The document discusses key trends in computer technology and architecture over recent decades. It notes that improvements in semiconductor technology and computer architectures have enabled significant performance gains. However, single processor performance improvements ended around 2003. New approaches like data, thread, and request level parallelism are now needed. The document also covers trends in different classes of computers, parallelism techniques, Flynn's taxonomy of computer architectures, factors that define computer architecture like instruction sets, and important principles of computer design like exploiting parallelism and locality.
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 1 of the textbook "Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Fifth Edition". It discusses improvements in computer performance and applications driven by advances in semiconductor technology and computer architecture. It also covers trends in different classes of computers, parallelism, Flynn's taxonomy of instruction-level parallelism, and quantitative metrics for measuring computer performance and dependability.
The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture including:
1) The Von Neumann architecture which defines the basic elements of a computer including the CPU, memory, and connection between them via a bus.
2) Different types of parallelism such as instruction-level, data-level, and task-level parallelism that have been exploited to improve performance.
3) Trends that have driven computer performance over time, including improvements in semiconductor technology per Moore's Law, new architectures like RISC, and the shift to parallelism with multi-core processors.
Advanced Computer Architecture – An IntroductionDilum Bandara
Introduction to advanced computer architecture, including classes of computers,
Instruction set architecture, Trends, Technology, Power and energy
Cost
Principles of computer design
The document discusses IBM's POWER7 technology and Power 755 server. It provides details on the POWER7 processor including its 8 cores, 32 threads per chip, and 32MB on-chip memory. It compares POWER7's performance against Intel's Nehalem and Westmere processors, noting POWER7's advantages in core count, cache size, memory bandwidth, and scalability. The Power 755 server is highlighted as delivering high performance for HPC workloads with better performance and efficiency than competitors.
I have introduced developments in multi-core computers along with their architectural developments. Also, I have explained about high performance computing, where these are used. At the end, openMP is introduced with many ready to run parallel programs.
How to Select Hardware for Internet of Things Systems?Hannes Tschofenig
With the increasing commercial interest in Internet of Things (IoT) the question about a reasonable hardware configuration surfaces again and again.
Peter Aldworth, a hardware engineer with more than 19 years of experience, discusses this topic in a presentation given to the IETF community.
Top 10 Supercomputers With Descriptive Information & AnalysisNomanSiddiqui41
Top 10 Supercomputers Report
What is Supercomputer?
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). Since 2017, there are supercomputers which can perform over 1017 FLOPS (a hundred quadrillion FLOPS, 100 petaFLOPS or 100 PFLOPS
Supercomputers play an important role in the field of computational science, and are used for a wide range of computationally intensive tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), and physical simulations (such as simulations of the early moments of the universe, airplane and spacecraft aerodynamics, the detonation of nuclear weapons, and nuclear fusion). They have been essential in the field of cryptanalysis.
1. The Fugaku Supercomputer
Introduction:
Fugaku is a petascale supercomputer (while only at petascale for mainstream benchmark), at the Riken Center for Computational Science in Kobe, Japan. It started development in 2014 as the successor to the K computer, and started operating in 2021. Fugaku made its debut in 2020, and became the fastest supercomputer in the world in the June 2020 TOP500 list, as well as becoming the first ARM architecture-based computer to achieve this. In June 2020, it achieved 1.42 exaFLOPS (in HPL-AI benchmark making it the first ever supercomputer that achieved 1 exaFLOPS. As of November 2021, Fugaku is the fastest supercomputer in the world. It is named after an alternative name for Mount Fuji.
Block Diagram:
Functional Units:
Functional Units, Co-Design and System for the Supercomputer “Fugaku”
1. Performance estimation tool: This tool, taking Fujitsu FX100 (FX100 is the previous Fujitsu supercomputer) execution profile data as an input, enables the performance projection by a given set of architecture parameters. The performance projection is modeled according to the Fujitsu microarchitecture. This tool can also estimate the power consumption based on the architecture model.
