Chapter 13The Crisis over Slavery, 1848–1860Copyright © .docx

Chapter 13
The Crisis over Slavery, 1848–1860
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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CREATED EQUAL A History of the United States
Combined Volume | Fifth Edition
1
Mining for Gold Near
Sacramento, California
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Chinese and European American miners pan for gold in the
Auburn Ravine in California in 1852. Within a few years,
individual miners would be replaced by machines that extracted
the precious metal from rivers and mountains. Although this
photo suggests a rough equality among the men and the work
they were doing, the Chinese miners were subject to a
discriminatory Foreign Miners Tax.
Courtesy of the California History room, California State
Library, Sacramento, California
Journal Prompt 13.1
How are the cultural differences between Chinese and European

miners inscribed in their clothing and on their persons?
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Answer: The Chinese laborers are wearing traditional, loose-
fitting buttonless tunics. They wear no hats. Their foreheads are
shaved, they have no beards, and each wears his hair in a long
braid in the back. In contrast, the European Americans wear
buttoned shirts with collars, and all have hats. Two of the three
men have beards, and none of them is close-shaved.
3
Focus Questions (1 of 2)
13.1 Regional Economies and Conflicts
To what extent, and in what ways, were U.S. regional
economies interdependent by 1860? Were certain regions, or
groups of people, outside the emerging national economy?
13.2 Individualism versus Group Identity
In what ways did the American ideal of individualism clash with
group stereotypes and prejudices enshrined in 1850s law and
customs?
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13.3 The Paradox of Southern Political Power
How could white Southerners dominate all three branches of the
national government and still perceive themselves on the

defensive, under siege?
13.4 The Deepening Conflict Over Slavery
During the 1850s, what specific events and developments
pushed the nation toward armed conflict?
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13.1 Regional Economies and Conflicts (1 of 2)
Native American Economies Transformed
Land Conflicts in the Southwest
Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest
Regional Economies of the South
A Free-Labor Ideology in the North
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Focus Question:
To what extent, and in what ways, were U.S. regional
economies interdependent by 1860? Were certain regions, or
groups of people, outside the emerging national economy?
6
13.1 Regional Economies and Conflicts (2 of 2)
Changes occurred in regional economies,
and a national economy emerged
Railroads, factory system, efficient farm equipment
Migration into Midwest sped up, and
slavery shaped life in the South
Native Americans experienced changes
Americans continued to debate slavery

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Lecture Outline:
Changes occurred in regional economies, and a national
economy emerged
Railroads, factory system, efficient farm equipment
Migration into Midwest sped up, and
slavery shaped life in the South
Native Americans experienced changes
Americans continued to debate slavery
Key Terms:
Compromise of 1850: Congressional legislation that provided
that California would enter the Union as a free state that year
and that New Mexico and Utah would eventually submit the
slavery question to their voters. As part of this compromise, the
federal government abolished the slave trade in Washington,
D.C.
7
13.1.1 Native American Economies Transformed
Cherokees: rebuilding after forced removal
1850s: Established capital at Talequah
Treaties with Plains Indians
Fort Laramie Treaty and Treaty of Fort Atkinson
Plains Indians became overwhelmed by
technology, weaponry, and new settlers
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Lecture Outline:

Cherokees: rebuilding after forced removal
1850s: Established capital at Talequah
Public schools, newspaper, print culture in their own language
Treaties with Plains Indians
Fort Laramie Treaty and Treaty of Fort Atkinson
Government could build roads and establish forts along western
trails
Indians would be compensated with food for the loss of hunting
rights in the region
Later disregarded by whites
Plains Indians became overwhelmed by technology, weaponry,
and new settlers
8
13.1.2 Land Conflicts in the Southwest
Gadsden Purchase
55,000 acres south of Gila River
Texas conflicts
European Americans battled Tejanos for political and economic
control
1859: Cortina’s War
Juan Cortina (Tejanos) vs. Robert E. Lee (United States)
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Lecture Outline:
Gadsden Purchase
55,000 acres south of Gila River
Texas conflicts
European Americans battled Tejanos for political and economic
control
White migrants brought slaves to the region
German immigrants arrived
Commercial farming, cattle industry, railroads arrive

Tejanos had cultural influence
Cuisine
Music and architecture
1859: Cortina’s War
Juan Cortina (Tejanos) vs. Robert E. Lee (United States)
Courts disregarded titles held by Californios and Tejanos
Attacks on European Americans
Key Terms:
Gadsden Purchase: A total of 30,000 square miles of land
(located in present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New
Mexico) purchased by the United States from Mexico in 1853.
9
Map 13.1: Territorial Expansion in the Nineteenth Century
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As a result of the Mexican War (1846–1848), the United States
won the territory west of Texas by conquest. In 1853, James
Gadsden, U.S. ambassador to Mexico, received congressional
approval to pay Mexico $15 million for 30,000 square miles in
present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico. That year
marked the end of U.S. continental expansion.
13.1.3 Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest (1 of 2)
Yankee Strip: northern Midwest
Northeasterners and European immigrants
Cultural conflict
Northern parts of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin,
and Minnesota
Lower Midwest
Southern parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois

Held cultural ties to the South
Maintained support for slavery
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Lecture Outline:
Yankee Strip: northern Midwest
Settled by Northeasterners
Established public schools
Congregational churches
European immigrants
Germans, Belgians, Swiss in Wisconsin
Scandinavians in Minnesota
Cultural conflict
Control over public schools
Northern parts of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin,
and Minnesota
Lower Midwest
Southern parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois
Held cultural ties to the South
Maintained support for slavery
Legal system had anti-black bias
Blacks could not vote, make contracts with whites, or testify in
trials involving whites
Black migrants could not enter the state
11
13.1.3 Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest (2 of 2)
Rural Midwest
Traditional agricultural lifestyle
Family farming had become dependent on expensive machinery
Was becoming the breadbasket of the world

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Lecture Outline:
Rural Midwest
Traditional agricultural lifestyle
Family farming had become dependent on expensive machinery
Deere’s plow and McCormick’s mechanical reaper
Was becoming the breadbasket of the world
12
13.1.4 Regional Economies
of the South (1 of 2)
Black Belt
West from South Carolina
Focus on cotton
Economic extremes among whites
Small percentage were extremely wealthy
Many nonslaveholding whites were tenants
Majority were yeoman farmers
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Lecture Outline:
Black Belt
West from South Carolina
Focus on cotton
Moved slaves from nonagricultural positions to the fields
Slave artisans, mill operators, sawmill laborers
White laborers took their places in mills and workshops
Economic extremes among whites
Small percentage were extremely wealthy
Many nonslaveholding whites were tenants

Majority were yeoman farmers
Average of 50 acres
Produced what they consumed
Occasional help of hired hand
Little affected by cotton culture
Neighborhood networks of exchange
13
13.1.4 Regional Economies
of the South (2 of 2)
Slavery discouraged immigrants from moving to the rural South
Southern blacks in the cities
Highly skilled could hire themselves out
Free people of color
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Lecture Outline:
Slavery discouraged immigrants from moving to the rural South
Slaves undercut immigrants’ labor
Farmers could not compete with plantation owners
Southern blacks in the cities
Highly skilled could hire themselves out
Relative freedom
Not free, but not fully slave
Own communities
Churches and clandestine schools
14
13.1.5 A Free-Labor Ideology
in the North (1 of 2)
Free-labor ideology

Glorified family farmer
Increasingly, Northerners earning wages
Settlers migrating to towns, mill villages, or the West
Farming replaced by mills, water-powered factories
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Lecture Outline:
Free-labor ideology
Glorified family farmer
Increasingly, Northerners earning wages
Settlers migrating to towns, mill villages, or the West
Competition from the Midwestern farmers
Unfavorable growing conditions
Farming replaced by mills, water-powered factories
15
13.1.5 A Free-Labor Ideology
in the North (2 of 2)
Unpaid labor
Still some slaves
Form of apprenticeship
Women and children
White working class thought they were
“wage slaves”
Did not receive fair wages
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Lecture Outline:
Unpaid labor
Still some slaves

1846: New Jersey ended slavery
Form of apprenticeship
Black children taken from families and forced to work
Women and children
All work in the home was without compensation
White working class thought they were “wage slaves”
Did not receive fair wages
16
Maine Textile Workers
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Maine textile workers, with their shuttles, pose for a formal
portrait around 1860. Some early New England textile mills,
such as those in Lowell, Massachusetts, hired young unmarried
white women exclusively, most from the surrounding rural
areas. Although women factory workers developed a collective
identity distinct from that of middle-class wives, most young,
native-born women eventually married and withdrew from the
paid labor force.
American Textile History Museum, Lowell, MA
Journal Prompt 13.2
Why would an employer seek to hire workers of a similar
cultural background in terms of religion, age, marital status, and
racial identity?
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Answer: Employers may have sought workers of similar

backgrounds for a number of reasons. Some may have felt that
certain groups made the best workers for a particular business.
Others might have been attracted to the low wages commanded
by particular groups of workers, such as women and children.
Still others might have hired a homogenous workforce in an
effort to avoid conflict between different groups of employees.
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13.2 Individualism versus
Group Identity (1 of 2)
Putting into Practice Ideas of Social Inferiority
“A Teeming Nation”—America in Literature
Challenges to Individualism
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Focus Question:
In what ways did the American ideal of individualism clash with
group stereotypes and prejudices enshrined in 1850s law and
customs?
19
13.2 Individualism Versus
Group Identity (2 of 2)
Discriminatory ideas and practices gain traction
Defined by nationality, language, religion, and skin color
American individualism
Universal qualities of Americans
United States a collection of individuals
Support in group identity

