Chapter 14 ppt
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This document discusses emerging infectious diseases and covers several topics: - Factors that influence the emergence of infectious diseases include genetic, environmental, ecological, and socioeconomic factors. - Recent emerging diseases mentioned include SARS, avian influenza, H1N1 influenza, and E. coli O157:H7. - Prevention of emerging diseases requires recognition of symptoms, good hygiene like handwashing, vaccination, and public education on limiting disease transmission. - Specific diseases like tuberculosis, West Nile virus, and Lyme disease are also summarized briefly, covering epidemiology, symptoms, and prevention methods.
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Chapter 14 Risk of Infectious and Communicable Diseases
Chapter 14: Risk of Infectious and Communicable Diseases
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Chapter Highlights
Infectious versus communicable disease
Outbreak investigation: person, place, time
Healthcare‐associated infections
Public health surveillance
Foodborne and waterborne illnesses
Sexually transmitted diseases
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Question #1
Is the following statement true or false?
A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease.
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Answer to Question #1
True
Rationale: A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease.
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Infectious Disease
Presence and replication of an infectious agent in the tissues of a host, with manifestation of signs and symptoms
Pathogenicity—ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Communicable Disease
For a disease to be communicable, or contagious, there must be a portal of exit from the infected person (or animal), a means of transmission, and a portal of entry to a susceptible host.
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection #1
Agent
Host
Portals of entry and exit
Incubation period
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection #2
Environment: Reservoir
Transmission
Airborne
Direct
Indirect
Droplet
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Carrier
A person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Colonization
The presence and multiplication of infectious organisms without invading or causing damage to tissue
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved ...
Ppt chapter 42
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Ppt chapter 41
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Ppt chapter 40
This document discusses antibiotics that affect protein synthesis, including aminoglycosides and their prototype drug gentamicin. Gentamicin is effective against many gram-negative bacteria and enters bacterial cells to bind the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis. Its use requires monitoring due to potential adverse effects like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Nursing care involves educating patients about signs of side effects and ensuring proper administration to maximize benefit while minimizing harm.
The Reality of Antivaxx Efforts
It seems that there are 3 methods to relaying information. The appeal to logic, where the speaker relies upon the hearers ability to think scientifically; the appeal to reason, wherein the speaker relies upon the hearers ability, if not to think scientifically, at least to understand a reasoned argument (A-B-C). Finally, one that is expressed farm or often today in our culture is the appeal to emotion. Often the appeal to emotion skirts facts and avoid reality, instead playing upon the vulnerability of uneducated people by creating a worst-case scenario. For my capstone project in my Public health Marketing course I decided to mix science and emotionality.
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This document discusses antiviral agents, including interferons, which are proteins that help the immune system fight viruses. It describes several viruses that can be treated with antiviral drugs, such as influenza, herpes, cytomegalovirus, HIV, and some that cause warts. The stages of viral replication are outlined, along with how antiviral drugs work to interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis, replication, or ability to bind to cells. Specific antiviral medications for different viruses are provided, along with their mechanisms of action, administration, and side effects. The document concludes with nursing considerations for antiviral therapy.
Chapter 15 Emerging Infectious DiseasesCopyright © 20
Chapter 15: Emerging
Infectious Diseases
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Chapter Highlights
Emerging versus reemerging infectious diseases
Factors that influence the emergence/reemergence of infectious diseases
Recent emerging/reemerging infectious diseases
Prevention and control of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases
Reemergence of vaccine‐preventable diseases
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Question #1
Is the following statement true or false?
Factors that influence the emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases are multiple, complex, and interrelated.
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Answer to Question #1
True
Rationale: Factors that influence the emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases are multiple, complex, and interrelated.
