫Data modeling involves examining the data objects in a
system and identifying the relationship between these
objects.
⚫There are different ways of model a database. They are:
⚫ Relational model
⚫ Entity-Relationship data model (mainly for database design)
⚫ Object-based data models (Object-oriented and Object-
relational)
⚫ Semi structured data model (XML)
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13. Entity, Attributes and Relationships
⚫Entity: An entity is an object that exists and is
distinguishable from other objects. It is the primary task
to determine all the entities and their attributes while
modeling a database. Entities are denoted using rectangle.
Example: specific person, company, event, plant.
⚫Attribute: An entity is represented by a set of attributes
that is descriptive properties possessed by an entity.
Attributes are denoted using elliptical shape. Example:
instructor = (ID, name, street, city, salary), course=
(course_id, title, credits)
⚫Relationship: A relationship is an association among
several entities. Entity relationships are denoted using
rhombus shape. Example: students are enrolled in
courses. Instructor teaches courses. 13

14. Entities & their Attributes with
Relationship in a University Database
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15. Primary key
⚫ A primary key is a
candidate key and a
single field that is most
appropriate to be the
main reference key for
the table.
⚫ The primary key must
contain unique values,
must never be null and
uniquely identify each
record in the table.
⚫ For example, in a
Students table, we can
see that, using only
{StudentID} it is
possible to identify each
record distinctly. So,
this is the primary key
for the table.
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16. Foreign key
⚫ A foreign key is generally a
primary key from one table
that appears as a field in
another table to establish a
relation between the first and
second table.
⚫ For example, consider the
relationship between Students
and Courses. Student
information is stores in
Students table and course
information is stored in
Courses table. From these two
tables how to show that which
student have which courses?
This is done using a foreign key
field {courseId} in the Students
table, which will contain the
values of {courseId} field of
Courses table. 16

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18. Question
⚫ What is database? Why do we use database? What are the advantage and
disadvantage of database?
⚫ What is DBMS? What is schema and instance? What are the properties of
database table? What is Field and Record?
⚫ What is a relational database? Find the tables necessary for a Library
Management System/ Hospital Management System.
⚫ What is a data model? What are entity, attribute and Relationship?
Discuss with example.
⚫ Find all the entities of an online bookshop management database. Find
out all the attributes for each entity.
⚫ Find all the entities of a Shopping Store management database. Find out
all the attributes for each entity.
⚫ What is Primary key? Describe with example.
⚫ What is Foreign Key? Why do we use Foreign Key in a database? Explain
with example.
⚫ For an online book shop database, identify the Primary Key and Foreign
Key in Customers and Orders table.
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19. Thank You
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