2. Fujitsu in-house processor simulator: We used an extended FX100 SPARC instruction-set simulator and compiler, developed by Fujitsu, for preliminary studies in the initial phase, and an Armv8þSVE simulator and compiler afterward.
3. Gem5 simulator for the Post-K processor: The Post-K processor simulator3 based on an opensource system-level processor simulator, Gem5, was developed by RIKEN during the co-design for architecture verification and performance tuning. A fundamental problem is the scale of scientific applications that are expected to be run on Post-K. Even our target applications are thousands of lines of code and are written to use complex algorithms and data structures. Altho
VEDLIoT at FPL'23_Accelerators for Heterogenous Computing in AIoTVEDLIoT Project
VEDLIoT took part in the 33rd International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL 2023), in Gothenburg, Sweden. René Griessl (UNIBI) presented VEDLIoT and our latest achievements in the Research Projects Event session, giving a presentation entitled "Accelerators for Heterogenous Computing in AIoT".
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 1 of the textbook "Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Fifth Edition". It discusses improvements in computer performance and applications driven by advances in semiconductor technology and computer architecture. It also covers trends in different classes of computers, parallelism, Flynn's taxonomy of instruction-level parallelism, and quantitative metrics for measuring computer performance and dependability.
The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture including:
1) The Von Neumann architecture which defines the basic elements of a computer including the CPU, memory, and connection between them via a bus.
2) Different types of parallelism such as instruction-level, data-level, and task-level parallelism that have been exploited to improve performance.
3) Trends that have driven computer performance over time, including improvements in semiconductor technology per Moore's Law, new architectures like RISC, and the shift to parallelism with multi-core processors.
Advanced Computer Architecture – An IntroductionDilum Bandara
Introduction to advanced computer architecture, including classes of computers,
Instruction set architecture, Trends, Technology, Power and energy
Cost
Principles of computer design
The document discusses IBM's POWER7 technology and Power 755 server. It provides details on the POWER7 processor including its 8 cores, 32 threads per chip, and 32MB on-chip memory. It compares POWER7's performance against Intel's Nehalem and Westmere processors, noting POWER7's advantages in core count, cache size, memory bandwidth, and scalability. The Power 755 server is highlighted as delivering high performance for HPC workloads with better performance and efficiency than competitors.
I have introduced developments in multi-core computers along with their architectural developments. Also, I have explained about high performance computing, where these are used. At the end, openMP is introduced with many ready to run parallel programs.
How to Select Hardware for Internet of Things Systems?Hannes Tschofenig
With the increasing commercial interest in Internet of Things (IoT) the question about a reasonable hardware configuration surfaces again and again.
Peter Aldworth, a hardware engineer with more than 19 years of experience, discusses this topic in a presentation given to the IETF community.
Top 10 Supercomputers With Descriptive Information & AnalysisNomanSiddiqui41
Top 10 Supercomputers Report
What is Supercomputer?
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). Since 2017, there are supercomputers which can perform over 1017 FLOPS (a hundred quadrillion FLOPS, 100 petaFLOPS or 100 PFLOPS
Supercomputers play an important role in the field of computational science, and are used for a wide range of computationally intensive tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), and physical simulations (such as simulations of the early moments of the universe, airplane and spacecraft aerodynamics, the detonation of nuclear weapons, and nuclear fusion). They have been essential in the field of cryptanalysis.
1. The Fugaku Supercomputer
Introduction:
Fugaku is a petascale supercomputer (while only at petascale for mainstream benchmark), at the Riken Center for Computational Science in Kobe, Japan. It started development in 2014 as the successor to the K computer, and started operating in 2021. Fugaku made its debut in 2020, and became the fastest supercomputer in the world in the June 2020 TOP500 list, as well as becoming the first ARM architecture-based computer to achieve this. In June 2020, it achieved 1.42 exaFLOPS (in HPL-AI benchmark making it the first ever supercomputer that achieved 1 exaFLOPS. As of November 2021, Fugaku is the fastest supercomputer in the world. It is named after an alternative name for Mount Fuji.
