The document discusses techniques for effectively paraphrasing sources in writing. It defines paraphrasing as restating what has been said or written in different words while still conveying the same ideas and information. Paraphrasing is important for avoiding plagiarism and properly attributing ideas that belong to others. Good paraphrasing uses different grammar and vocabulary than the original while maintaining a similar length and all essential ideas. The document outlines techniques for paraphrasing including using synonyms, varying sentence structure, changing the order of ideas, breaking long sentences into shorter ones, and simplifying abstract concepts. It provides examples to illustrate effectively applying these paraphrasing strategies.

1. Using paraphrase in writing Adapted from: Davies, M. Quoting, plagiarism and quoting. University of Melbourne. Retrieved from: http://tlu.ecom.unimelb.edu.au/pdfs/crals/Lecture on 7th June 2008 and Folse, K.S., Mahnke, M.K., Solomon E.V., and Williams L. (2003) Blueprints 2 Composition skills for academic writers. USA. Thomson Heinle.

2. Learning outcomes Apply the techniques of paraphrasing

3. Definition of paraphrase Restate what has been said, or written, in a different way Use your own words to express another writer’s words and ideas

4. The importance of paraphrasing To avoid plagiarism. To report ideas and information which belong to someone else. As an alternative to quoting.

5. Attributes of a good paraphrase The use of different words to convey the same ideas and information as the original writing. The length of the paraphrase is of almost equal length to the original.

6. Attributes of a good paraphrase The grammar and vocabulary are not the same with the exception of technical terms. The use of multiple paraphrasing techniques simultaneously

7. Techniques in paraphrasing ● Use synonyms Use varied sentence patterns Change the order of ideas Break long sentences into short ones Simplify abstract ideas

8. Technique 1: Using synonyms Original stress Paraphrased anxiety primary application principle use at least 600 about six hundred

9. Technique 2: Varying sentence structure Original Although at least 600 of the devices are used in the US, there are apparently only three in Britain. Paraphrased Britain has just three devices, whereas America uses around 600.

10. Technique 3: Changing the order of ideas Original Dektor claims that the muscle tightening occurs very quickly, and can change from one word to the next, so that it is possible to pick out a word or phrase that cause stress. Paraphrased An anxiety-inducing word or phrase may be obvious, as the muscles can tighten between words, according to Dexter.

11. Technique 4: Breaking long sentence into short ones Original In the US, the device is used for pre-employment interviews, with interviews such as “Have you used marijuana?” and for monthly checks with branch managers, asking questions like, “Do you suspect any present employees of cheating the company?” – which at least prevents a manager from setting his own pace to investigate possible suspicious behavior. Paraphrased The PSE is used in America to ask prospective employees if they have taken narcotics and to question financial managers about possible fraud in the company. This is a prevention against branch managers conducting their own investigations.

12. Technique 5: Simplifying abstract ideas Original Normally, but not under stress, these voluntary muscles vibrate at 8-12Hz, and this adds a clearly noticeable frequency-modulated component to the voice. The PSE works by analyzing this infrasonic FM component. Paraphrased The PSE analyzes vibrations of muscles in the mouth and throat which usually vibrate at 8-12Hz. However, under stress, these muscles tighten and the PSE can identify this change in the voice.

13. Introducing an outside source Use the phrase “ According to …” followed by the name of the author. For example: According to Amin … In …(the name of the author) view… For example: In Amin’s view…

14. Introducing an outside source Use the name of the source with these verbs: state, say, argue, believe, reveal, conclude, report or suggest These verbs can be used in the present or past tense. Hanlon suggested there was a need to prevent the widespread use of the Dektor in the UK.

15. On a final note Always ensure information paraphrased is true to the original Use a variety of paraphrasing techniques

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