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Lecture Outline:
Discriminatory ideas and practices gain traction
Defined by nationality, language, religion, and skin color
Limited in legal status
Limited in jobs that could be obtained
Degrading images part of popular culture
Songs
Pictures in literature
American individualism
Universal qualities of Americans
United States a collection of individuals
Support in group identity
Sioux Indians
Resisted selling land to individuals
African Americans and white women
Struggled for full citizenship rights
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On the Mississippi
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Just as American writers explored questions of national identity,
American artists portrayed everyday scenes related to the
vitality of American enterprise and democracy. This painting,
Raftsmen Playing Cards (1847), was one from George Caleb
Bingham’s series of pictures of Missouri river men. A
contemporary observer speculated that the youth on the right is
“a mean and cunning scamp, probably the black sheep of a good
family, and a sort of vagabond idler.” Large rivers such as the
Missouri and Mississippi remained powerful symbols of

freedom in the American imagination.
Raftsmen Playing Cards, 1847 (oil on canvas). Bingham,
George Caleb (1811–79)/Saint Louis Art Missouri, Missouri,
USA/Bequest of Ezra H. Linley by exchange/Bridgeman Images
Journal Prompt 13.3
What do the jug on the left, the pair of shoes on the right, and
the card players in the middle, in George Caleb Bingham’s
painting shown above, suggest about the nature of work that
raftsmen do?
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Answer: Bingham’s painting emphasizes the leisurely pace of
life on a raft. Called on only intermittently to work, the
raftsmen enjoy the traditional male pastimes of drinking and
card playing. Shoes off and pants rolled up, they are more
prepared to dip their legs in the river water than to do hard
work.
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13.2.1 Putting into Practice Ideas of Social Inferiority
Groups blocked from citizenship rights
African Americans, Hispanos, immigrants
Whites based discrimination on inferiority
Groups fell into patterns of work
Chinese as laundrymen
Mexicans as vaqueros
Similarity in European American prejudices
Immoral, sneaky, dirty, low IQs

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Lecture Outline:
Groups blocked from citizenship rights
African Americans, Hispanos, immigrants
Whites based discrimination on inferiority
California: concept of “white blood”
Groups fell into patterns of work
Chinese as laundrymen
Mexicans as vaqueros
Similarity in European American prejudices
Immoral, sneaky, dirty, low IQs
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13.2.2 “A Teeming Nation”—
America in Literature
Northeast writers
Emerson, Thoreau, Melville, Whitman
Critique of American materialism
Busy-ness of American culture
Walt Whitman
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Lecture Outline:
Northeast writers
Emerson, Thoreau, Melville, Whitman
Connection between external world of nature and inner spirit
Critique of American materialism
Busy-ness of American culture
Walt Whitman
Leaves of Grass in 1855: restlessness of people on the move
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13.2.3 Challenges to Individualism
Many not able to realize individual potential
Native Americans
African Americans
Northern middle-class women
Women’s rights movement
Working women
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Lecture Outline:
Many not able to realize individual potential
Native Americans
Sought collective response to threats: cattle ranchers and U.S.
cavalry
Performed ceremonies to celebrate kinship above individual
African Americans
Community similar to extended family
Formed mutual-aid societies
Took in boarders
Northern middle-class women
The self-sacrificing woman
Family obligations and emotional relationships
Take pride in raising virtuous citizens and caring for husband
Women’s rights movement
Seneca Falls Convention in upstate New York
Derived inspiration from abolitionist movement
Protested white men’s attempt to exclude women
Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
Linked treatment of women and treatment of slaves
Supported by African American leaders such as Frederick
Douglass and Sojourner Truth
“Declaration of Sentiments” modeled after Declaration of
Independence

Working women
Could not spend time caring for home or working for more
rights
Had to work to live
25
Sojourner Truth
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Isabella Baumfree was born into slavery in New York State in
1797. Thirty years later, she escaped from bondage and became
a preacher. In 1843, she changed her name to Sojourner Truth.
A powerful orator, she spoke on behalf of abolition and urged
white women’s rights activists to embrace the cause of enslaved
women. Truth sold small cards, called cartes de visite, to
support herself. On this card, a portrait taken in 1864, she notes
that she must sell her image (“the Shadow”) to make a living.
Some activists during this period argued that white women and
all enslaved men and women suffered some similar kinds of
prejudices and legal liabilities. At the 1848 Seneca Falls
Convention, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, the delegates declared, “All men and women are
created equal.”
Bettman/Corbis
Journal Prompt 13.4
How might Sojourner Truth have perceived the “equality” of all
women with each other?

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Answer: While Sojourner Truth would have agreed with the
principle of the equality of all women, she certainly was aware
that such equality did not exist in practice. Black women did
not enjoy the same rights as white women. Nor did poor women
enjoy the same rights as their wealthier counterparts. Truth
would have experienced such inequalities firsthand within the
early women’s rights movement.
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Interpreting History: Professor George Howe:
On the Subordination of Women (1850) (1 of 2)
Does Professor Howe believe that women are naturally inferior
to men? Why or why not?
Why would Howe argue against citizenship rights for women,
including the right to vote and serve on juries?
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Interpreting History: Professor George Howe:
On the Subordination of Women (1850) (2 of 2)
What were the tensions implicit in white women’s status,
considering that they were neither full citizens like their
husbands nor slaves like the workers who toiled on their behalf?
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13.3 The Paradox of
Southern Political Power (1 of 2)
The Party System in Disarray

The Compromise of 1850
The Violent Politics of Expansionism
The Republican Alliance
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Focus Question:
How could white Southerners dominate all three branches of the
national government and still perceive themselves on the
defensive, under siege?
30
13.3 The Paradox of
Southern Political Power (2 of 2)
Slavery proponents wanted expansion
Cotton fields in South were being exhausted
Political power in Congress
United States pulled in two directions
North – growing economic opportunities
South – slaveholders preserve staple crop economy
Southern fears of abolitionism
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Lecture Outline:
Slavery proponents wanted expansion
Cotton fields in South were being exhaused
Political power in Congress
The “three-fifths clause” gave unequal representation to the
South in Congress
Jackson’s American party system fades
Republicans came to the fore

Democratic idealism and economic self-interest of Northerners
United States pulled in two directions
North – growing economic opportunities
South – slaveholders preserve staple crop economy
Southern fears of abolitionism
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13.3.1 The Party System in Disarray
Two-party system cracks: 1848 Election
Free-Soilers – Martin Van Buren
Democrats – General Lewis Cass
Whigs – General Zachary Taylor
Slave owners’ political power
Controlled presidency, Supreme Court, and House of
Representatives
New states could tip Senate
Abolitionists
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Lecture Outline:
Two-party system cracks: 1848 Election
Free-Soilers – Martin Van Buren
No slavery in the territories and pro-Wilmot Proviso
Attracted Whigs
Federal aid for internal improvements
Free homesteads for settlers
Protective tariffs for manufacturers
Democrats – General Lewis Cass
Father of popular sovereignty
New states decide if they want to permit slavery or not
Whigs – General Zachary Taylor

Louisiana slaveholder
Mexican War veteran
Won, but died after a year and a half
Replaced by vice president Millard Fillmore
Slave owners’ political power
Controlled presidency, Supreme Court, and House of
Representatives
New states could tip Senate
California – 16 free states vs. 15 slave states if admitted
Other future states
Utah and New Mexico set to ban slavery once admitted
Abolitionists
Calling for immediate emancipation
Black men and women working with abolitionists
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad
Key Terms:
popular sovereignty: The idea that residents of a state should be
able to make decisions on crucial issues, such as whether or not
to legalize slavery.
emancipation: National or state-sponsored program to free
slaves.
Underground Railroad: A secret network of abolitionists
developed during the antebellum period to help slaves escape
and find refuge, many in the North or in Canada.
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Table 13.1: The Election of 1848CandidatePolitical
PartyPopular Vote (%)Electoral VoteZachary
TaylorWhig47.4163Lewis CassDemocratic42.5127Martin Van
BurenFree-Soil10.1—
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SOURCE: Historical Election Results, Electoral College,
National Archives and Records Administration
33
13.3.2 The Compromise of 1850
Designed by Stephen Douglas
California admitted as free state
New Mexico and Utah: popular sovereignty
D.C. abolished slavery
Build up Fugitive Slave Law
Some leaders upset
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
Reality of slavery
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Lecture Outline:
Designed by Stephen Douglas
California admitted as free state
New Mexico and Utah: popular sovereignty
D.C. abolished slavery
Build up Fugitive Slave Law
Some leaders upset
William H. Seward
Compromise would solidify the institution of slavery
Formed offshoot of Whig Party: Conscience Whigs
Whig party split in 1852 election foreshadowed emergence of
regional political parties over national political parties
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
Reality of slavery
Required local and federal law to retrieve runaway slaves
Blacks denied a trial or the right to testify on their own behalf
Fugitive slave commissioners earned $10 for each slave
returned