Block Diagram:
Functional Units:
Functional Units, Co-Design and System for the Supercomputer “Fugaku”
1. Performance estimation tool: This tool, taking Fujitsu FX100 (FX100 is the previous Fujitsu supercomputer) execution profile data as an input, enables the performance projection by a given set of architecture parameters. The performance projection is modeled according to the Fujitsu microarchitecture. This tool can also estimate the power consumption based on the architecture model.
2. Fujitsu in-house processor simulator: We used an extended FX100 SPARC instruction-set simulator and compiler, developed by Fujitsu, for preliminary studies in the initial phase, and an Armv8þSVE simulator and compiler afterward.
3. Gem5 simulator for the Post-K processor: The Post-K processor simulator3 based on an opensource system-level processor simulator, Gem5, was developed by RIKEN during the co-design for architecture verification and performance tuning. A fundamental problem is the scale of scientific applications that are expected to be run on Post-K. Even our target applications are thousands of lines of code and are written to use complex algorithms and data structures. Altho
VEDLIoT at FPL'23_Accelerators for Heterogenous Computing in AIoTVEDLIoT Project
VEDLIoT took part in the 33rd International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL 2023), in Gothenburg, Sweden. René Griessl (UNIBI) presented VEDLIoT and our latest achievements in the Research Projects Event session, giving a presentation entitled "Accelerators for Heterogenous Computing in AIoT".
Heterogeneous Computing : The Future of SystemsAnand Haridass
Charts from NITK-IBM Computer Systems Research Group (NCSRG)
- Dennard Scaling,Moore's Law, OpenPOWER, Storage Class Memory, FPGA, GPU, CAPI, OpenCAPI, nVidia nvlink, Google Microsoft Heterogeneous system usage
The document discusses Intel's quad-core processors, which contain four processing cores on a single chip. This allows higher performance with lower power consumption compared to single-core chips. Quad-core processors are designed to improve performance for applications like workstations, servers, gaming, and datacenter virtualization while reducing total cost of ownership. An example application described is a 3D mapping software that combines topographical and satellite data to model natural disasters, which would benefit from a multi-core platform.
AMD Bridges the X86 and ARM Ecosystems for the Data Center AMD
Presentation by Lisa Su, senior vice president and general manager, Global Business Units, AMD regarding AMD’s announcement that it will design and build 64-bit ARM technology-based processors.
This document provides an overview of challenges for future embedded systems, including:
1) A performance gap is emerging as transistor scaling slows and instruction-level parallelism improvements stagnate.
2) Power and energy constraints are increasing as leakage power rises and batteries do not improve at the rate of Moore's Law.
3) Reusing existing binary code is important for commercial success but maintains compatibility with inefficient instruction sets.
4) Yield and manufacturing costs are rising rapidly due to mask costs, lithography costs, and increased design complexity verification.
New Business Applications Powered by In-Memory Technology @MIT Forum for Supp...Paul Hofmann
Talk about 4 leading edge projects:
1) Optimal pricing for energy management, online pricing, and truck scheduling @Princeton University
2) Infinite DRAM - RAMCloud @Stanford University
Applications: Extremely low latency and very high bandwidth
a) Facebook like problems with high read AND write rate,
b) advanced analytics, c) what-if scenarios for demand planning
3) Hybrid In-Memory Store @MIT CSAIL
4) Multithreading Real Time Event Platform @MIT Auto-ID Lab
500k events/s and millions of threads in-memory or distributed used for automatic meter reading, online billing, mobile billing and Smart Grid
The document discusses various models of parallel and distributed computing including symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), cluster computing, distributed computing, grid computing, and cloud computing. It provides definitions and examples of each model. It also covers parallel processing techniques like vector processing and pipelined processing, and differences between shared memory and distributed memory MIMD (multiple instruction multiple data) architectures.
Large-Scale Optimization Strategies for Typical HPC Workloadsinside-BigData.com
Large-scale optimization strategies for typical HPC workloads include:
1) Building a powerful profiling tool to analyze application performance and identify bottlenecks like inefficient instructions, memory bandwidth, and network utilization.
2) Harnessing state-of-the-art hardware like new CPU architectures, instruction sets, and accelerators to maximize application performance.
3) Leveraging the latest algorithms and computational models that are better suited for large-scale parallelization and new hardware.
Cloud computing is driving increased standardization, automation and centralized management across both public and private IT systems. Improvements in bandwidth are enabling a convergence of separate network types. Changing energy costs, economics and performance characteristics are shifting the roles that different storage solutions play.
From Rack scale computers to Warehouse scale computersRyousei Takano
This document discusses the transition from rack-scale computers to warehouse-scale computers through the disaggregation of technologies. It provides examples of rack-scale architectures like Open Compute Project and Intel Rack Scale Architecture. For warehouse-scale computers, it examines HP's The Machine project using application-specific cores, universal memory, and photonics fabric. It also outlines UC Berkeley's FireBox project utilizing 1 terabit/sec optical fibers, many-core systems-on-chip, and non-volatile memory modules connected via high-radix photonic switches.
Ibm symp14 referentin_barbara koch_power_8 launch bkIBM Switzerland
The document discusses IBM's Power Systems and how they are designed for big data and analytics workloads. Some key points:
- Power8 processors deliver 82x faster insights for business intelligence and analytics workloads compared to x86 servers.
- Power Systems create an open ecosystem for innovation through the OpenPOWER Foundation and enable industry partners to build servers optimized for the Power architecture.
- Power Systems foster open innovation for cloud applications by allowing over 95% of Linux applications written in common languages to run with no code changes.
- Power Systems are optimized for big data and analytics through features like high core counts, large memory and cache sizes, and high bandwidth I/O.
The document discusses smart cabling infrastructure solutions for data centers, focusing on Tyco Electronics' AMP NETCONNECT products which provide complete pre-terminated cabling systems like MRJ21, Σ-Link, and MPO to allow for the highest density, flexibility, and efficiency required in data centers according to industry standards. These solutions such as pre-terminated trunk cables allow for the shortest deployment and change times while ensuring quality, airflow management, and integration with infrastructure management systems.
This document outlines the key concepts and units for the course EC6009 - Advanced Computer Architecture. It covers five main units: (1) fundamentals of computer design, instruction level parallelism, (2) data level parallelism, (3) thread level parallelism, (4) memory and I/O, and (5) performance evaluation. The goals of the course are for students to understand performance of different architectures with respect to various parameters and techniques for improving performance like instruction level parallelism and exploiting data level parallelism.
Fugaku is a Japanese supercomputer utilizing Fujitsu's A64FX CPU. It was designed through an iterative co-design process between application developers and Fujitsu to achieve over 100x performance gain compared to the previous K computer within a 30-40MW power budget. The A64FX CPU utilizes 7nm technology and features 48 Arm-based cores with high bandwidth memory to achieve superior floating point and memory bandwidth performance efficiently. Early evaluations show Fugaku meeting performance and power targets and outperforming x86 processors for real applications.
Performance modeling and simulation for accumulo applicationsAccumulo Summit
Apache Accumulo is known for being a high performance sorted key/value database, but achieving high performance in your application still requires good development practices. Often, developers will extrapolate from small-scale tests to argue that the application will perform well at higher scales. Unfortunately, design and implementation flaws that aren't visible at small scale inevitably show up in production at a much higher cost to fix.
