This document summarizes key developments in medieval music between 1000-1400 CE. It discusses early polyphony with organum, the innovations of the Notre Dame school under Leonin and Perotin, including the use of more independent melodic lines. It also describes secular musician groups like minstrels, troubadours, and minnesingers. The development of the Ars Nova in the 14th century allowed more complex rhythms. Guillaume de Machaut was the most important composer of the time, known for secular songs and the first polyphonic mass. His works demonstrate medieval concepts like palindromes and isorhythm.
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3. Guido d’Arezzo(995-1050)
• First “music theorist”
• Made fixed pitch relationships
possible
• Solfege syllables for scale
patterns
– do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do
– Patricia Gray Website
– http://www.patriciagray.net/Mu
sichtmls/Flash/guido.html
4.
5. The Development of Polyphony
• The first harmony was
organum: singers sang
same melody, but at
different intervals
6. The Development of Polyphony:
Organum
• Polyphony
– Combination of two melodic lines
– Appeared sometime between 700 & 900
– 11th
century notation indicates other pitches
added to melody
• Take line of chant, add additional parallel line a
fourth or fifth below
7. The Development of Polyphony
• Second line eventually became
more independent around 1100,
when chant and added melody
were no longer restricted to note
against note style
• Development of music related to
development of musical notation
system
• Neumes-signs written above
words to indicate direction of
pitch movements
8. The School of Notre Dame
• Leonin(1169-1201)
– Composer at Notre Dame
– Began to give chant longer note values, composed more active
line above
Perotin(1198-1236)
Followed same practice, added 3rd
& 4th
line
First known composer to write
music with more than 2 voices
10. The School of Notre Dame
• Name given to these composers & their followers
• Made use of measured rhythm, with definite time
values & defined meter
• First time in history-notation indicated precise
rhythm as well as pitch
• Sounds hollow because of accepted intervals
– 8ve, 4th
, 5th
- consonant, 3rd
dissonant but found
in secular music
11. Alleluia vidimus stellam(We Have Seen His
Star)
• Based on Gregorian alleluia melody, referred to as a cantus
firmus(fixed melody)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJjQioFfmjQ
12. Middle Ages: Secular Musicians of
the Period
• Minstrels: professional poet-musicians who
traveled the countryside
– Their music was the “news” of the day: gossip, recent
events, legends.
– They were the original “vaudeville” performers.
– They performed a variety of acts: juggling, magic,
acrobatics.
– They were itinerant and didn’t write their songs down.
– They were outcasts in society.
13. Middle Ages: Secular Musicians of
the Period
• Troubadours: about the 12th century,
these knights of the Provence of Southern
France performed songs about love, the
beauty of women, honor, and the
Crusades.
• Trouvères: about the 12th and 13th
centuries, noblemen from the courts of
Northern France composed songs related
to love and chivalry in their own French
dialect.
14. Middle Ages: Secular Musicians of
the Period
• Minnesingers: German knights who composed and sang
their own songs about the approach of dawn (“watchers’”
songs), and the beauty of nature and of women
• Meistersingers: c. 14th
-16th centuries, middle class
performers who built on tradition of Minnesingers
– Formed guilds (the first musical unions)
– Developed rules for songwriting
– Tested composers for knowledge of rules before
admitting them to the guild
17. 14th
Century Music: The Ars Nova (New Art) in
France
• Ars nova
– 1322 Treastise by Philippe de Vitry
including acceptance of division of
beat
– Literary works became more about
sensuality than virtue
– Secular music more important than
sacred
• New system of music notation evolved
– Composers could specify any rhythm
pattern
– Beats divided into 2s as well as 3s
– Syncopation appears
– Polyphony not based on chant,
drinking songs, etc.
18. Guillaume de Machaut(1304-1377)
• Single most important
figure in French Ars Nova
• Priest-studied theology &
took holy orders
• Served as court musician
for royal families; King of
Bohemia, royal family of
France
• Important church official in
Reims
20. Guillaume de Machaut
• Most important works
– Secular songs
– Inspired by relationship
with Peronne
d’Armentieres which
ended in disappointment
– Decline of church reflects
works-mainly love songs
for one or two voices &
instrumental
accompaniment
21. Puis qu’en obli
(Since I am forgotten by you)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=0yi2MMtIimY&index=7&list=PLD2FA7A1A4
352F58A
Je puis trop bien ma dame comparer
(I Can All Too Well Compare My Lady)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=NeHilF0RsOM
22. Notre Dame Mass-Agnus Dei (Mid-14th
Century)
• First polyphonic treatment
of mass ordinary by known
composer
• Written for four voices
• Some parts probably
performed and/or doubled
on instruments
• Performance practice of
piece unknown
• When & why mass was
written unknown
24. Ma fin est mon commencement
(My end is my beginning)
• Chanson
• French love poem (rondeau)
• Palindromes
• Balance & Symmetry
• AB form
– ABaAabAB
26. Ma fin est mon commencement
(My end is my beginning)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=dcfPr4IN2MM&index=23&list=PLxgWBmUi9
H8Icnj3ta-855SwJZK2HaO4G
■ The most solemn ritual of the Catholic Church is the Mass, a daily service with two categories of prayers:
the Ordinary (texts that remain the same for every Mass) and the Proper (texts that vary according to
the day).
■ Renaissance composers set texts from the Ordinaryof the Mass (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei) for their polyphonic Masses.
■ Reformers such as Luther and Calvin believed thatmonophonic congregational singing in the vernacularshould define Christian worship, while the Catholic
establishment preferred trained singers and polyphony.
■ Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina’s Pope Marcellus Mass met the Council of Trent’s demands for a cappella singing with clearly declaimed text.