Ordinary citizens must aid in capture
Key Terms:
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850: Congressional legislation that
required local and federal law enforcement agents to retrieve
runaways no matter where they sought refuge in the United
States.
34
PartyPopular Vote (%)Electoral VoteFranklin
PierceDemocratic50.9254Winfield ScottWhig44.1 42John P.
HaleFree-Soil5.0—
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35
13.3.3 The Violent Politics of Expansionism (1 of 2)
Southerners wanted to expand
Find new land for cotton cultivation
Bolster political power of slave owners
Expansion attempts in Cuba
Polk’s offer in 1848 was rebuffed
1854: Ostend Manifesto
William Walker set up regime in Nicaragua
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Lecture Outline:

Southerners wanted to expand
Find new land for cotton cultivation
Bolster political power of slave owners
Expansion attempts in Cuba
Polk’s offer in 1848 was rebuffed
1854: Ostend Manifesto
If Spain would not negotiate, United States justified in seizing
Cuba because of Monroe Doctrine
Abolitionists saw as a plot to gain more power
William Walker set up regime in Nicaragua
Declared himself president and won U.S. recognition
Driven out a year later
Set stage for anti-American movement that would reappear in
the twentieth century
36
13.3.3 The Violent Politics of Expansionism (2 of 2)
1853: Commodore Perry traveled to Japan
Opened Japan to trade with United States
Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854)
Senator Douglas developed compromise
Effects
Whigs moved to Know-Nothing party
Condemn growing political power of immigrants
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Lecture Outline:
1853: Commodore Perry traveled to Japan
Opened Japan to trade with United States
Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854)
Senator Douglas developed compromise
Territory split into two territories
Gave choice of slavery to voters

Part of Missouri Compromise of 1820 had to be repealed
Effects
Slave Power Conspiracy
Free-Soilers believed slaveholders would not stop until whole
country allowed slavery
Plains Indians
Deprived them of one-half of land they had been granted by
treaty
Whigs moved to Know-Nothing party
Condemn growing political power of immigrants
Gained support of urban, native-born workers and Protestant
farmers
37
13.3.4 The Republican Alliance
Republican party forms
Formed by disaffected Whigs
Core belief
Alliances
Not all unified
Abraham Lincoln becomes leader in party
Believed in advancement through labor
Election of 1856
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Lecture Outline:
Republican party forms
Formed by disaffected Whigs
Core belief
Slavery must not be allowed to spread into western territories
Alliances
Northern Democrats
Fear that slaveholding Democrats would control Democratic

Party
Upset over Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Liberty and Free-Soil Parties
Antislavery
Free soil is for free labor
Not all unified
Some Northerners could tolerate slavery if it stayed in the South
Midwesterners wanted to end black migration to area
Abraham Lincoln becomes leader in party
Believed in advancement through labor
Hard work leads to better condition
Should not shift work onto slaves – unfair
Election of 1856
Wrapped in slavery controversy
Democrats: sectional compromise
James Buchanan
Proslavery Northerner
Supported sectional compromise on slavery issue
Republicans
John C. Frémont of California
Opposition to slavery as platform
Supported transcontinental rRailroad, and other federally
sponsored internal improvements
Know-Nothing (American)
Anti-immigration platform
President Millard Fillmore
Key Terms:
Republican party: Founded in 1854, this political party began as
a coalition of Northerners who opposed the extension of slavery
into the western territories.
38
Map 13.2: The Kansas–Nebraska Act, 1854

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Stephen A. Douglas, senator from Illinois, proposed the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. Douglas hoped to ensure that
any transcontinental railroad route would run through Illinois
and benefit his constituents. To secure southern support for the
measure, proponents of the bill repealed part of the Missouri
Compromise of 1820. As a result of the act, settlers displaced
many Plains Indians from their lands. In the mid-1850s, the
territory of Kansas became engulfed in an internal civil war that
pitted supporters of slavery against abolitionists.
PartyPopular Vote (%)Electoral VoteJames
BuchananDemocratic45.3174John C.
FrémontRepublican33.1114Millard FillmoreAmerican21.6 8
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13.4 The Deepening Conflict
over Slavery (1 of 2)
The Rising Tide of Violence
The Dred Scott Decision
The Lincoln–Douglas Debates
Harpers Ferry and the Presidential Election of 1860

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Focus Question:
During the 1850s, what specific events and developments
pushed the nation toward armed conflict?
41
13.4 The Deepening Conflict
over Slavery (2 of 2)
Debates over slavery
Now encompassed “ordinary people”
Violent and peaceful challenges to Fugitive Slave Law
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Lecture Outline:
Debates over slavery
Now encompassed “ordinary people”
Violent and peaceful challenges to Fugitive Slave Law
Bleeding Kansas
Supreme Court
Streets of Boston
Rallies in Illinois
Harpers Ferry
42
13.4.1 The Rising Tide of Violence
(1 of 2)
Effects of Fugitive Slave Law
Some African Americans fled to Canada on Underground
Railroad
Abolitionists attempt rescues
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin
George Fitzhugh: Cannibals All! Or, Slaves Without Masters

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Lecture Outline:
Effects of Fugitive Slave Law
Some African Americans fled to Canada on Underground
Railroad
Abolitionists attempt rescues
Boston – Shadrach Minkins
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Showed horrors of slavery
Bestseller – more than a million copies in seven years
George Fitzhugh: Cannibals All! Or, Slaves Without Masters
Argued that civil society demands enslavement of the masses by
their betters
Slaves better off than northern factory workers
43
13.4.1 The Rising Tide of Violence
(2 of 2)
Kansas – civil war
Participants
John Brown at Pottawatomie Creek
Lecompton Constitution
Caning of Senator Sumner
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Lecture Outline:
Kansas – civil war
Participants

Proslavery
Border Ruffians from Missouri
Installed own government
Free-Soilers
Some had organized abolitionist groups
New England Emigrant Aid Company
Armed themselves
John Brown at Pottawatomie Creek
In retaliation for proslavery raid on Lawrence, Kansas
Raid with his four sons and two other men
Killed five proslavery advocates
Strengthened resolve of proslavery advocates
Lecompton Constitution
Stated voters could approve or reject slavery
President Buchanan supported it
Alienated his own party in the North
Democrats split even more into North and South
Caning of Senator Sumner
Gave a speech condemning Lecompton Constitution in which he
made disparaging remarks against Senator Butler of South
Carolina
Preston Brooks, Butler’s relative, beat Sumner with a cane
Key Terms:
Lecompton Constitution: A Kansas state constitution drawn up
by proslavery advocates in 1857; sought to nullify the doctrine
of popular sovereignty in the state, decreeing that even if voters
rejected slavery, any slaves already in the state would remain
enslaved under the force of law.
44
Map 13.3: The Underground Railroad

Rights Reserved
The Underground Railroad consisted of a network of people
who helped fugitives in their escape from slavery en route to the
North or Canada. Harriet Tubman made an estimated thirteen
separate trips to the South to help an estimated seventy slaves
escape to freedom.
13.4.2 The Dred Scott Decision
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruling
Former slave was not free just because he had lived in a free
state
Black people had no rights under the law
Compromise of 1820 declared unconstitutional
Slave owners could not be deprived of their property without
due process
Effects
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Lecture Outline:
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruling
Former slave was not free just because he had lived in a free
state
Black people had no rights under the law
Compromise of 1820 declared unconstitutional
Slave owners could not be deprived of their property without
due process
Effects
Threatened the freedom of free people of color and extended
slavery into the North

Key Terms:
Dred Scott v. Sandford: The 1857 case in which the Supreme
Court held that residence on free soil did not render a slave a
free person, for black people, enslaved and free, had (in the
words of the court) “no rights which the white man was bound
to respect.”
46
13.4.3 The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Congressional election of 1858
Stephen A. Douglas versus Abraham Lincoln
Series of public debates
Douglas supported popular sovereignty
Douglas won the election, but Lincoln gained loyalty of
Republicans all over the North
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Lecture Outline:
Congressional election of 1858
Stephen A. Douglas versus Abraham Lincoln
Series of public debates
Included the conflict over slavery
Douglas supported popular sovereignty
Was falling out of favor following the Dred Scott decision
Lincoln ridiculed popular sovereignty
Douglas won the election, but Lincoln gained loyalty of
Republicans all over the North
47
13.4.4 Harpers Ferry and the Presidential Election of 1860
Harpers Ferry
John Brown
Election of 1860