Sqrrl is an application built on Accumulo that leverages log storage, indexing, graphs, and statistics modeling while supporting high throughput ingest and distributed analytic processing. At Sqrrl, we ensure reliable performance using a variety of modeling and simulation techniques. This talk will show examples of insights and performance improvements gained from micro-benchmarking, analog simulation, and predictive model validation.
– Speaker –
Adam Fuchs
CTO, Sqrrl
Adam Fuchs is one of the original developers and architects of Apache Accumulo. He is now the chief technology officer for Sqrrl, leveraging the techniques and design patterns learned from a long career in data processing at the National Security Agency to build a cybersecurity threat hunting platform. Adam got his undergraduate degree in computer science at the University of Washington and attended graduate school at the University of Maryland, College Park. He now lives in Seattle with his wife and two kids, where he enjoys running up mountains in his spare time.
— More Information —
For more information see http://www.accumulosummit.com/
Heterogeneous Computing : The Future of SystemsAnand Haridass
Charts from NITK-IBM Computer Systems Research Group (NCSRG)
- Dennard Scaling,Moore's Law, OpenPOWER, Storage Class Memory, FPGA, GPU, CAPI, OpenCAPI, nVidia nvlink, Google Microsoft Heterogeneous system usage
The document discusses Intel's quad-core processors, which contain four processing cores on a single chip. This allows higher performance with lower power consumption compared to single-core chips. Quad-core processors are designed to improve performance for applications like workstations, servers, gaming, and datacenter virtualization while reducing total cost of ownership. An example application described is a 3D mapping software that combines topographical and satellite data to model natural disasters, which would benefit from a multi-core platform.
AMD Bridges the X86 and ARM Ecosystems for the Data Center AMD
Presentation by Lisa Su, senior vice president and general manager, Global Business Units, AMD regarding AMD’s announcement that it will design and build 64-bit ARM technology-based processors.
This document provides an overview of challenges for future embedded systems, including:
1) A performance gap is emerging as transistor scaling slows and instruction-level parallelism improvements stagnate.
2) Power and energy constraints are increasing as leakage power rises and batteries do not improve at the rate of Moore's Law.
3) Reusing existing binary code is important for commercial success but maintains compatibility with inefficient instruction sets.
4) Yield and manufacturing costs are rising rapidly due to mask costs, lithography costs, and increased design complexity verification.
New Business Applications Powered by In-Memory Technology @MIT Forum for Supp...Paul Hofmann
Talk about 4 leading edge projects:
1) Optimal pricing for energy management, online pricing, and truck scheduling @Princeton University
2) Infinite DRAM - RAMCloud @Stanford University
Applications: Extremely low latency and very high bandwidth
a) Facebook like problems with high read AND write rate,
b) advanced analytics, c) what-if scenarios for demand planning
3) Hybrid In-Memory Store @MIT CSAIL
4) Multithreading Real Time Event Platform @MIT Auto-ID Lab
500k events/s and millions of threads in-memory or distributed used for automatic meter reading, online billing, mobile billing and Smart Grid
The document discusses various models of parallel and distributed computing including symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), cluster computing, distributed computing, grid computing, and cloud computing. It provides definitions and examples of each model. It also covers parallel processing techniques like vector processing and pipelined processing, and differences between shared memory and distributed memory MIMD (multiple instruction multiple data) architectures.
Large-Scale Optimization Strategies for Typical HPC Workloadsinside-BigData.com
Large-scale optimization strategies for typical HPC workloads include:
1) Building a powerful profiling tool to analyze application performance and identify bottlenecks like inefficient instructions, memory bandwidth, and network utilization.
2) Harnessing state-of-the-art hardware like new CPU architectures, instruction sets, and accelerators to maximize application performance.
3) Leveraging the latest algorithms and computational models that are better suited for large-scale parallelization and new hardware.
Cloud computing is driving increased standardization, automation and centralized management across both public and private IT systems. Improvements in bandwidth are enabling a convergence of separate network types. Changing energy costs, economics and performance characteristics are shifting the roles that different storage solutions play.