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Emerging Infectious Disease
A newly identified clinically distinct infectious disease or the reappearance (or reemergence) of a known infectious disease after its decline with an incidence that is increasing in a certain geographic area or in a specific population
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Factors That Influence Emerging Infectious Diseases
Microbial adaptation and change
Human susceptibility to infection
Climate, changing ecosystems, and human behavior
Travel, technology, and industry
Lack of political will and breakdown of public health infrastructure
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Question #2
Is the following statement true or false?
Epidemics and pandemics can place long‐term demands on healthcare systems.
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Answer to Question #2
False
Rationale: Epidemics and pandemics can place sudden and intense demands on healthcare systems.
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Recent Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases #1
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
MERS‐CoV
Avian influenza
H1N1 Influenza
Novel Avian influenza A
West Nile virus
Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved
Recent Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases #2
Lyme disease
E. Coli 0157:H7
Tuberculosis ...
Ppt chapter 35
This document summarizes information about drugs that affect the lower respiratory system. It discusses the physiology of the lower respiratory tract, conditions like acute bronchitis and asthma, and drugs used to treat these conditions. Key drugs discussed include acetylcysteine (Mucomyst), a mucolytic used to thin mucus; albuterol, a bronchodilator used for acute exacerbations of chronic airway limitation and asthma; and ipratropium bromide (Atrovent), an inhaled anticholinergic first-line treatment for chronic airway limitation. Nursing considerations are provided for the administration and monitoring of these medications.
CP-Recurrent infections 2022 students without MCQ.ppt
Learning Objectives
Define the recurrent infections and differentiate the patient with a primary immunodeficiency (PID) from the "normal person“.
Recognize infectious signs and symptoms, and opportunistic infections of primary immunodeficiency that warrant screening and referral to a specialist.
Understand noninfectious signs and symptoms that should raise concern for primary immunodeficiency.
Determine appropriate testing for patients for whom immunodeficiency is suspected.
Discuss the management of patients with primary immunodeficiency.
Appreciate secondary causes of immunodeficiency
Hivaids and world today By Dr Anjum Hashmi MPH
The document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including its causes, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. Some key points:
- HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and causes AIDS. It can be transmitted through bodily fluids including blood, semen and breastmilk.
- Symptoms vary depending on the stage of infection, from flu-like symptoms during acute infection to opportunistic infections and cancers with late-stage AIDS.
- Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent transmission. Combination drug therapy can control the virus and prolong healthy life.
- Prevention methods include safe sex practices, needle exchange for drug users, treatment of infected mothers and newborns,
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Vaccines are tested for safety and effectiveness before being approved and continue to be monitored. They prevent dangerous diseases and have reduced vaccine-preventable disease rates. While vaccines carry some risk, these risks are small and far outweighed by their benefits in preventing illness, disability, and death. Common concerns about vaccine safety have been disproven by numerous studies and scientific reviews. Maintaining high community immunization rates protects individuals who cannot receive vaccines due to age or immune status.
Similar to Chapter 14 ppt (20)
Chapter 14 Risk of Infectious and Communicable Diseases
Chapter 14 Risk of Infectious and Communicable Diseases
Important To Follow Guidance Coronavirus - Daniel Mark Wilkerson
Important To Follow Guidance Coronavirus - Daniel Mark Wilkerson
Chapter 15 Emerging Infectious DiseasesCopyright © 20
Chapter 15 Emerging Infectious DiseasesCopyright © 20
CP-Recurrent infections 2022 students without MCQ.ppt
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- 1. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 14: Emerging Infectious Diseases
- 2. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter Highlights • Emerging versus reemerging infectious diseases • Factors that influence the emergence/reemergence of infectious diseases • Recent emerging/reemerging infectious diseases • Prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases
- 3. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement True or False? Factors that influence the emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases are multiple, complex, and interrelated.
- 4. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True Rationale: Factors that influence the emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases are multiple, complex, and interrelated.
- 5. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Emerging Infectious Disease • A newly identified clinically distinct infectious disease, or the reappearance (or reemergence) of a known infectious disease after its decline with an incidence that is increasing in a certain geographic area or in a specific population.
