Chapter 7 2
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The plasma membrane maintains homeostasis by acting as a selective, permeable boundary that allows nutrients into the cell and waste out, while keeping some substances from passing through. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward, resembling a sandwich. Transport proteins span the entire membrane and create tunnels for moving needed substances and waste through, while the fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane with components that can move freely within it.
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Transport mechanism biopharma
This document discusses various mechanisms of membrane transport. It describes the structure of the cell membrane and different types of membrane proteins. It then explains the different types of transport mechanisms including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport mechanisms like primary active transport and secondary active transport are also summarized. Finally, it briefly discusses transcellular, vesicullar, and paracellular transport pathways.
Plasma membrane notes (simple)
The plasma membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins that provides a barrier between the interior and exterior of a cell. It maintains homeostasis by regulating what passes in and out. Phospholipids are the primary components, with a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that form a bilayer. This structure, along with embedded proteins, allows the membrane to be selectively permeable and help control what enters and exits the cell.
Transport mechanism of PM
The plasma membrane uses various transport mechanisms to regulate what passes in and out of cells. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids embedded with proteins that move freely within the layer. There are two main types of transport proteins: carrier proteins that change shape to transport solutes across the membrane, and channel proteins that form pores to allow diffusion of specific solutes. Transport can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated transport, or active transport using ATP. Osmosis regulates the movement of water across the membrane in response to solute concentration gradients.
Plasma Membrane
The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.
Plasmamembrane
The document discusses the plasma membrane, including its structure, composition, and functions. It describes the plasma membrane as a selectively permeable lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the outer boundary of cells. Key components include phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol. The fluid mosaic model views the membrane as a fluid structure with lipids and integral/peripheral proteins. The membrane regulates transport via diffusion, osmosis, and carrier proteins, and helps maintain homeostasis.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is the outermost boundary of the cell and is composed of lipids and proteins. There are two main models that describe the structure of the cell membrane - the unit membrane model and the fluid mosaic model. The currently accepted fluid mosaic model proposes that proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayers of the membrane in a mosaic pattern rather than being confined to the surface. The cell membrane performs several important functions for the cell including transport of materials, maintaining concentration gradients, and allowing for both passive and active transport of substances across the membrane.
Cell membran
The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. It separates the interior of the cell from the external environment. The major components of the cell membrane are lipids and proteins. Phospholipids form the lipid bilayer, with their hydrophobic tails facing each other and hydrophilic heads facing outwards. This arrangement forms a selectively permeable barrier. Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer and perform functions like transport, signaling and enzymatic activity. The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a fluid structure with proteins scattered within the phospholipid bilayer. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell and also performs other roles like cell adhesion and protection.
Cellular transport
This presentation include different kind of transport mechanism of different material inside the cell and outside the cell including Passive transport and Active transport mechenism.
Recommended
Transport mechanism biopharma
This document discusses various mechanisms of membrane transport. It describes the structure of the cell membrane and different types of membrane proteins. It then explains the different types of transport mechanisms including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport mechanisms like primary active transport and secondary active transport are also summarized. Finally, it briefly discusses transcellular, vesicullar, and paracellular transport pathways.
Plasma membrane notes (simple)
The plasma membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins that provides a barrier between the interior and exterior of a cell. It maintains homeostasis by regulating what passes in and out. Phospholipids are the primary components, with a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that form a bilayer. This structure, along with embedded proteins, allows the membrane to be selectively permeable and help control what enters and exits the cell.
Transport mechanism of PM
The plasma membrane uses various transport mechanisms to regulate what passes in and out of cells. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids embedded with proteins that move freely within the layer. There are two main types of transport proteins: carrier proteins that change shape to transport solutes across the membrane, and channel proteins that form pores to allow diffusion of specific solutes. Transport can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated transport, or active transport using ATP. Osmosis regulates the movement of water across the membrane in response to solute concentration gradients.
Plasma Membrane
The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.
Plasmamembrane
The document discusses the plasma membrane, including its structure, composition, and functions. It describes the plasma membrane as a selectively permeable lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the outer boundary of cells. Key components include phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol. The fluid mosaic model views the membrane as a fluid structure with lipids and integral/peripheral proteins. The membrane regulates transport via diffusion, osmosis, and carrier proteins, and helps maintain homeostasis.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is the outermost boundary of the cell and is composed of lipids and proteins. There are two main models that describe the structure of the cell membrane - the unit membrane model and the fluid mosaic model. The currently accepted fluid mosaic model proposes that proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayers of the membrane in a mosaic pattern rather than being confined to the surface. The cell membrane performs several important functions for the cell including transport of materials, maintaining concentration gradients, and allowing for both passive and active transport of substances across the membrane.
Cell membran
The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. It separates the interior of the cell from the external environment. The major components of the cell membrane are lipids and proteins. Phospholipids form the lipid bilayer, with their hydrophobic tails facing each other and hydrophilic heads facing outwards. This arrangement forms a selectively permeable barrier. Membrane proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer and perform functions like transport, signaling and enzymatic activity. The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a fluid structure with proteins scattered within the phospholipid bilayer. The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell and also performs other roles like cell adhesion and protection.
Cellular transport
This presentation include different kind of transport mechanism of different material inside the cell and outside the cell including Passive transport and Active transport mechenism.