Lincoln wins for Republicans
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Harpers Ferry
John Brown
With nineteen other men, attacks federal arsenal
Would raid the arsenal and distribute arms to slaves to incite a
rebellion
Received support from Northern abolitionists
Captured by Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee
Brown executed
Election of 1860
Lincoln wins for Republicans
Democrat party splits
Southerners did not support Stephen Douglas, selected John C.
Breckinridge
Republican platform
Measures to boost economic growth
Tariff
Railroad
Internal improvements
Free homesteads for western farmers
Renounced Know-Nothings
Gave little hope to immigrants or Indians
48
John Brown
Rights Reserved

Augustus Washington, son of a former slave, took this picture
of John Brown in 1846, thirteen years before the raid on
Harpers Ferry, Virginia. A pioneer daguerreotypist, Washington
operated a successful studio in Hartford, Connecticut. Based on
Brown’s bold act, many white Southerners feared that all
northern whites and blacks were committed to the violent
overthrow of the slave system.
AUGUSTUS WASHINGTON/KRT/Newscom
Journal Prompt 13.5
Were white Southerners justified in fearing that all northern
whites and blacks were committed to the violent overthrow of
the slave system?
Rights Reserved
Answer: White Southerners were correct that antislavery
sentiment was on the rise in the North in the 1850s. However,
the majority of Northerners did not support the overthrow of
slavery where it already existed by any means, let alone by
violence. Instead, they supported efforts to halt the expansion
of slavery into new territories and states. Some Southerners
argued that such a policy would lead to the death of slavery in
the long run, but that still did not amount to support for the
violent overthrow of the institution.
50
Shared Writing
John Brown
Think about the deepening conflict over slavery that developed

during the 1850s, which is discussed in section 13.4.
Was John Brown representative of all northern whites? How did
his actions at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, propel the nation toward
civil war?
Rights Reserved
Answer: John Brown was not representative of all northern
whites. Most did not support the use of violence to end slavery,
and most did not favor immediate abolition of the institution.
Still, Brown’s execution prompted an outpouring of sympathy
and support in the North for a man that many came to see as a
martyr. Southerners responded in horror to this depiction of
Brown. From a southern perspective, Brown was a murderer and
a traitor. The reaction in the North to Brown’s death convinced
many Southerners that there could be no compromise or
accommodation between North and South.
51
PartyPopular Vote (%)Electoral VoteAbraham
LincolnRepublican39.8180Stephen A. DouglasDemocratic29.5
12John C. BreckinridgeDemocratic18.1 72John
BellConstitutional Union12.6 39
Rights Reserved

52
Chapter 14
“To Fight to Gain a Country”: The Civil War
Rights Reserved
1
Union Sgt. F. L. Baldwin
Rights Reserved
Sgt. F. L. Baldwin, a Union soldier, poses with an American
flag as a backdrop. Black soldiers wore the Union uniform
proudly. However, many of them received unequal pay
compared to their white counterparts; white men received $13 a
month, while black men received only $7. This form of
discrimination was not overturned until late in the war. Despite
these hardships and indignities, approximately 179,000 black
soldiers served in the Union army.
Chicago History Museum [ICHi-22172]
Journal Prompt 14.1
As black men fought for freedom, what were the various

meanings of the U.S. uniforms they wore?
Rights Reserved
Answer: For black soldiers, the Union uniform was a badge of
honor. It symbolized their willingness to fight and die for the
Union and to end slavery. While black soldiers suffered
discrimination in the Union army, the uniform still suggested to
many black soldiers their fundamental equality with whites.
White abolitionists shared this view of blacks in uniform, but
many northern whites were uncomfortable with the level of
equality implied by black military service. Southern whites saw
black Union soldiers as a direct challenge to their beliefs and an
intolerable provocation.
3
14.1 Mobilization for War, 1861–1862
How did the North and South prepare for war, and how did
those preparations reflect each side’s strategy for fighting—and
winning—the war?
14.2 The Course of War, 1862–1864
What obstacles did the South face in defending its territory
against northern invaders?
Rights Reserved
14.3 The Other War: African American Struggles for Liberation
In what ways did black people, in the North and in the South,

enslaved and free, shape the course of the fighting?
14.4 Battle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863
How did developments on the battlefield affect politics in both
the North and South?
Rights Reserved
14.5 The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864–1865
During the last months of the war, what factors contributed to
the defeat of the Confederacy?
Rights Reserved
14.1 Mobilization for War, 1861–1862 (1 of 2)
The Secession Impulse
Preparing to Fight
Barriers to Southern Mobilization
Indians and Immigrants in the Service of the Confederacy
Rights Reserved
Focus Question:
How did the North and South prepare for war, and how did
those preparations reflect each side’s strategy for fighting—and
winning—the war?
7

14.1 Mobilization for War, 1861–1862 (2 of 2)
Order of secession
December 20, 1860: South Carolina seceded
By February 1, 1861: six other states had seceded
February 4, 1861: Confederate States of America
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Order of secession
December 20, 1860: South Carolina seceded
By February 1, 1861: six other states had seceded
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
All states dependent on slave-based, staple-crop agriculture
February 4, 1861: Confederate States of America
New constitution
Modeled after the U.S. Constitution
Jefferson Davis elected president
Key Terms:
Confederate States of America: The would-be new nation
formed in February 1861 by seven southern states—South
Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,
and Texas—in a bid for independence from the United States of
America. By late spring 1861, the Confederacy also included
Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.
8
Map 14.1: Slavery in the United States, 1860

Rights Reserved
In the South, the areas of the greatest concentration of slaves
were also the areas of greatest support for the Confederacy.
During the war, the Appalachian mountain region and the upper
Piedmont—the area between the mountains and the broad
coastal plain—were home to people loyal to the Union and to
people who became increasingly disaffected with Confederate
policies as the war dragged on.
14.1.1 The Secession Impulse (1 of 2)
South was threatened by Lincoln
He did not support spread of slavery to the West
South expected more Brown-like attacks
Last-minute efforts at compromise
Crittenden Compromise
Peace conference
Lincoln’s appeal to South unsuccessful
Don’t take any drastic actions
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
South was threatened by Lincoln
He did not support spread of slavery to the West
Could not pass executive order to stop slavery
Could pass out patronage jobs to expand the Republican base in
the South
Could make Supreme Court appointments
Was elected despite support from only North and upper Midwest
South expected more Brown-like attacks
Last-minute efforts at compromise
Crittenden Compromise

Proposed constitutional amendments to stop restrictions on
slavery
Defeated in Senate
Peace conference
Not all states attended
Congress rejected recommendations
Lincoln’s appeal to South unsuccessful
Don’t take any drastic actions
Key Terms:
secession: The process by which the southern states withdrew
from the Union; white men in each of the eleven states that
eventually joined the Confederacy elected delegates to a
secession convention that decided the question of whether to
remain in or leave the Union.
10
14.1.1 The Secession Impulse (2 of 2)
Leading Confederates spoke out
Alexander Stephens, vice president of Confederate States
Fort Sumter
Union fort located in southern territory
Confederates fired on fort
Southern Unionists
Supported Union
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Leading Confederates spoke out
Alexander Stephen, vice president of Confederate States
Speech
Founding fathers erroneously believed slavery would fade away

Wrong because races are not equal
Superior race should enslave weaker race: foundation of the
Confederacy
Would preserve slavery and convince world that it was
necessary
Fort Sumter
Union fort located in southern territory
Lincoln provided supplies but not troops
Confederates thought provocative
Confederates fired on fort
Confederate celebrated victory
Lincoln called for volunteers
Blockade of southern seaports
Called acts of northern aggression and led to upper South
joining Confederacy
Capital of Confederacy moved to Richmond, Virginia
Southern Unionists
Supported Union
Did not believe in antislavery movement
Yeoman farmers
Border States remained in the Union
11
Map 14.2: The Secession of Southern States, 1860–1861
Rights Reserved
The southern states seceded from the Union in stages, beginning
with South Carolina in December 1860. Founded on February 4,
1861, the Confederate States of America initially consisted of
only that state and six Deep South states. The four Upper South

states of Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina did
not leave the Union until mid-April, when Lincoln called for
75,000 troops to put down the civil rebellion. The slave states
of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri remained in the
Union, but each of those states was bitterly divided between
Unionists and Confederate sympathizers.
14.1.2 Preparing to Fight (1 of 3)
North and South faced similar challenges
Needed men to fight
Needed supplies
Military strategies
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
North and South faced similar challenges
Needed men to fight
Needed supplies
Military strategies
13
South – supplies
Cotton stockpiles
Hogs and corn
South – strategy
Fight defensive war
Seasoned officers
3 million black people

Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
South – supplies
Cotton stockpiles
Could be used to gain foreign support
Hogs and corn
Could sustain whites and slaves
South – military strategy
Fight defensive war
Small units deployed around border
Seasoned officers
Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. Jackson
3 million black people
One-third of population
Assumed would do bidding of planters
14
North – supplies and troops
Industrial base
Population dwarfed that of the South
Controlled U.S. Navy and government resources
North – strategy
Defend territory from southern attack
Target Confederate leaders
Seal supply lines
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
North – supplies and troops
Industrial base

90 percent of manufacturing capacity
Diversified economy: grains, textiles, to supply military
Three-quarters of railroad miles
To transport goods and troops
Population dwarfed that of the South
Controlled U.S. Navy and government resources
Could aid in troop deployment and communication
North – strategy
Defend territory from southern attack
Union supporters in South would support North
Political offensive to undermine Confederacy sympathizers
Lincoln appealed to slaveholders loyal to the Union
Target Confederate leaders
Seal supply lines
15
14.1.3 Barriers to Southern Mobilization
July 1861: southern victory at Bull Run
First encounter on the field of battle
North gave up idea of an easy win
South aimed to spread slavery to the West
Southern victories in western territory
Confederacy faces problems
Financial issues
Troops
Internal strife
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
July 1861: southern victory at Bull Run
First encounter on the field of battle
Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname

Brief skirmish before Union troops retreated
Confederate strategy
Massing several forces from three generals
South decided to continue to defend territory while also going
on defensive
North gave up idea of an easy win
Began to reorganize and fortify military
South aimed to spread slavery to the West
Southern victories in western territory
Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico
Troops plundered homesteads
Caused farmers and ranchers to switch allegiance to the Union
Confederacy faces problems
Financial issues
U.S. Navy blockade reduced trade revenue
Confederate bonds
Raising taxes
10 percent tax on farm produce
Treasury printed lots of money, causing decline of value
Troops
Resistance to volunteer army and impressment of slave labor
Conscription law
Exempted some workers: railroad employees, teachers, miners,
druggists
Could buy substitutes for $300
Allowed wealthy men to avoid fighting
Internal strife
Policies favor wealthy
Military substitutes
20-slave law
Plantations with twenty or more slaves could petition to have
one white man exempt from army service
Poorer counties felt impressment of slaves favored wealthier
counties
Key Terms:

substitute: During war, a man paid to serve in combat in another
man’s place.
20-slave law: Legislation passed by the Confederate Congress in
October 1862 that exempted from military service one white
man for every twenty slaves on a plantation.
16
14.1.4 Indians and Immigrants in the Service of the
Confederacy
Confederate alliance with Indians
Supplied weapons and defense against Union
Some were slaveholders
Warfare strategy not suited to Indians
Summer 1862: Some Cherokee and Creek joined Union forces
Immigrants and ethnic minorities in South
Judah Benjamin, Jewish lawyer: Confederate cabinet member
Immigrant military officers
Immigrant labor in South
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Confederate alliance with Indians
Supplied weapons and defense against Union
Some were slaveholders
Warfare strategy not suited to Indians
Summer 1862: Some Cherokee and Creek joined Union forces
Immigrants and ethnic minorities in South
Judah Benjamin, Jewish lawyer: Confederate cabinet member
Also trusted advisor to Jefferson Davis
Immigrant military officers
Immigrant labor in South
Not dependable or particularly supportive of Confederate cause
Demanded higher wages

Threatened to run away to Union to get more money
17
Enslaved Workers, City Point, Virginia
Rights Reserved
These slaves are unloading ships at City Point, Virginia. Field
hands impressed to work in Confederate factories, on wharves,
and in mines experienced a new way of life off the plantation
and out of the sight of their owners. The South’s need to
mobilize for war challenged traditional rhetoric about black
people’s abilities. The war forced southern whites to seek
multiple ways to exploit blacks as workers.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-
cwpb-01748]
Journal Prompt 14.2
How did the South’s need to mobilize for war challenge the core
principles of slavery, which held that plantation discipline was
at the heart of the institution?
Rights Reserved
Answer: The idea that blacks were best suited to plantation
slavery was a fundamental principle of the southern slave
system. Proponents of slavery described African Americans as
childlike creatures who functioned best when under the direct
control of a wise, but strict, paternal master. This principle was
challenged by the necessities of war. Slaves who were
impressed to work in factories, on wharves, and in mines

demonstrated their ability to adapt to new work environments
and to do so without a traditional “master” figure. By the end of
the war, southern leaders were even contemplating enlisting
blacks in the military, something that was unthinkable just four
years earlier.
19
Interpreting History: John B. Spiece: A Virginia Slaveholder
Objects to the Impressment of Slaves (1861)
How does John Spiece demonstrate his talents as a lawyer in
this letter?
How does Spiece suggest that slave impressment might actually
undermine the security of the Confederacy?
In what ways does Spiece’s reaction to slave impressment
suggest changes in, or challenges to, southern planters’
ideology of paternalism?
Rights Reserved
(1 of 2)
The Republicans’ War
The Ravages of War
The Emancipation Proclamation
Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy
Rights Reserved
Focus Question:
What obstacles did the South face in defending its territory

against northern invaders?
21
(2 of 2)
North had advantage over South
Union possessed more resources
Republicans dominated Congress
Some opposition to wartime policies
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
North had advantage over South
Union possessed more resources
Republicans dominated Congress
Expanded federal programs affecting the economy, education,
and land use
Some opposition to wartime policies
22
14.2.1 The Republicans’ War (1 of 2)
Trouble on the home front
April 1861: Writ of habeas corpus suspended
Conciliatory policy toward slaveholders
Wartime profiteers
Government actions
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Republicans promote economic growth
Rights Reserved

Lecture Outline:
Trouble on the home front
April 1861: Writ of habeas corpus suspended
Habeas corpus is supposed to protect the rights of people
arrested
Can be jailed without being charged with a crime
Targeted people suspected of interfering with war mobilization
Democrats opposed, calling Lincoln a dictator
Conciliatory policy toward slaveholders
Frustrated abolitionists
Wartime profiteers
Rockefeller in the North
Switched to oil refinery business during the war
Was able to buy a substitute to serve in the army for him
“Enemies at Home” article in southern magazine
Criticized speculators who sold goods at exorbitant prices
Government actions
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Recruited physicians, trained nurses, raised money, solicited
donations, and made Union camp inspections
White and black women served as nurses, cooks, laundresses in
Union military hospitals
Dorothea Dix served as superintendent of nurses
Republicans promote economic growth
Homestead Act
Granted 160 acres of western land to settlers who lived on it
and made improvements for five years
Morrill Act
Created a system of land-grant colleges
Many later became public universities
Pacific Railroad Act
Gave Union Pacific and Central Pacific land and lent them
money to build railroads
Key Terms:
Homestead Act: Legislation passed in 1862 that granted 160

acres of land free to each settler who lived on and made
improvements to government land for five years.
Morrill Act: Legislation passed by Republican Congress in 1862
to create a system of agricultural (land-grant) public colleges.
Pacific Railroad Act: Legislation that granted to the Union
Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads cash subsidies and a
400-foot right of way along the Platte River route of the Oregon
Trail.
23
14.2.1 The Republicans’ War (2 of 2)
Rights of blacks
Republican indifference
Military strategy
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Rights of blacks
Republican indifference
Few saw the war as a fight to free slaves
Lincoln revoked Frémont’s directive
Would have allowed seizure of property and freeing of slaves
owned by Confederates in Missouri
Feared the policy would alienate slaveholders who might switch
to the Union side
Military strategy
Hoped to bisect the Confederacy
Cut off supplies and men heading west to east
General Grant captured forts on Tennessee and Cumberland
rivers
First major Union victory of the war
New Orleans fell to Farragut
Returned runaway slaves in an attempt to retain loyalty of

Unionist slaveholders
Policy not popular among some soldiers
24
Antietam, After the Battle
Rights Reserved
The bodies of soldiers lie where they fell on September 17,
1862, the single day that claimed the largest number of lives in
the Civil War. Like many other battles of the war, Antietam was
shaped by the physical features of the battlefield itself, with
soldiers on both sides seeking cover in small groves of trees and
behind rocks, road ruts, and fences made of stone and wood.
Although Union troops outnumbered their Confederate
opponents (87,000 men to 45,000), battlefield strategy on both
sides played a large part in the outcome, to some extent
compensating for the unequal number of combatants in the
Union and southern armies. The number of Union soldiers
killed, wounded, missing, or captured was about 12,000;
Confederates losses numbered about 11,000.
Journal Prompt 14.3
In what ways did battlefield tactics work to minimize the
North’s overwhelming advantages in terms of men and matériel?
Rights Reserved
Answer: Civil War battles rarely took place on large open fields
where the side with greater numbers had a clear advantage.
Instead, they took place in uneven, sometimes wooded, terrain,

dotted with fences, farmhouses, and other buildings. Under such
circumstances, Confederate defenders had clear advantages and
the Union’s superiority in numbers was largely neutralized.
26
14.2.2 The Ravages of War
Summer 1862
Runaway slaves
Confederacy persevered on battlefield
Campaigns against Indians
Santee Sioux rebellion in Minnesota
Apache and Navajo
Battle of Antietam
Bloodiest day of the war
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Summer 1862
Runaway slaves
Movement of Union troops on eastern seaboard facilitated
runaways
Confederacy persevered on battlefield
McClellan was turned back on the outskirts of Richmond
Lincoln lost confidence in the chief general
General John Pope faired little better when brought in from the
West
Campaigns against Indians
Santee Sioux rebellion in Minnesota
500 whites killed before state militia stopped the rebellion
Apache and Navajo
General James H. Carleton forced them onto reservation
Colonel Kit Carson conducted campaign against Navajo