- 6. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors That Influence Emerging Infectious Diseases • Convergence model—model illustrating the interaction of 13 factors that contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases • There are following four types of interrelated and overlapping microbe–human interactions, which can lead to emerging/reemerging infectious diseases: – Genetic and biological – Physical/environmental – Ecological – Social, political, and economic
- 7. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement True or False? Antigenic shift is the slow and progressive genetic changes that take place in DNA and RNA as organisms replicate in multiple hosts, cause changes in influenza viruses each year.
- 8. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False Rationale: Antigenic drift, the slow and progressive genetic changes that take place in DNA and RNA as organisms replicate in multiple hosts, causes changes in influenza viruses each year. Antigenic shift occurs when there is a sudden change in the DNA and RNA resulting in a new strain of the microorganism and people have little or no acquired immunity.
- 9. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Microbial Adaptation • Process by which organisms adjust and change to their environment
- 10. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Microbial Adaptation and Change • Antigenic drift, the slow and progressive genetic changes that take place in DNA and RNA as organisms replicate in multiple hosts, causes changes in influenza viruses each year. • Antigenic shift occurs when there is a sudden change in the DNA and RNA resulting in a new strain of the microorganism and people have little or no acquired immunity.
- 11. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement True or False? Epidemics and pandemics can place long-term demands on health care systems.
- 12. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False Rationale: Epidemics and pandemics can place sudden and intense demands on health care systems.
- 13. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Microbial Adaptation Stages • Epidemic • Infection becomes endemic or continuously present in a geographic area or population of people. • Symbiosis
- 14. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Epidemiologic Triad • A change in the behavior of humans—the host • A change in the behavior of the microbes—the agent • A change in the environment
- 15. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Human Susceptibility to Infection • Herd immunity—type of immunity in which a large proportion of people in a population are not susceptible to a communicable disease and the few people who are susceptible will not be likely to be exposed and contract the illness
- 16. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Microbial Adaptation and Change • Climate, changing ecosystems, and human behavior – Ecosystems are groups of interacting living things that depend on each other for survival. • Travel, technology, and industry • Lack of political will and breakdown of public health infrastructures
- 17. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Is the following statement True or False? Certain zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans through contact with zoo animals.
- 18. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False Rationale: Certain zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans through contact with animals and birds.
- 19. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Recent Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases • Severe acute respiratory syndrome – Infection control for the prevention SARS-CoV transmission • Avian influenza – Infection Control for the prevention avian influenza transmission • H1N1influenza (swine flu) pandemic • Escherichia coli O157:H7
- 20. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Personal Steps to Reduce Spread of Infection • Recognize symptoms of the flu and see a health care provider immediately if you have any of the following: – A temperature of greater than 100°F – A cough – A sore throat – An underlying condition that increases risk • Cover your cough or sneeze • Wash hands often and keep hands away from your face • Stay home and do not travel if you are ill • Be prepared for increased illness in your schools and community
- 21. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins West Nile Virus Community and public health nurses should educate the public about how to prevent WNV infection: – Use Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved repellents on skin and clothing for protection from mosquito-borne diseases. – When weather permits, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants outdoors. – Place mosquito netting over infant carriers when outdoors with infants. – Consider staying indoors at dawn, dusk, and early evening, which are peak mosquito biting times. – Install or repair window and door screens so that mosquitoes cannot come indoors
- 22. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Lyme Disease • Epidemiology • Signs and symptoms • Prevention
- 23. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tuberculosis • Epidemiology • Geographic distribution • Signs and symptoms • Latent tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection • Prevention and control of tuberculosis – Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection
- 24. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directly Observed Therapy • Health care professionals observe clients to ensure that they ingest each dose of anti-TB medication, to maximize the likelihood of completion of therapy.
- 25. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Diagnostic and Public Health Evaluation of Tuberculosis Contacts • QuantiFERON-TB Gold test • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis