This chapter discusses several ancient Mesoamerican civilizations including the Toltec, Maya, Aztec, Incas, Iroquois League, Mound Builders, Anasazi, Cuzco, Mochica, and Tenochtitlan. It provides brief overviews of the origins, locations, cultures, and time periods of each civilization.
The Inca civilization flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE, and their empire eventually extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in the south, making it the largest empire ever seen in the Americas and the largest in the world at that time.
The Inca civilization flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE, and their empire eventually extended across western South America from Quito in the north to Santiago in the south, making it the largest empire ever seen in the Americas and the largest in the world at that time.
Chapter 1 The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492 MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
CHAPTER 1
The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Chapter Outline
1.1 The Americas
1.2 Europe on the Brink of Change
1.3 West Africa and the Role of Slavery
Introduction
Globalization, the ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world, is not a new phenomenon,
but it accelerated when western Europeans discovered the riches of the East. During the
Crusades (1095–1291), Europeans developed an appetite for spices, silk, porcelain, sugar, and
other luxury items from the East, for which they traded fur, timber, and Slavic people they
captured and sold (hence the word slave). But when the Silk Road, the long overland trading
route from China to the Mediterranean, became costlier and more dangerous to travel, Europeans
searched for a more efficient and inexpensive trade route over water, initiating the development
of what we now call the Atlantic World.
In pursuit of commerce in Asia, fifteenth-century traders unexpectedly encountered a “New
World” populated by millions and home to sophisticated and numerous peoples. Mistakenly
believing they had reached the East Indies, these early explorers called its inhabitants Indians.
West Africa, a diverse and culturally rich area, soon entered the stage as other nations exploited
its slave trade and brought its peoples to the New World in chains. Although Europeans would
come to dominate the New World, they could not have done so without Africans and native
peoples.
1.1 The Americas
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
● Locate on a map the major American civilizations before the arrival of the Spanish
● Discuss the cultural achievements of these civilizations
● Discuss the differences and similarities between lifestyles, religious practices, and
customs among the native peoples
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Between nine and fifteen thousand years ago, some scholars believe that a land bridge existed
between Asia and North America that we now call Beringia . The first inhabitants of what would
be named the Americas migrated across this bridge in search of food. When the glaciers melted,
water engulfed Beringia, and the Bering Strait was formed. Later settlers came by boat across the
narrow strait. (The fact that Asians and American Indians share genetic markers on a Y
chromosome lends credibility to this migration theory.) Continually moving southward, the
settlers eventually populated both North and South America, creating unique cultures that ranged
from the highly complex and urban Aztec civilization in what is now Mexico City to the
woodland tribes of eastern North America. Recent research along the west coast of South
America suggests that migrant populations may have traveled down this coast by water as well
as by land.
Researchers believe that about ten thousand years ago, humans also began the domestication of
plants and animals, a ...
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Toltec
The Toltec culture is an
archaeological Mesoamerican culture
that dominated a state centered in
Tula, Hidalgo in the early post-classic
period of Mesoamerican chronology
(ca 800-1000 CE).
3. Maya
The Maya is a Mesoamerican
civilization, noted for the only
known fully developed written
language of the pre-Columbian
Americas, as well as for its art,
architecture, and mathematical
and astronomical systems.
Initially established during the
Pre-Classic period (c. 2000 BC
to 250 AD), according to the
Mesoamerican chronology,
many Maya cities reached their
highest state of development
during the Classic period (c.
250 to 900 AD), and continued
throughout the Post-Classic
period until the arrival of the
Spanish
4. Aztec
The Aztec people were
certain ethnic groups of
central Mexico
particularly those groups
who spoke the Nahuatl
language and who
dominated large parts of
Mesoamerica in the 14th,
15th and 16th centuries,
a period referred to as
the late post-classic
period in Mesoamerican
chronology.
5. Incas
The Andean civilization (also sometimes referred to as
Inca) is a loose patchwork of different cultures that
developed from the highlands of Colombia to the
Atacama Desert. The Andean civilization is mainly based
on the cultures of Ancient Peru and some others such as
Tiahuanaco. The Inca Empire was the last sovereign
political entity that emerged from the Andean civilization
before conquest by Spaniards. Tahuantinsuyo was a
patchwork of languages, cultures and peoples. The
components of the empire were not all uniformly loyal,
nor were the local cultures all fully integrated. For
example, the Chimúused money in their commerce, while
the Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on
exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labor. (It is
said that Inca tax collectors would take the head lice of
the lame and old as a symbolic tribute.) The portions of
6. Iroquois
League
The Iroquois also known as the
Haudenosaunee or the "People of the
Longhouse", are an association of several
tribes of indigenous people of North America.
After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples
coalesced as distinct tribes, based mostly in
present-day central and upstate New York, in
the 16th century or earlier they came together
in an association known today as the Iroquois
League, or the "League of Peace and Power".
The original Iroquois League was often known
as the Five Nations, as it was composed of
the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga Cayuga and
Seneca nations After the Tuscarora nation
joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois
became known as the Six Nations. The
League is embodied in the Grand Council, an
assembly of fifty hereditary sachems.
7. Mound
Builders
The group of cultures collectively called Mound
Builders were prehistoric inhabitants of North
America who constructed various styles of
earthen mounds for burial, residential and
ceremonial purposes. These included the Pre-
Columbian cultures of the Archaic period;
Woodland period (Adena and Hopewell
cultures); and Mississippian period; dating from
roughly 3000 BCE to the 16th century CE, and
living in regions of the Great Lakes, the Ohio
River valley, and the Mississippi River valley
and its tributaries. As a comparison, beginning
with the construction of Watson Brake about
3500 BCE in present-day Louisiana, indigenous
peoples started building earthwork mounds in
8. Anasazi
Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Pueblo peoples were
an ancient Native American culture centered on the
present-day Four Corners area of the United States,
comprising southern Utah, northern Arizona, northwest
New Mexico, and southern Colorado. They lived in
"houses" called pueblos, designed so that they could lift up
entry ladders during enemy attacks, which provided
security for the Pueblo peoples. Archaeologists referred to
the cultural group as the Anasazi, although the term is not
preferred by contemporary Pueblo peoples The word
Anasází is Navajo for "Ancient Ones" or "Ancient Enemy".
Archaeologists still debate when this distinct culture
emerged. The current consensus, based on terminology
defined by the Pecos Classification suggests their
emergence around the 12th century BCE, during the
archaeologically designated Basketmaker II Era. Beginning
with the earliest explorations and excavations, researchers
postulated that the Ancient Puebloans are ancestors of the
9. Cuzco
Is a city in southeastern Peru,
near the Urubamba Valley of
the Andes mountain range. It is
the capital of the Cusco Region
as well as the Cuzco Province.
In 2007, the city had a
population of 358,935 which
was triple the figure of 20 years
ago. Located on the eastern
end of the Knot of Cuzco, its
elevation is around 3,400 m
(11,200 ft).
10. Mochica
of, pertaining to, or
characteristic of a pre-Inca
culture that flourished on the
northern coast of Peru from
the 3rd century b.c. to the 7th
century a.d. and is especially
noted for fine pottery vessels
with stirrup spouts, some
bearing drawings of all
aspects of cultural life.
11. Tenochitila
n
the capital of the
Aztec empire:
founded in 1325;
destroyed by the
Spaniards in 1521;
now the site of
Mexico City.