The cell
The document discusses the cell, which is the basic structural and functional unit of life. It describes various types of cells and their structures, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. It explains the roles of these structures in transport, synthesis of proteins and other cellular processes. The document provides details on cellular respiration and how mitochondria generate energy in the form of ATP through an electron transport chain.
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane acts as a gatekeeper that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It uses both passive and active transport. Passive transport relies on diffusion and moves substances along concentration gradients, while active transport requires energy and can move substances against concentration gradients using mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump. The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that gives cells structure and allows for selective permeability and transport of molecules in and out of the cell.
Platelet structure and function (1)
Platelets are disc-shaped cell fragments that play a key role in hemostasis. They are produced from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Platelets have granules that store proteins important for coagulation, as well as receptors that allow them to adhere and aggregate at sites of vascular injury. This forms a platelet plug that stops bleeding. Quantitative disorders involve too few or too many platelets, while qualitative disorders involve platelet function defects. Common causes of these disorders and their clinical effects are discussed.
Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane or plasma-lemma or cell membrane
Plasma membrane can be defined as a biological membrane or an outer membrane of a cell, which is composed of two layers of phospholipids and embedded with proteins. It is a thin semi permeable membrane layer, which surrounds the cytoplasm and other constituents of the cell.
Occurs on the outside of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells.
It separates the cellular protoplasm from its external environment.
Ap bio ch5membranes
The document summarizes key concepts about membrane structure and function. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and discusses membrane proteins and their functions. It also outlines different modes of passive and active transport across the membrane, including diffusion, osmosis, and transport via carrier proteins. Finally, it briefly reviews cell surface modifications and junctions in animal and plant cells.
Exocytosis and Endocytosis {Best one}
Types of transport include passive transport which does not require energy and active transport which uses protein pumps and channels to move substances across membranes. There are several types of active transport including bulk transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Endocytosis brings material into the cell through phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or receptor-mediated endocytosis while exocytosis expels material from the cell. Phagocytosis engulfs solid particles, pinocytosis brings in extracellular fluid through membrane invagination, and receptor-mediated endocytosis specifically uptakes substances bound to cell surface receptors. Both endocytosis and exocytosis use vesicle formation and membrane fusion but transport materials in opposite directions with endocytosis importing and exocytosis exporting.
Introduction to Transport Notes
Cell membranes allow molecules to pass in and out of cells through passive or active transport in order to maintain homeostasis. Passive transport involves molecules moving down their concentration gradient through the cell membrane without requiring energy. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient by using energy. This allows cells to regulate the movement of substances and control what passes through the selectively permeable cell membrane.
Passive and Active Transport
There are two main types of transport across cell membranes: passive transport and active transport. Passive transport involves diffusion, osmosis, or facilitated diffusion, which move substances down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. Active transport pumps substances against their gradient by using energy from ATP. Some examples of passive transport are oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusing across membranes and water moving through osmosis, while the sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport.
Cell plasma membrane
This document summarizes the history and components of the plasma membrane model. It describes early models such as the phospholipid bilayer model proposed by Gorter and Grendel in 1925. The Sandwich Model of Danielli and Davson in 1935 proposed proteins were also part of the membrane. In 1972, Singer and Nicolson proposed the Fluid Mosaic Model, which is depicted accurately in electron micrographs as having a phospholipid bilayer with integral proteins. The document then discusses the key components and functions of the plasma membrane, including transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is a thin semipermeable membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer that forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment. The phospholipid bilayer is arranged like a sandwich with the polar phosphate heads facing outwards to interact with water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails in the middle, shielded from water. This structure gives the cell membrane the properties of selectivity permeability and fluidity, allowing it to control what passes in and out while maintaining homeostasis.
Tang 06 transport across membranes
This document discusses transport across membranes, including three categories of transport mechanisms: passive transport, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Passive transport relies on diffusion and concentration gradients and includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport uses energy to move molecules against concentration gradients, including primary and secondary active transport. Endocytosis imports materials into cells using mechanisms like pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and phagocytosis, while exocytosis exports materials out of cells using secretory vesicles.
cells structure and transport mechanisms
The document provides detailed information about the structure and functions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have originated from endosymbiotic prokaryotes. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell and is composed of phospholipids and proteins. Materials can move across the membrane through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, or vesicles.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane, also known as the phospholipid bilayer, separates the interior of the cell from its surroundings and controls the movement of substances in and out. It is composed of phospholipids, which have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. The phospholipids spontaneously form a bilayer with the heads facing out and tails shielded inside. This structure allows for selective transport of molecules. Transport can occur passively via simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion through transport proteins, or actively against the concentration gradient using energy from ATP. Active transport is required for ions like sodium and potassium. Larger substances use endocytosis to enter and exocytosis to exit the cell enclosed in vesicles.
A presentation on Carrier Madiated Transport
Carrier-mediated transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane via integral membrane proteins. There are several types of carrier-mediated transport including active transport, passive diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient by primary or secondary active transport mechanisms. Passive diffusion is the spontaneous movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without energy input. Facilitated diffusion also moves molecules down a concentration gradient but uses specific membrane proteins as carriers. Intestinal drug absorption can occur via carrier-mediated transporters in the brush border and basolateral membranes that transport drugs similarly to endogenous substrates.
