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This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It defines phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, and allophones as contextual variants of phonemes. It describes broad and narrow phonetic transcription. It then outlines 20 phonological rules describing allophonic variations in English pronunciation governed by phonetic context and position, such as voicing, aspiration, nasalization, syllabification. It concludes with an outline of the topics covered and an example exercise transcribing words.
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This document discusses micro-pragmatics and macro-pragmatics, with micro-pragmatics focusing on language use in smaller contexts like sentences and their surroundings. It also defines and provides examples of presupposition, describing them as implications assumed by the speaker to be already known by the listener. Various types of presupposition triggers are outlined, including existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, and counter-factual triggers.
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1) The document discusses various topics related to health including touring a health club, treating an illness, and talking to health care professionals.
2) It provides vocabulary related to health clubs, exercise activities, and illnesses.
3) The document gives examples of tag questions used to ask for information with rising intonation versus making conversation with falling intonation.
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chapter 9 part 2.pptx
This document discusses different approaches to language teaching: content-based instruction, communicative language teaching, and form-focused instruction. It summarizes research that has tested these approaches. The key findings are:
1) Content-based and communicative approaches are effective for increasing exposure and motivation, but may not lead to accurate language if there is no focus on form.
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Reference involves using linguistic forms like referring expressions to help listeners identify something. Referring expressions like pronouns help track referents introduced in prior context. Not all referring expressions have identifiable referents - some may refer to hypothetical things that don't exist. Interpreting an expression as attributive or referential can change the meaning, with attributive use describing a type and referential use assuming a specific instance. Names can refer not just to people but objects through conventional associations, like an author's name referring to a specific book. Both co-text, the surrounding language, and broader context influence interpreting referring expressions by limiting possible referents or providing essential background.
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The document discusses several key concepts in pragmatics including presupposition, conversational implicature, politeness, and cross-cultural pragmatics. It provides examples to illustrate conventional and pragmatic presuppositions. It also explains Grice's cooperative principle and maxims, how they can be flouted, and how this leads to conversational implicature. Examples are given of how politeness differs across cultures to accommodate face wants and threats.
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Chapter 6_SEHAM ASAD.pptx
- 1. Phonetics and Phonology LSLA 225 Siham Asaad 2019-2020
- 3. PHONEMES ALLOPHONES Definition the smallest segment of sound that can distinguish two words ➔ideal object different realisations of the same phoneme ➔physical manifestations Features • abstract • limited ()44 •Difference between phonemes is functional difference. • real and concrete • unlimited •Difference between allophones is phonetic difference. Example ‘cat’ ‘ &bat’ ‘cat’ ‘ &cot’ ‘speak’ ‘ &pick’ ‘note’ ‘ &teeth’
- 4. trANScriPtiON ✦ Broad transcription ✦ Narrow transcription
- 5. BROAD TRANSCRIPTION NARROW TRANSCRIPTION A transcription that uses a simple set of symbols. A transcription that shows more phonetic details by using more specific symbols, or by representing some allophonic differences. Also called phonemic transcription Also called phonetic transcription Consists of phonemic symbols between two slanting lines peak /pi:k/ twin /twin/ Consists of phonemic symbols and diacritics between two square brackets peak [phi:k] twin [twoin]
- 7. ruLE 1 eg. ‘pipped’: [phipot] ‘testy’: [thsti] -voiced +stop /p,t,k/ +aspirated when syllable-initial
- 8. ruLE 2 eg. ‘try to improve’ but ‘bad girl’ +voiced +obstruent partially voiced when syllable-final except when followed by a voiced sound Obstruents =plosives + fricatives /b, d, g, v, ð, ,7z/
- 9. ruLE 3 eg. bib, did +consonantal longer when at end of phrase
- 10. ruLE 4 eg. twin [twoin] cue [kjou] +approximant /w, r, j/ -voiced after +[aspirated, +plosive]
- 11. ruLE 5 eg. spew [spoju]: stew [stoju]: -voiced +plosive /p, t, k/ -aspirated after /s/ at the beginning of a syllable
- 12. ruLE 6 eg. cap /kæp/ but cab /kæb/ back /bæk/ but bag /bæg/ +vowel shorter before voiceless sounds in the same syllable
- 13. ruLE 7 -voiced longer at end of syllable eg. cap /kæp/ but cab /kæb/ back /bæk/ but bag /bæg/
- 14. ruLE 8 +plosive /p,b,t, d,k,g/ unexploded before [+plosive] eg. apt [æpot] act [ækot] but ape /eIp/
- 15. ruLE 9 -voiced +plosive /p,t,k/ after vowel and at end of syllable eg. tip [ti p] pit [pi t] kick [ki k] +glottal plosive -voiced +plosive
- 16. ruLE 10 -voiced +alveolar +plosive /t/ +glottal plosive before nasal in same word eg. beaten [bi n] but beaten [bi:tn]
- 17. ruLE 11 +nasal /m,n/ , +syllabic at end of word and after obstruents eg. garden /ga:dn/ chasm /kæzm/ but film /fIlm/
- 18. ruLE 12 +lateral /l/ +syllabic at end of word and after another consonant eg. paddle /pædl/ channel /tƒænl/ but file /faIl/
- 19. ruLE 13 -voiced +alveolar +plosive /t/ -voiced +tap between stressed vowel and unstressed syllable eg. fatty /færi/ (AE) but /fæti/ (BE) data /deI r(/(AE) but /deI t(/ (BE)
- 20. ruLE 14 +alveolar /d,t,z,s, n,l/ +dental before dental (ð, θ) eg. sixth [sIksθ] wealth [welθ] but well /wel/
- 21. ruLE 15 +velar /g,k/ , more front before more front vowel eg. cat /kæt/ kept /kept/ give /gIv/ Front vowel: /I, i:, e, æ/
- 22. ruLE 16 +lateral /l/ velarised after vowel and before another consonant or end of word eg. file /faIl/ but life /laIf/ talc /tælk/ but lack /læk/
- 23. ruLE 17 +vowel longer in open syllable eg. see /si:/ but seed /si:d/
- 24. ruLE 18 +vowel longer in stressed syllable eg. cite /saIt/ but citation /saI'teIƒ (n/
- 25. ruLE 19 +vowel +nasal before nasal /m,n/ , eg. ban/bæn/ but bag /bæg/
- 26. ruLE 20 +front +vowel retracted before syllable-final /l/ eg. heel /hi:l/ but heed /hi:d/ pail /peIl/but paid /peId/
- 27. OUt LiNE ✦ Definition ✦ Classification ✦ Description ✦ Phonemes and Allophones ✦ Transcription ✦ Allophonic rules
- 28. Ex Er c iSE ✦ insect ✦ sudden ✦ mother ✦ market ✦ gestur e ✦ effect ✦ fishing ✦ danger