From Rack scale computers to Warehouse scale computersRyousei Takano
This document discusses the transition from rack-scale computers to warehouse-scale computers through the disaggregation of technologies. It provides examples of rack-scale architectures like Open Compute Project and Intel Rack Scale Architecture. For warehouse-scale computers, it examines HP's The Machine project using application-specific cores, universal memory, and photonics fabric. It also outlines UC Berkeley's FireBox project utilizing 1 terabit/sec optical fibers, many-core systems-on-chip, and non-volatile memory modules connected via high-radix photonic switches.
Ibm symp14 referentin_barbara koch_power_8 launch bkIBM Switzerland
The document discusses IBM's Power Systems and how they are designed for big data and analytics workloads. Some key points:
- Power8 processors deliver 82x faster insights for business intelligence and analytics workloads compared to x86 servers.
- Power Systems create an open ecosystem for innovation through the OpenPOWER Foundation and enable industry partners to build servers optimized for the Power architecture.
- Power Systems foster open innovation for cloud applications by allowing over 95% of Linux applications written in common languages to run with no code changes.
- Power Systems are optimized for big data and analytics through features like high core counts, large memory and cache sizes, and high bandwidth I/O.
The document discusses smart cabling infrastructure solutions for data centers, focusing on Tyco Electronics' AMP NETCONNECT products which provide complete pre-terminated cabling systems like MRJ21, Σ-Link, and MPO to allow for the highest density, flexibility, and efficiency required in data centers according to industry standards. These solutions such as pre-terminated trunk cables allow for the shortest deployment and change times while ensuring quality, airflow management, and integration with infrastructure management systems.
This document outlines the key concepts and units for the course EC6009 - Advanced Computer Architecture. It covers five main units: (1) fundamentals of computer design, instruction level parallelism, (2) data level parallelism, (3) thread level parallelism, (4) memory and I/O, and (5) performance evaluation. The goals of the course are for students to understand performance of different architectures with respect to various parameters and techniques for improving performance like instruction level parallelism and exploiting data level parallelism.
Fugaku is a Japanese supercomputer utilizing Fujitsu's A64FX CPU. It was designed through an iterative co-design process between application developers and Fujitsu to achieve over 100x performance gain compared to the previous K computer within a 30-40MW power budget. The A64FX CPU utilizes 7nm technology and features 48 Arm-based cores with high bandwidth memory to achieve superior floating point and memory bandwidth performance efficiently. Early evaluations show Fugaku meeting performance and power targets and outperforming x86 processors for real applications.
Performance modeling and simulation for accumulo applicationsAccumulo Summit
Apache Accumulo is known for being a high performance sorted key/value database, but achieving high performance in your application still requires good development practices. Often, developers will extrapolate from small-scale tests to argue that the application will perform well at higher scales. Unfortunately, design and implementation flaws that aren't visible at small scale inevitably show up in production at a much higher cost to fix.
Sqrrl is an application built on Accumulo that leverages log storage, indexing, graphs, and statistics modeling while supporting high throughput ingest and distributed analytic processing. At Sqrrl, we ensure reliable performance using a variety of modeling and simulation techniques. This talk will show examples of insights and performance improvements gained from micro-benchmarking, analog simulation, and predictive model validation.
– Speaker –
Adam Fuchs
CTO, Sqrrl
Adam Fuchs is one of the original developers and architects of Apache Accumulo. He is now the chief technology officer for Sqrrl, leveraging the techniques and design patterns learned from a long career in data processing at the National Security Agency to build a cybersecurity threat hunting platform. Adam got his undergraduate degree in computer science at the University of Washington and attended graduate school at the University of Maryland, College Park. He now lives in Seattle with his wife and two kids, where he enjoys running up mountains in his spare time.
— More Information —
For more information see http://www.accumulosummit.com/