Cell The Unit of Life- 2
Prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not have a well-defined nucleus. Their genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus and is located in the cytoplasm. Bacteria have a complex cell envelope made of three layers - glycocalyx, plasma membrane, and cell wall. The cell is filled with cytoplasm and contains plasmids in addition to genomic DNA. Eukaryotic cells have an organized nucleus enclosed in a nuclear envelope and contain organelles within their cytoplasm. Plant and animal cells are examples of eukaryotic cells. The cell membrane is a bilayer made of phospholipids and proteins. It is selectively permeable and transports molecules in and out via passive diffusion and active transport using ATP.
FLUID MOSAID MODEL
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membranes. It notes that cell membranes are semi-permeable and consist of a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins. The phospholipids form a mosaic pattern with their hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads outward. Embedded proteins carry out important functions like signaling and transport. Membranes regulate movement of substances via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Cholesterol also helps stabilize membrane structure and fluidity. Overall, cell membranes form a protective barrier while facilitating nutrient absorption and waste removal.
Membrane transport
This document discusses various mechanisms of membrane transport including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, filtration, and endocytosis. It describes passive diffusion as a bidirectional process that moves molecules down a concentration gradient without requiring energy. Facilitated diffusion and active transport are described as carrier-mediated processes, with active transport moving molecules against a concentration gradient by utilizing energy. Factors affecting drug absorption like solubility, pH, surface area, and vascularity are also summarized. Specific transporters like P-glycoprotein and classes of transporters like ABC and SLC families are briefly mentioned.
Cell Membrane Presentation
The cell membrane is primarily composed of lipids and proteins that form a fluid bilayer. It was first described in 1855 as an essential barrier for osmosis in plant cells. The fluid mosaic model from 1972 proposed that the membrane acts as a two-dimensional liquid allowing free diffusion of lipid and protein molecules. The membrane maintains the shape of the cell, separates the cytoplasm from the external environment, and allows for selective transport of materials across it.
The plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is found on the surface of animal and plant cells and inside the cell wall of prokaryotic cells. It is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates and regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell while also containing receptor molecules that allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones. The fluid mosaic model from 1972 describes the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with proteins scattered throughout.
D. organelles2
Mitochondria are organelles found in cells that carry out aerobic respiration. They have an outer and inner membrane, with the inner membrane folded into cristae to increase surface area for enzymes involved in ATP synthesis. The matrix contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle. Vacuoles are membrane-bound structures found in plant cells that contain cell sap. Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs and contain thylakoid membranes and DNA. Microtubules and microfilaments make up the cytoskeleton and are involved in cell movement and structure. Centrioles are found in animal cells and contain microtubules that help with cell division. Cilia and flagella project from the cell and contain microtubules that slide to
Homeostasis+transport
This document discusses homeostasis and the plasma membrane. It begins by explaining that homeostasis refers to the equilibrium of an organism's internal environment that maintains conditions suitable for life. It then explains that the plasma membrane of cells is selectively permeable, allowing some materials to pass in and out while preventing others. The plasma membrane has a bilayer structure made of phospholipids with protein molecules embedded. This fluid mosaic structure allows the membrane to regulate what enters and leaves the cell, maintaining homeostasis.
Cell membrane- Corona
The document provides information about the structure and function of the cell membrane. It discusses how the cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer and membrane proteins. It also explains the key functions of the cell membrane in facilitating the movement of materials into and out of cells through diffusion and osmosis. Specifically, it defines diffusion as the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy, and osmosis as the movement of water molecules from high to low concentration without energy. The document seeks to help students understand how the cell membrane maintains homeostasis through selective permeability and the movement of molecules and water into and out of cells.
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The document discusses the cell, which is the basic structural and functional unit of life. It describes various types of cells and their structures, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. It explains the roles of these structures in transport, synthesis of proteins and other cellular processes. The document provides details on cellular respiration and how mitochondria generate energy in the form of ATP through an electron transport chain.
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane acts as a gatekeeper that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It uses both passive and active transport. Passive transport relies on diffusion and moves substances along concentration gradients, while active transport requires energy and can move substances against concentration gradients using mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump. The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that gives cells structure and allows for selective permeability and transport of molecules in and out of the cell.
Platelet structure and function (1)
Platelets are disc-shaped cell fragments that play a key role in hemostasis. They are produced from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Platelets have granules that store proteins important for coagulation, as well as receptors that allow them to adhere and aggregate at sites of vascular injury. This forms a platelet plug that stops bleeding. Quantitative disorders involve too few or too many platelets, while qualitative disorders involve platelet function defects. Common causes of these disorders and their clinical effects are discussed.
Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane or plasma-lemma or cell membrane
Plasma membrane can be defined as a biological membrane or an outer membrane of a cell, which is composed of two layers of phospholipids and embedded with proteins. It is a thin semi permeable membrane layer, which surrounds the cytoplasm and other constituents of the cell.
Occurs on the outside of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells.
It separates the cellular protoplasm from its external environment.
Ap bio ch5membranes
The document summarizes key concepts about membrane structure and function. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and discusses membrane proteins and their functions. It also outlines different modes of passive and active transport across the membrane, including diffusion, osmosis, and transport via carrier proteins. Finally, it briefly reviews cell surface modifications and junctions in animal and plant cells.
Exocytosis and Endocytosis {Best one}
Types of transport include passive transport which does not require energy and active transport which uses protein pumps and channels to move substances across membranes. There are several types of active transport including bulk transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Endocytosis brings material into the cell through phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or receptor-mediated endocytosis while exocytosis expels material from the cell. Phagocytosis engulfs solid particles, pinocytosis brings in extracellular fluid through membrane invagination, and receptor-mediated endocytosis specifically uptakes substances bound to cell surface receptors. Both endocytosis and exocytosis use vesicle formation and membrane fusion but transport materials in opposite directions with endocytosis importing and exocytosis exporting.
Introduction to Transport Notes
Cell membranes allow molecules to pass in and out of cells through passive or active transport in order to maintain homeostasis. Passive transport involves molecules moving down their concentration gradient through the cell membrane without requiring energy. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient by using energy. This allows cells to regulate the movement of substances and control what passes through the selectively permeable cell membrane.
Passive and Active Transport
There are two main types of transport across cell membranes: passive transport and active transport. Passive transport involves diffusion, osmosis, or facilitated diffusion, which move substances down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. Active transport pumps substances against their gradient by using energy from ATP. Some examples of passive transport are oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusing across membranes and water moving through osmosis, while the sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport.
Cell plasma membrane
This document summarizes the history and components of the plasma membrane model. It describes early models such as the phospholipid bilayer model proposed by Gorter and Grendel in 1925. The Sandwich Model of Danielli and Davson in 1935 proposed proteins were also part of the membrane. In 1972, Singer and Nicolson proposed the Fluid Mosaic Model, which is depicted accurately in electron micrographs as having a phospholipid bilayer with integral proteins. The document then discusses the key components and functions of the plasma membrane, including transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is a thin semipermeable membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer that forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment. The phospholipid bilayer is arranged like a sandwich with the polar phosphate heads facing outwards to interact with water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails in the middle, shielded from water. This structure gives the cell membrane the properties of selectivity permeability and fluidity, allowing it to control what passes in and out while maintaining homeostasis.
Tang 06 transport across membranes
This document discusses transport across membranes, including three categories of transport mechanisms: passive transport, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Passive transport relies on diffusion and concentration gradients and includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Active transport uses energy to move molecules against concentration gradients, including primary and secondary active transport. Endocytosis imports materials into cells using mechanisms like pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and phagocytosis, while exocytosis exports materials out of cells using secretory vesicles.
cells structure and transport mechanisms
The document provides detailed information about the structure and functions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have originated from endosymbiotic prokaryotes. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell and is composed of phospholipids and proteins. Materials can move across the membrane through diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, or vesicles.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane, also known as the phospholipid bilayer, separates the interior of the cell from its surroundings and controls the movement of substances in and out. It is composed of phospholipids, which have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. The phospholipids spontaneously form a bilayer with the heads facing out and tails shielded inside. This structure allows for selective transport of molecules. Transport can occur passively via simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion through transport proteins, or actively against the concentration gradient using energy from ATP. Active transport is required for ions like sodium and potassium. Larger substances use endocytosis to enter and exocytosis to exit the cell enclosed in vesicles.
A presentation on Carrier Madiated Transport
Carrier-mediated transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane via integral membrane proteins. There are several types of carrier-mediated transport including active transport, passive diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient by primary or secondary active transport mechanisms. Passive diffusion is the spontaneous movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without energy input. Facilitated diffusion also moves molecules down a concentration gradient but uses specific membrane proteins as carriers. Intestinal drug absorption can occur via carrier-mediated transporters in the brush border and basolateral membranes that transport drugs similarly to endogenous substrates.
Cell The Unit of Life- 2
Prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not have a well-defined nucleus. Their genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus and is located in the cytoplasm. Bacteria have a complex cell envelope made of three layers - glycocalyx, plasma membrane, and cell wall. The cell is filled with cytoplasm and contains plasmids in addition to genomic DNA. Eukaryotic cells have an organized nucleus enclosed in a nuclear envelope and contain organelles within their cytoplasm. Plant and animal cells are examples of eukaryotic cells. The cell membrane is a bilayer made of phospholipids and proteins. It is selectively permeable and transports molecules in and out via passive diffusion and active transport using ATP.
FLUID MOSAID MODEL
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membranes. It notes that cell membranes are semi-permeable and consist of a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins. The phospholipids form a mosaic pattern with their hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads outward. Embedded proteins carry out important functions like signaling and transport. Membranes regulate movement of substances via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Cholesterol also helps stabilize membrane structure and fluidity. Overall, cell membranes form a protective barrier while facilitating nutrient absorption and waste removal.
Membrane transport
This document discusses various mechanisms of membrane transport including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, filtration, and endocytosis. It describes passive diffusion as a bidirectional process that moves molecules down a concentration gradient without requiring energy. Facilitated diffusion and active transport are described as carrier-mediated processes, with active transport moving molecules against a concentration gradient by utilizing energy. Factors affecting drug absorption like solubility, pH, surface area, and vascularity are also summarized. Specific transporters like P-glycoprotein and classes of transporters like ABC and SLC families are briefly mentioned.
Cell Membrane Presentation
The cell membrane is primarily composed of lipids and proteins that form a fluid bilayer. It was first described in 1855 as an essential barrier for osmosis in plant cells. The fluid mosaic model from 1972 proposed that the membrane acts as a two-dimensional liquid allowing free diffusion of lipid and protein molecules. The membrane maintains the shape of the cell, separates the cytoplasm from the external environment, and allows for selective transport of materials across it.
The plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is found on the surface of animal and plant cells and inside the cell wall of prokaryotic cells. It is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates and regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell while also containing receptor molecules that allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones. The fluid mosaic model from 1972 describes the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with proteins scattered throughout.
D. organelles2
Mitochondria are organelles found in cells that carry out aerobic respiration. They have an outer and inner membrane, with the inner membrane folded into cristae to increase surface area for enzymes involved in ATP synthesis. The matrix contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle. Vacuoles are membrane-bound structures found in plant cells that contain cell sap. Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs and contain thylakoid membranes and DNA. Microtubules and microfilaments make up the cytoskeleton and are involved in cell movement and structure. Centrioles are found in animal cells and contain microtubules that help with cell division. Cilia and flagella project from the cell and contain microtubules that slide to
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This document discusses homeostasis and the plasma membrane. It begins by explaining that homeostasis refers to the equilibrium of an organism's internal environment that maintains conditions suitable for life. It then explains that the plasma membrane of cells is selectively permeable, allowing some materials to pass in and out while preventing others. The plasma membrane has a bilayer structure made of phospholipids with protein molecules embedded. This fluid mosaic structure allows the membrane to regulate what enters and leaves the cell, maintaining homeostasis.
Cell membrane- Corona
The document provides information about the structure and function of the cell membrane. It discusses how the cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer and membrane proteins. It also explains the key functions of the cell membrane in facilitating the movement of materials into and out of cells through diffusion and osmosis. Specifically, it defines diffusion as the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy, and osmosis as the movement of water molecules from high to low concentration without energy. The document seeks to help students understand how the cell membrane maintains homeostasis through selective permeability and the movement of molecules and water into and out of cells.
Circulatory system wot
Arteries take blood away from the heart. The walls of an artery are made up of thick muscular walls and elastic fibres. Veins carry blood towards the heart and also have valves. The capillaries link arteries and veins, and have a one cell thick wall. Blood is made up of four main things - plasma, the liquid part of the blood; Red Blood Cells to carry oxygen; White Blood cells to protect the body from disease and platelets help blood clot.
2. cell
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Diffusion & osmosis notes lecture
Cell membranes must control what enters and exits the cell to maintain homeostasis. The plasma membrane is made of a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins. This fluid mosaic structure allows some particles to pass through, while proteins act as markers and gates to regulate passage. Diffusion is the process by which particles spread out from areas of high concentration to low concentration until an even distribution is reached. Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves through a membrane from high to low concentration areas. The concentration gradient and solution types determine the effect on cell volume.
Homeostasis powerpoint
Cells must maintain homeostasis by keeping a balanced internal environment through diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of particles from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration, and it occurs across the cell membrane in cells. It helps regulate materials and maintain the proper environment for cells in the body.
Homeostasis
El documento describe los conceptos de homeostasis y sus componentes. La homeostasis se refiere a la capacidad de los seres vivos para mantener constantes las condiciones internas a través de mecanismos de retroalimentación negativa. Estos mecanismos permiten detectar cambios y controlarlos para preservar el equilibrio dinámico necesario para la vida.
Homeostasis
I. La homeostasis se refiere a los procesos que mantienen el equilibrio dinámico del medio interno del cuerpo a pesar de los cambios en el medio externo. II. Estos procesos implican mecanismos efectores como las vĂas nerviosas y endocrinas que detectan cambios y regulan funciones como la temperatura, los niveles de glucosa y electrolitos. III. La homeostasis es fundamental para la vida y las enfermedades surgen cuando se altera este equilibrio.
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Similar to Chapter 7 2
THE CELL PART 2.pptx
The document discusses cell membranes and membrane proteins. It begins by describing the cell membrane as the boundary that separates internal and external environments of the cell, and controls movement of materials in and out through selective permeability. The membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads forming the inner and outer surfaces.
It then explains the structure of phospholipids as amphipathic molecules with hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head. Proteins and cholesterol are embedded throughout the flexible phospholipid bilayer. Integral proteins span the membrane while peripheral proteins attach to the inner or outer surface.
Finally, it lists several types of membrane proteins and their functions, including channel proteins for passive diffusion
Plasma membrane
Membranes cover the surface of cells and surround organelles within cells. They serve several functions including maintaining cellular integrity by keeping components inside, selectively controlling movement of molecules in and out, and allowing cellular processes to occur separately within organelles. The plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and is made of a phospholipid bilayer with various embedded and attached proteins and carbohydrates. It regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Copy of plasma membrane
Membranes cover the surface of cells and surround organelles within cells. They have several functions, including keeping cellular components inside the cell, allowing selective movement of molecules in and out, isolating organelles, and allowing cells to change shape. The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of cells and is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with various embedded and attached proteins and carbohydrates. It regulates what moves in and out of cells.
Chapter Cellular Structure and Function Wor which consist of fatty ac.pdf
Chapter Cellular Structure and Function Wor which consist of fatty acids and alcohol. The phos-
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the tails pholipids in the plasma membrane are tails. bead \"loves\" water the head and two the
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Membrane molecules in The plasma membrane also contains other molecules primarily other
lipids and proteins. The green the figure above, for example, are the lipid Molecules of
cholesterol belp the plasma membrane keep its shape. Many of the proteins in the plasma
membrane assist other substances in crossing the membrane. Euensions of the Plasma Membrane
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extensions have other For example, the cilia the particles the mouth and Dose. Mung cells sweep
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Solution
1). What is the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane is a membrane that encloses the cell organelles of a cell. It separates the
cell interior and the outside environment. The plasma membrane is semi-permeable membrane
that allows selective entry and exit to charged ions and organic molecules. It provides protection
to the cell.
2). What is the meaning of semi-permeability?
Semi-permeability is the quality of a membrane to allow passage of some particles through it
while restricting the flow of others. The plasma membrane is composed of two layers of
phospholipid molecules which have polar phosphate head on the either sides and two non-polar
lipid tails embedded inside. Due to this structure, the hydrophilic molecules can not pass through
the membrane. Besides, the membrane has transmembrane proteins that may act as channels to
allow the passage of specific molecules through them with or without any expense of energy..
BIOTECHNOLOGY - transport materials.pptx
The cell membrane separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. It regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell through passive and active transport. Passive transport moves molecules down their concentration gradient and includes diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy. It includes endocytosis, which transports materials into the cell, and exocytosis, which transports materials out of the cell. Homeostasis relies on the proper balance of transport processes across the cell membrane.
BIOTECHNOLOGY - transport materials.pptx
The cell membrane separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. It regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell through passive and active transport. Passive transport moves molecules down their concentration gradient and includes diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy. It includes endocytosis, which transports materials into the cell, and exocytosis, which transports materials out of the cell. Homeostasis relies on the proper balance of transport processes across the cell membrane.
2.4 Cell Membrane And Transport
The cell membrane allows the cell to maintain different internal conditions than its external environment. It is semi-permeable, allowing small molecules to pass through via diffusion or channel proteins while preventing the passage of larger molecules and ions. The membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and associated proteins that transport molecules, act as receptors, and facilitate processes like active transport.
Second biology lecture
This document provides an overview of membrane structure and function. It begins by defining cell membranes and their key roles in protection, transport, and communication. It then discusses historical models of the membrane, culminating in the fluid mosaic model. This model describes the membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids embedded with integral and peripheral proteins. The document outlines different modes of passive and active transport across the membrane, including diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport via carrier proteins. It concludes by briefly discussing bulk transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis.
Lec # 3 Biological membrane and its contents
A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating membrane that acts as a selectively permeable barrier within living things
Unit 2-plasma membrane and membrane transport
The document discusses the plasma membrane and membrane transport. It defines the plasma membrane as the outer membrane of the cell composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell and maintains the integrity of the cell's interior. Membrane transport involves the passage of solutes through the membrane via passive diffusion or with the aid of transport proteins and can occur down a concentration gradient or against it with active transport.
unit 2 plasma membrane.pptx
The plasma membrane is a semipermeable lipid bilayer that regulates the transport of materials into and out of the cell. It consists of 52% protein and 40% lipids. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a fluid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins floating within it. Transportation of molecules occurs through passive diffusion, osmosis, and active transport using carrier proteins and ATP.
Cell Membarne ppt.pptx
The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, defines the boundary of the cell and regulates what passes in and out. It is composed primarily of lipids and proteins arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. This structure allows the membrane to perform critical functions for the cell like controlling transport, sending and receiving signals, and interacting with other cells. The fluid mosaic model best explains the dynamic and semipermeable nature of the cell membrane.
Plant cell; Overview.pptx
The document provides an overview of plant cell structure and function. It describes the basic components of plant cells, including the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, and central vacuole. It explains the structure and functions of each organelle. For example, it states that chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis, performing both the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The mitochondria are described as the powerhouses of the cell, where cellular respiration and ATP production occur.
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich.pdf
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich molecular mosaic fluid
mosaic plasma membrane Which characteristic apply to the phospholipid membrane? It is
primarily a hydrophobic bilayer. Phospholipids are amphipathic Proteins are imbedded within
the phospholipids. The imbedded molecules can move freely within the membrane All are
important characteristics of the Cholesterol molecules in the membrane act to modulate
temperature dependent viscosity and fluidity of the membrane. moderate the effects of a high fat
diet promote fluidity in the membrane. allow for better membrane compaction and integrity.
allow transport across the membrane. One important feature of membranes in the
endomembrane system is that they can move freely from cell to cell. freely bleb off of and then
onto other components of this network. they contain small pieces of independently replicating
DNA. they move from the trans side of the membrane to the cis side. t
Solution
1. Fluid mosaic model.
Fluid mosaic model for plasma membrane proposed by Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson is
universally acceoted model for plasma membrane.
2. All are important characteristics.
Phospholipid molecules are hydrophobic and amphipathic. Which means that posess polar head
and non polar tails.
Some of the protien molecules are embedded in the phospholipid layer and these moelcules are
free to move due to fluid nature of plasma membrane.