Burned hogans and seized crops and livestock
“Long Walk” to reservation similar to Cherokee Trail of Tears
Battle of Antietam
Bloodiest day of the war
September 17, 1862
Maryland
Union victory
20,000 died
New weapons
Troops massed in old-style, close fighting
High rates of amputation and infections
27
14.2.3 The Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation: January 1, 1863
All slaves in Confederacy were freed
Slavery remained in some areas
Lincoln engaged in rhetoric
Copperheads
Democrats picked up strength in 1862 election
Opposed the war, called for peace
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Emancipation Proclamation: January 1, 1863
All slaves in Confederacy were freed
Slavery remained in some areas
Border States and Union territories
Approximately 1 million black people excluded
Lincoln engaged in rhetoric
Linked freedom for all with end of slavery
Did not promote full citizenship rights for blacks

Copperheads
Democrats picked up strength in 1862 election
Opposed the war, called for peace
Working classes hurt by taxes
Growing casualties
Foreign trade hurt
Key Terms:
Emancipation Proclamation: An executive order issued by
President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, declaring that
all slaves living in states or areas controlled by the Confederate
States of America were now free. The proclamation did not
affect the status of slaves in Union-held areas.
28
Kate Cumming, Nurse and Diarist
Rights Reserved
Kate Cumming of Mobile, Alabama, earned the gratitude of the
Confederacy for her work as a hospital matron during the war.
Before and during the Civil War, many people believed that
respectable women should not work in hospitals. Physicians
claimed that women were likely to faint at the sight of blood
and that they were not strong enough to turn patients over in
their beds. Yet, as the war progressed, more and more northern
and southern women defied these stereotypes and served in
hospitals as nurses, administrators, and comforters of the ill and
dying. Noted Cumming soon after she first entered a hospital,
“The foul air from this mass of human beings at first made me
giddy and sick, but I soon got over it.” Still, in southern
hospitals, soldiers and enslaved workers handled much of the
direct patient care.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-
USZ62-42772
Journal Prompt 14.4
How did wartime necessity encourage some women to expand
their traditional roles during the Civil War?
Rights Reserved
Answer: With so many men away fighting the war, women were
forced to take on tasks traditionally assigned to men. For some
women, this provided an opportunity to expand their horizons.
In both the North and South, women served in hospitals as
nurses and administrators. Southern women often found
themselves fully in charge of farms and plantations. When
conditions grew dire for the South in the final years of the war,
women often took the lead in protesting government policies.
30
Emancipation Proclamation
Rights Reserved
President Lincoln released the Emancipation Proclamation on
January 1, 1863. In the last weeks of 1862, many abolitionists,
including Frederick Douglass, feared that Lincoln would bow to
pressure from conservatives in the North and break his promise
to go forward with it. Soon after midnight on New Year’s Eve,
Douglass and others were overjoyed to hear the news that the
proclamation was official. This illustration, by political

cartoonist Thomas Nast (1965), envisions a somewhat optimistic
future for African Americans in the United States.
31
Journal Prompt 14.5
Given the Emancipation Proclamation’s limits (in terms of how
many slaves were actually freed), why did Frederick Douglass
term it a “moral bombshell” aimed at the Confederacy?
Rights Reserved
Answer: Despite its limitations, the Emancipation Proclamation
made the Civil War a war to end slavery. By destroying slavery,
the North would reaffirm its ideal of freedom for all. From the
perspective of southern whites, the proclamation was a direct
challenge to a labor system many saw as essential to their way
of life. At the same time, the proclamation was a call to action
for slaves. With the North now committed to ending slavery, it
was incumbent on enslaved African Americans to do what they
could to hasten victory.
32
14.2.4 Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy
Confederacy – resistance at sea
Privateers
Confederate ships
Confederate hopes for diplomacy
Trent Affair
England
Mexico

Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Confederacy – resistance at sea
Privateers
Very profitable for smugglers
Confederate ships
Ironclad Merrimack
Sunk Union vessels and protected blockade runners
Confederate hopes for diplomacy
Trent Affair
Union captured two Confederate diplomats
James Mason and John Slidell
Trying to gain diplomatic recognition
Were released by Union
Lincoln gained British praise for moderate response
England
Textile needs
England had prewar stockpiles
Sought out new sources in Egypt
English workers did not want to recognize slaveholders’ nation
Mexico
Remained ally of United States
33
Shared Writing
Abraham Lincoln
Why do many historians consider Abraham Lincoln to be the
country’s greatest president? Would Americans who lived
during the Civil War have agreed?
To find evidence useful in framing a response to these
questions, skim sections 14.1 and 14.2 to get a sense of all
plausibly relevant pieces of information.

Rights Reserved
Answer: Abraham Lincoln was confronted with the greatest
crisis in the nation’s history, a civil war fought over the issue of
slavery. His success in guiding the North to victory in battle,
preserving the Union, and ending slavery in the face of
enormous challenges has earned him an unmatched reputation.
For Americans living during the Civil War, however, Lincoln’s
record was less clear-cut. Most southern whites saw Lincoln as
a tyrant and a warmonger. Many white northern Democrats saw
him as an enemy of liberty who was wiling to sacrifice whites’
lives by the thousands to aid members of what they saw as an
inferior race. Even Lincoln’s supporters held mixed views of
the president. Northern blacks were critical of Lincoln’s views
on slavery and equal rights. White Republicans grew weary of
the war as it dragged on and its costs mounted, and some began
to doubt Lincoln’s leadership abilities.
34
(1 of 2)
Enemies Within the Confederacy
The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice in the North and South
Rights Reserved
Focus Question:
In what ways did black people, in the North and in the South,
enslaved and free, shape the course of the fighting?
35

(2 of 2)
African Americans perceived war as fight for freedom
Allied themselves with Union forces
Often took actions to be free
54th Massachusetts Infantry
All black soldiers
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
African Americans perceived war as fight for freedom
Allied themselves with Union forces
Often took actions to be free
54th Massachusetts Infantry
All black soldiers
36
14.3.1 Enemies Within the Confederacy
Southern slaves took action for freedom
Some murdered masters
Some escaped behind Union lines
July 1862: Union’s Second Confiscation Act
Slaves of rebels “shall be forever free”
Military used them as manual labor
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Southern slaves took action for freedom
Some murdered masters

Whites began to question slave loyalty; rise of fear
Some escaped behind Union lines
Watched for opportunities to leave plantation
July 1862: Union’s Second Confiscation Act
Slaves of rebels “shall be forever free”
Military used them as manual laborers
Military turned away women, children, elderly, and disabled
Left at mercy of masters
37
14.3.2 The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice in the North and
South
Northern blacks enlisted
Better life
Faced prejudice
Blacks outside the military
Little help given to find missing loved ones
Free black labor
First South Carolina Volunteers
Behind war-lines work
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Northern blacks enlisted
Better life
Learn to read and write
Felt satisfaction of contributing to fight against slavery
Faced prejudice
Each black killed in war = one white soldier that did not die
Denied opportunities to advance
Paid less than white soldiers
Many barred from taking up arms
Relegated to manual labor

Blacks outside the military
Little help given to find missing loved ones
Free black labor
Used by northern missionaries and generals in Louisiana
Convert former slaves into staple crop wage workers
First South Carolina Volunteers
Behind war-lines work
38
Slaves in Flight
Rights Reserved
All over the South, black people watched and waited for
opportunities to claim their own freedom. The movement of
Union troops into an area often prompted slaves to flee from the
plantation. Individuals and extended families sought safely
behind Union lines or in nearby towns or cities, or began the
quest for long-lost loved ones.
© Universal Images Group Limited/Alamy
Journal Prompt 14.6
What were some of the factors that blacks, as individuals and as
family members, considered in deciding whether to stay on, or
flee from, a plantation?
Rights Reserved
Answer: As was the case before the war, the decision to run
away rested on many factors. How would running away affect
family members? What was the probability of success? How

close were the Union lines? Was it possible to help the Union
cause without actually running away?
40
14.4 Battle Fronts and Home Fronts
in 1863 (1 of 2)
Disaffection in the Confederacy
The Tide Turns Against the South
Civil Unrest in the North
The Desperate South
Rights Reserved
Focus Question:
How did developments on the battlefield affect politics in both
the North and South?
41
14.4 Battle Fronts and Home Fronts
in 1863 (2 of 2)
North changes strategy
Destroy southern armies
Deprive South of slave labor force
Lincoln faced difficulties
African American resentment of poor treatment
Northern whites opposed to war and military draft
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
North changes strategy

Destroy southern armies
Deprive South of slave labor force
Lincoln faced difficulties
African American resentment of poor treatment
Northern whites opposed to war and military draft
Violence in the streets
42
14.4.1 Disaffection in the Confederacy
“Tranquil” South became a ravaged land
Southerners faced horrors of war
Some Southerners protested
Some women support war
Virginia’s Belle Boyd
Worked in Confederate bureaucracy
Took care of homes
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
“Tranquil” South became a ravaged land
Southerners faced horrors of war
Assault on senses: gunpowder smell, sound of cannon fire,
stench of death
Torn-up landscape
Some Southerners protested
Heroes of America
Loyalty to Union
Western North Carolina
“Free State of Jones [County]”
Raised troops for the North
Large desertion rates
Women protested “tax-in-kind”
Some Richmond women in armed protest for food

Some women support war
Virginia’s Belle Boyd
Spy for Confederate armies
Worked in Confederate bureaucracy
Took care of homes
43
14.4.2 The Tide Turns Against
the South
Fall of 1862: Chancellorsville, Virginia
General McClellan replaced
Battle left Stonewall Jackson dead
Union victory at Gettysburg
High human cost
Three-day battle beginning July 1
Grant victorious at Vicksburg
Grant supreme commander of Union armies within one year
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Fall of 1862: Chancellorsville, Virginia
General McClellan replaced
General Burnside and then General Hooker
Battle left Stonewall Jackson dead
Mistakenly shot by own men
Union victory at Gettysburg
High human cost
Pitted 92,000 under General Meade against 76,000 under
General Lee
23,000 Union and 28,000 Confederate soldiers wounded or
killed
Three-day battle beginning July 1
Grant victorious at Vicksburg

Grant supreme commander of Union armies within one year
44
Lincoln at Gettysburg
Rights Reserved
A photograph of President Lincoln at Gettysburg, a few hours
before he delivered his famous speech to dedicate the Soldiers’
National Cemetery in that Pennsylvania town. (His face is
toward the camera, near the top of the crowd, left of center.)
B8184-10454]
45
Journal Prompt 14.7
By the time Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address,
had the Emancipation Proclamation changed the nature of the
war?
Rights Reserved
Answer: The Emancipation Proclamation had a profound impact
on the nature of the war. When the war began, Lincoln
proclaimed his sole aim to be the preservation of the Union.
Whether that occurred with slavery left intact or not was of no
great concern to him. By the time Lincoln gave the Gettysburg
Address, his position had changed. The war was, in fact, a war
to end slavery. Thus, when he noted in his speech that the
nation was founded on the principle that “all men are created
equal,” his words took on a new and deeper meaning.

46
14.4.2 Civil Unrest in the North
North facing unrest
High taxes, high prices, sacrifices of men sent to war
Military draft on July 1, 1863 = riots
Working class resentful
New York City draft riot
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
North facing unrest
High taxes, high prices, sacrifices of men sent to war
Military draft on July 1, 1863 = riots
Working class resentful
Wealthy paid substitutes
Working class saw blacks as competitors
Against Irish immigrants
New York City draft riot
Burned Colored Orphan Asylum and mutilated victims
Federal troops extinguished the violence
Showed northern blacks that they were vulnerable to
discrimination and violence
Blacks in military were paid less
Key Terms:
New York City draft riot: A July 1863 violent protest against
the government passage of a military conscription law; whites
attacked black men, women, and children and burned the city’s
Colored Orphan Asylum.
47

14.4.4 The Desperate South
August 1863: Lawrence, Kansas
Quantrill slaughters 150
Shows South as desperate
Grant successful in Tennessee
France and England decided not to support Confederacy
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863
At dedication of national cemetery
Affirmed nation’s commitment
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
August 1863: Lawrence, Kansas
Quantrill slaughters 150
Showed the South as desperate
Grant successful in Tennessee battles
France and England decide not to support Confederacy
Navy warships
Diplomatic recognition
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863
At dedication of national cemetery
Affirmed nation’s commitment
One of the great rhetorical pieces of American politics
Elevated war to a moral struggle against slavery
48
14.5 The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864–1865 (1 of
2)
“Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians
“Father Abraham”
The Last Days of the Confederacy

Rights Reserved
Focus Question:
During the last months of the war, what factors contributed to
the defeat of the Confederacy?
49
14.5 The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864–1865 (2 of
2)
The “hard war”
Union soldiers lived off the land
Confiscated livestock and supplies
Set the South afire
The goals
Harm morale
Isolate Confederacy
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
The “hard war”
Union soldiers lived off the land
Confiscated livestock and supplies
Set the South afire
The goals
Harm morale
Isolate Confederacy
50
14.5.1 “Hard War” Toward
African Americans and Indians
Elements of total war
Confederate policies toward black soldiers

Union policies toward Indian insurgents
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Elements of total war
Confederate policies toward black soldiers
August 1864: General Nathan Bedford Forrest destroys Union
Fort Pillow
Black soldiers surrendered
Systematically murdered
Conventions of war did not apply to African America soldiers
Union policies toward Indian insurgents
November 1864: Sand Creek Massacre
Colonel John Chivington and his men supposedly arrived for
peaceful meeting
Massacred 125 to 160 people
Mostly women, children, and the elderly
Mutilated the bodies
Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne launched revenge raids
51
Leaders of the Cheyenne and the Arapaho
Rights Reserved
In September 1864, the Indian chiefs Black Kettle and White
Antelope (front row, center), with other Cheyenne and Arapaho
leaders, met with Colonel John M. Chivington at Camp Weld,
Colorado. The purpose of the meeting was to secure a truce
between the Indians and European Americans in the area. Two

months later, Chivington attacked an encampment of these
Indians on the banks of Sand Creek, about 100 miles southeast
of Denver.
Bosse, Left Hand, White Wolf, Black Kettle, White Antelope,
Bull Bear, Neva: Chiefs of Arapahoe, Sioux, Cheyenne and
Kiowa tribes, c. 1860–68 (b/w photo), American Photographer
(19th century)/Denver Public Library, Western History
Collection/Bridgeman images
Journal Prompt 14.8
How did different groups of Indians respond to the Civil War
and to the Republicans’ nationalistic efforts in general?
Rights Reserved
Answer: Most Indians tried to stay neutral, seeing the Civil War
as a white man’s conflict. Some gave limited support to the
Confederacy, concluding, perhaps, that the new nation would be
inclined to greater generosity than was the federal government
of the United States. Such alliances, however, were never very
strong and had little impact on the war. Some northern officers
took advantage of wartime conditions to attack isolated and
vulnerable Indian populations.
53
14.5.2 “Father Abraham”
1864 election
Military victories helped Lincoln
Opponent McClellan lost soldiers’ support
Lincoln communicated well with average soldier
They remained loyal in war

Loyal with their votes
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
1864 election
Military victories helped Lincoln
Opponent McClellan lost soldiers’ support
Former General
Democrats defeated by own “peace platform”
Lincoln communicated well with average soldier
They remained loyal in war
Loyal with their votes
54
PartyPopular Vote (%)Electoral VoteAbraham
LincolnRepublican55.0212*George B.
McClellanDemocratic45.021
Rights Reserved
*Eleven secessionist states did not participate.
14.5.3 The Last Days of the Confederacy
1864: Sherman’s march through the South
Lived off the land
Liberated Andersonville Prison
April 1865
Union victory in Petersburg, Virginia

April 3: Lincoln arrived in Richmond
April 9: Lee surrendered at Appomattox
April 14: Lincoln assassinated
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
1864L Sherman’s march through the South
Lived off the land
Denied Confederates soldiers and civilians food and supplies
Liberated Andersonville Prison
Confederacy did not have enough supplies for troops or
prisoners
Prisoners died of starvation, disease, and exposure
April 1865
Union victory in Petersburg, Virginia
Lee sent President Davis message that defeat was imminent
Davis and other whites fled the city of Richmond
April 3: Lincoln arrived in Richmond
April 9: Lee surrendered at Appomattox
April 14: Lincoln assassinated
Key Terms:
Andersonville Prison: A Georgia prisoner-of-war camp that held
as many as 33,000 Union prisoners at one time. Commanded by
Henry Wirz, the prison was infamous for the large number of
northern soldiers who died there of starvation, disease, and
exposure to the elements.
56
Map 14.3: Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864–1865

Rights Reserved
General William T. Sherman's famous march to the sea marked
the final phase of the Union effort to divide and conquer the
Confederacy. Sherman's men burned Atlanta’s military assets to
the ground in September 1864. In late December, they made
their triumphant entry into the city of Savannah. Sherman
followed a policy of "hard war" in these final months of the
war; he ordered his troops to seize from civilians any food and
livestock they could use and to destroy everything else, whether
rail lines, houses, or barns. White Southerners expressed
outrage over these tactics. Still, Sherman never systematically
attacked civilians, a characteristic of the Union’s “total war”
against Native American peoples in the West.
57
Chapter 15
Consolidating a Triumphant Union, 1865–1877
Rights Reserved
1
Children at School,
Charleston, South Carolina

Rights Reserved
An illustration in Harper’s Weekly, from December 15, 1866,
shows African American pupils in a schoolroom in Charleston,
South Carolina. After the Civil War, many southern black
communities created, or enlarged and solidified, their own
institutions, including schools and churches. At the same time,
these communities pressed for full and equal citizenship rights.
The Library of Congress [LC-USZ62-117666]
Journal Prompt 15.1
Was there a conflict between freedpeople’s goals of cultural and
economic autonomy, on the one hand, and integration into the
American body politic, on the other? Why or why not?
Rights Reserved
Answer: At the end of the war, many, if not most, former slaves
wanted to set themselves up as small, independent farmers.
Having lived their whole lives under the control and for the
benefit of their former owners, they wanted to use their farming
skills and knowledge to support themselves and to make
freedom a genuine reality. This desire was in direct conflict
with the needs of white landowners. Slavery may have come to
an end, but white landowners still required a large, stable, and
inexpensive labor force. It was also in conflict with the
expectations of white Northerners, many of whom assumed that
newly freed blacks would become wage laborers, an assumption
that was consistent with free-labor ideology.