3. Allows better membrane compaction and integrity.
Cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule like phospholipids. It contains a hydrophilic and a
hydrophobic portion. Cholesterol\'s hydroxyl (OH) group aligns with the phosphate heads of the
phospholipids. The remaining portion of it tucks into the fatty acid portion of the membrane.
Because of the way cholesterol is shaped, part of the steroid ring (the four hydrocarbon rings in
between the hydroxyl group and the hydrocarbon \"tail\") is closely attracted to part of the fatty
acid chain on the nearest phospholipid. This helps slightly immobilize the outer surface of the
membrane and make it less soluble to very small water-soluble molecules that could otherwise
pass through more easily.
4. They contain transport enzymes..
PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
The plasma membrane is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds cells and controls what moves in and out. It is made of phospholipids arranged in a bilayer. The membrane regulates passage through selective permeability and transport mechanisms like diffusion. It contains proteins for communication and maintains cell shape. When in different solutions, water movement changes cell volume and shape depending on solution concentration.
Cell Membrane Structure-1.pptx cell outer layer
The plasma membrane surrounds cells and organelles, protecting the interior while regulating what passes in and out. It is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer containing proteins. The fluid mosaic model describes its structure as lipids and proteins moving freely within. Membranes are composed mainly of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids, with integral and peripheral proteins embedded. Transport across membranes includes passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion using carrier proteins, and active transport using ATP. Receptors on the surface receive signals from outside the cell.
Cell and their function.pptx
Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane, cell
division, cell junctions. General principles of cell communication,
the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body
The basic tenets of the cell theory are as follows:
All living things are made up of one or more cells.
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.
Cells come from pre-existing cells through the process of division.
All cells are the same in regard to chemical composition.
Cells also communicate with each other. Whether in plants, humans, or animals, they connect to create a solid, well formed organism. In humans, cells build tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together to keep the body alive.
Experts estimate that there are around 200Trusted Source cell types in the human body.
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
CELL-MEMBRANE-REPORT.pptx
The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the outside environment. It is composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid and form a bilayer with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. Proteins make up about 50% of the membrane and perform important functions like transport, signaling, and cell recognition. Carbohydrates are present as glycoproteins or glycolipids and help with cell identification. The cell membrane protects the cell, regulates transport of materials, and maintains the cell's shape.
Plasma membrane.pptx
The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded within it. It forms the boundary between a cell and its external environment. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as having phospholipids that form a bilayer, within which proteins and other molecules like cholesterol are embedded. This allows the membrane to be fluid and flexible. Membrane proteins can be intrinsic, spanning the membrane, or extrinsic, attached to one surface. Together, the lipids and proteins allow the selective control of what enters and exits the cell.
Similar to Chapter 7 2 (20)
Chapter Cellular Structure and Function Wor which consist of fatty ac.pdf
Chapter Cellular Structure and Function Wor which consist of fatty ac.pdf
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The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich.pdf
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich.pdf
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PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
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This document provides a diagram labeling various anatomical features of an animal's internal organs and systems, including the location of the vomerine teeth, gullet, internal nares, glottis, maxillary teeth, vocal sacs, eye sockets, tympanic membrane, nictitating membrane, external naris, liver, fat bodies, small intestine, heart, gall bladder, lungs, kidneys, spleen, cloaca, mesentery, stomach, testis, urinary bladder, ovaries, oviduct, and their relative positions.
Chpt.3.1
1) Arthropods undergo either complete or incomplete metamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis involves four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Incomplete metamorphosis involves hatching from eggs as nymphs and molting into winged adults after several molts.
2) Animals exhibit one of three types of symmetry: asymmetry, radial symmetry, or bilateral symmetry. Radial and bilateral symmetry involve dividing the animal into mirror halves, while asymmetry does not.
3) Succession describes the process of ecological community change over time. There are two types: primary succession colonizes new bare rock and soilless sites, while secondary succession occurs on existing soil after a disturbance like
Chpt.2.3
This document summarizes the cycling of important materials like water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through ecosystems. It explains that while energy is lost at each trophic level, the sun replenishes it, and matter is recycled as nutrients move through organisms. The atoms that make up living things today have been on Earth since life began. It then provides more detailed explanations of the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
Chpt.2.2
The flow of energy in an ecosystem begins with autotrophs, such as plants, which use energy from the sun to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Heterotrophs, including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers then obtain energy by consuming autotrophs and other organisms. This energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain and food web, with less energy being available at higher trophic levels due to energy being lost as heat at each transfer.
Chpt.2.1
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. It reveals the interrelationships between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the world. Key concepts in ecology include the biosphere, biotic factors, abiotic factors, levels of organization (organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere), habitats, niches, and symbiosis (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism). Ecology combines information from various sciences to understand these relationships.
Chpt. 17.3- Domains and Kingdoms
The document discusses different systems for classifying life into kingdoms and domains. It describes the three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. It also outlines the six kingdom system of Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. Finally, it mentions the traditional five kingdom system of Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. It provides details about the defining characteristics of each domain and kingdom.
Chpt. 17.2 Modern Classification
Cladograms are branching diagrams that represent the proposed evolutionary history of a species or group, with closer branches indicating that organisms have more traits in common. They are a modern method of classification that shows evolutionary relationships rather than just taxonomic rankings.
Chpt. 17.1-History of Classification
Aristotle first classified organisms as either animals or plants, with plants grouped by size and animals by whether they had blood. Linnaeus broadened Aristotle's system and created the first formal taxonomy, grouping organisms into a binominal nomenclature with a genus and species name. The taxonomic categories from most specific to broad are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain.
Chpt.15.2-Evidence of Change
There are several ways that scientists provide evidence of evolution, including comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and fossils. Comparative anatomy looks at homologous and analogous structures between species, while comparative embryology examines similarities in development. Fossils provide direct evidence of extinct species and how they changed over time. Scientists use both relative dating of fossils layers and radioactive dating to determine the age of fossils and track changes in species. Adaptations like camouflage and mimicry help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully.
Chpt. 15.1
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. While visiting the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that related but distinct animal species inhabited different islands. He later concluded that populations on the mainland evolved over generations as they adapted to their local environments, with better adapted traits being passed down. Darwin's theory proposed that natural selection drives evolution, as organisms better suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, passing on their favorable traits.
Chapter 11.3 notes
A karyotype is a micrograph that arranges homologous chromosome pairs in decreasing size order. It is used to study chromosomes stained during cell metaphase. Nondisjunction is a cell division error where sister chromatids do not separate properly, which can cause conditions like Down syndrome.
Chpt. 11.2 complex inheritance leftovers
Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive trait common in those with African and Mediterranean ancestry. It causes abnormally shaped red blood cells, impaired blood flow, tissue damage, and health issues. Sex is determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes - females have XX and males have XY. The X chromosome carries many genes needed for development in both sexes. To compensate for having two X chromosomes, females inactivate one randomly. Sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome and are always expressed if recessive in females. Muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disease. Polygenic traits like skin and eye color are influenced by two or more genes and result in a range of intermediate phenotypes.
Chapter 11.1 notes
This document summarizes several human genetic disorders including their inheritance patterns, symptoms, prevalence, and treatment options. Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder with onset between 30-50 years of age that is always fatal. Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic disorder among white Americans, affecting the lungs and digestive system due to thick mucus production, with current treatments improving life expectancy. Tay-Sachs disease causes neurological deterioration and death by age 5 due to fatty acid accumulation in the brain.
Incomplete codominance multiple_alleles
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominance:
1) Incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes. Examples include snapdragons and carnations.
2) Codominance, where both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote rather than blending. Examples include checkered chickens, roan horses, and variegated clover.
3) Multiple alleles, where more than two alleles control a trait. Examples include human blood types and coat colors in rabbits.
10.2 mendelian genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted the first scientific studies of heredity by breeding pea plants. He found that traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through discrete units called alleles. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel established the laws of segregation, dominance, and independent assortment. These laws describe the basic principles of genetic inheritance and provided the foundation for the modern science of genetics.
Chapter 12.4 gene regulation & mutation
This document summarizes gene regulation and mutation. It explains that gene regulation allows organisms to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment, using operons in prokaryotes. Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can cause changes in proteins. There are two main types of mutations: point mutations which substitute a single nucleotide, and frameshift mutations which insert or delete nucleotides, affecting all subsequent amino acids. Mutations can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or chemicals and may be passed to offspring.
Chapter 12.3 dna,rna and protein
DNA contains the genetic code that is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated into proteins. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein production. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps join mRNA to transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis. TRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together based on the mRNA codon sequence.
Chapter 12.2 dna replication
DNA replication is a semiconservative process where the parental DNA strands separate and each serves as a template to produce two new DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand. It occurs in three stages: unwinding, base pairing, and joining. During unwinding, enzymes separate the double helix and add RNA primers. Then, DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to each new strand by matching A-T and C-G. The lagging strand replicates in fragments that are later joined.
Chapter 12.1 molecular genetics
The document summarizes early discoveries about DNA and its structure. Frederick Griffith discovered transformation could occur between bacterial strains. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty showed that DNA was the transforming molecule. Hershey and Chase provided evidence that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material of viruses. Chargaff discovered base pairing rules for DNA. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray crystallography to study DNA structure. Watson and Crick then proposed the double helix model of DNA structure based on Chargaff's rules and Franklin and Wilkins' research.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. This ensures genetic variation and allows for sexual reproduction where gametes from two individuals combine to form a diploid zygote.
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“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
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Chapter 7 2
- 2. Function of the Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane is responsible for homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining balance in an organism's internal environment. It's a thin, flexible boundary between a cell and its environment that allows nutrients into the cell and allows waste and other products to exit the cell. It is selective permeable which means that some substances can pass through while keeping others out.
- 3. Structure of the Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane is made up of phospholipid bilayer which has a polar hydrophilic head and 2 nonpolar hydrophobic tails. Hydrophilic means water loving Hydrophobic means water fearing Phospholipid bilayer looks like a sandwich with the hydrophilic head facing outside and the hydrophobic tails facing the inside.
- 4. Â
- 5. Transport proteins- part of the plasma membrane. They span the entire membrane and create tunnels through which substances enter and leave the cell. They move the needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane. Fluid mosaic model- refers to a plasma membrane with substances that can move around within the membrane.
- 6. Â