3
15.1 The Struggle over the South
How did various groups of Northerners and Southerners differ
in their vision of the postwar South?
15.2 Claiming Territory for the Union
What human and environmental forces impeded the Republican
goal of western expansion?
Rights Reserved
15.3 The Republican Vision and Its Limits
What were some of the inconsistencies in, and unanticipated
consequences of, Republican notions of equality and federal
power?
Rights Reserved
(1 of 2)
Wartime Preludes to Postwar Policies
Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867
The Postbellum South’s Labor Problem
Building Free Communities
Congressional Reconstruction: The Radicals’ Plan

Rights Reserved
Focus Question:
How did various groups of Northerners and Southerners differ
in their vision of the postwar South?
6
(2 of 2)
A ruined South
260,000 fatalities among soldiers
Lost $2 billion investment in slaves
Countryside in ruins
Freed slaves
Lacked resources to be self-sufficient
Travelled far to find families
Republicans
How do deal with the South
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
A ruined South
260,000 fatalities among soldiers
Lost $2 billion investment in slaves
Whites resisted citizenship rights for blacks
Countryside in ruins
Freed slaves
Lacked resources to be self-sufficient
Travelled far to find families
Republicans
How do deal with the South
Lincoln wanted reconciliation quickly
Johnson wanted southern elite humiliated, but not full freedom

for former slaves
Radical Republicans argued with moderate Republicans
Key Terms:
Reconstruction era: The twelve years after the Civil War when
the U.S. government took steps to integrate the eleven states of
the Confederacy back into the Union.
7
15.1.1 Wartime Preludes to Postwar Policies
Wartime experiments with free labor
Freed slaves work on plantations for wages
Or be self-sufficient through barter system
Lincoln proposed Ten Percent Plan
Allow former Confederate states to form new governments
Vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill
Freedmen’s Bureau
Relief efforts for blacks and poor whites
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Wartime experiments with free labor
Freed slaves work on plantations for wages
Northern merchants wanted a return to staple-crop system with
cotton funneled to northern textile mills
Some in military thought blacks belonged on plantations and
should be forced to work if they resisted
Or be self-sufficient through barter system
Wanted to break free of white landlords, suppliers, and cotton
merchants
Lincoln proposed Ten Percent Plan
Allow former Confederate states to form new governments
Must have 10 percent of men who voted in 1860 pledge

allegiance to the Union and renounce slavery
Vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill
Alternative plan by Congress
Required a majority of southern voters to take a loyalty oath
Lincoln used a pocket veto to kill the bill
Freedmen’s Bureau
Relief efforts for blacks and poor whites
Sponsoring schools
Implementing a labor contract system on southern plantations
Key Terms:
Pocket veto: An indirect veto of a legislative bill made when an
executive (such as a president or governor) simply leaves the
bill unsigned, so that it dies after the adjournment of the
legislature.
Freedmen’s Bureau: Federal agency created by Congress in
March 1865 and disbanded in 1869. Its purposes were to
provide relief for Southerners who had remained loyal to the
Union during the Civil War, to support black elementary
schools, and to oversee annual labor contracts between
landowners and field hands.
8
15.1.2 Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867 (1 of 2)
President Johnson’s agenda for South
Modify Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan
South quickly passed the Black Codes
An attempt to institute a system of near-slavery
Republicans divided
Radicals
Moderates
Both outraged

Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
President Johnson’s agenda for South
Modify Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan
Deny vote to wealthy Confederates
Individuals could beg for pardons
Lenient plan for readmittance to Union
States renounce secession and accept Thirteenth Amendment
abolishing slavery
Repudiate all Confederate debts
Opposed vote for freedmen
South quickly passed the Black Codes
An attempt to institute a system of near-slavery
Penalties for “vagrant” blacks
Denied blacks the right to vote
Blacks could not serve on juries
In some cases, could not own land
Mississippi: cannot quit jobs until expiration of contract
Blacks must be working under supervision of whites at any
given moment
Arrested people faced imprisonment or forced labor
Republicans divided
Radicals
Federal participation in blacks’ civil rights and economic
independence
Moderates
Hands-off approach to blacks’ rights and economic situation
More concerned with free market and private property rights
Both outraged
Black Codes
Former Confederate generals and leaders in Congress in
December 1865
Included vice president of Confederacy Alexander Stephens,
under indictment for treason

Key Terms:
Black Codes: Southern state laws passed after the Civil War to
limit the rights and actions of newly liberated African
Americans.
9
15.1.2 Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867 (2 of 2)
Congress moves to expand rights
Thirteenth Amendment
Civil Rights Bill of 1866
Fourteenth Amendment
Northerners move south
Teachers
Carpetbaggers
Scalawags
White vigilantes: Ku Klux Klan
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Congress moves to expand rights
Thirteenth Amendment
Abolished slavery
Ratified by states by the end of the year
Civil Rights Bill of 1866
Federal protection of individual rights
Passed, vetoed; Congress overrode veto
Johnson was becoming defiant of aggressive federal protection
of black civil rights
Also vetoed expansion of Freedmen’s Bureau, but Congress also
overrode that veto

Fourteenth Amendment
Freed peoples given citizenship rights
States punished for denying these rights
Former rebels could not hold offices (except local)
Voided Confederate debts
Vetoed by Johnson, finally adopted in 1868
Johnson believed states should decide issues of black suffrage
Northerners move south
Teachers
Black and white teachers volunteer to teach former slaves to
read and write
Carpetbaggers
Investors wanted to become planters in the staple-crop economy
Southerners saw them as taking advantage of the South’s
devastation
Scalawags
Reluctant secessionists ally with Republicans
Former white southern Whigs
Some humbled planter class and less wealthy men
White vigilantes: Ku Klux Klan
Began as a group of Tennessee war veterans
White supremacist terrorist group
Led to violence and murder of both blacks and their white allies
Showed how far ex-Confederates would go to reassert their
authority and defy the federal government
Key Terms:
carpetbaggers: A negative term applied by Southerners to
Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War to
pursue political or economic opportunities.
scalawags: A negative term applied by southern Democrats after
the Civil War to any white Southerner who allied with the
Republican party.
10

Freedmen’s Bureau, Beaufort,
South Carolina
Rights Reserved
Freedmen's Bureau agents distributed rations to former slaves
and southern whites who had remained loyal to the Union.
Agents also sponsored schools, legalized marriages formed
under slavery, arbitrated domestic disputes, and oversaw labor
contracts between workers and landowners. The bureau faced
many challenges; it was chronically understaffed, and many
freedpeople lived on isolated plantations, far from the scrutiny
of bureau agents. But by 1869 the bureau had ceased to exist.
Historical/Corbis
Journal Prompt 15.2
Can you speculate about the way that the building in the
photograph above was used before and during the war? How do
you think southern whites reacted to the various roles and
responsibilities of Freedmen’s Bureau’s agents?
Rights Reserved
Answer: It is difficult to say with certainty how this building
was used before the war, but its size and sophisticated
construction suggest that it might have been the home of a
relatively well-to-do person. If so, the occupation of such a
building by the Freedmen’s Bureau would have been
particularly galling. From the point of view of many white
Southerners, the Freedmen’s Bureau epitomized northern
interference in southern social, political, and economic affairs.

Thus, the Bureau’s use of the home of a member of the white
social elite as a base of operations may have been seen as
adding insult to injury.
12
15.1.3 The Postbellum South’s
Labor Problem
Labor contracts
Freedmen’s Bureau would help negotiate
Contract options
Benefits of contract
Sherman’s Field Order Number 15
“Forty acres and a mule” (later revoked)
Commissioners from Edisto Island
Sharecropping option
Troubling for freedmen
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Labor contracts
Freedmen’s Bureau would help negotiate
Mixed record
Agents were a diverse group
Some bureau offices havens for blacks seeking help but others
had little impact
Contract options
Monthly wage
Share of crop
Combination
Benefits of contract
Incentive to treat workers fairly

Workers could leave at the end of the year
Sherman’s Field Order Number 15
“Forty acres and a mule” (later revoked)
20,000 former slaves worked the land
Commissioners from Edisto Island
Group of black men protested
Sharecropping option
Troubling for freedmen
Received advance supplies from landlord, worked all year,
remained indebted to landlord and obliged to work another year
Could be easily evicted if landlord desired
13
Sharecroppers at Work
Rights Reserved
After the Civil War, many rural southern blacks, such as those
shown here, continued to toil in cotton fields owned by whites.
As sharecroppers, these workers made very little in cash wages,
and even when they did accumulate some money, many learned
that whites would not sell them land.
USZ62-45067]
Journal Prompt 15.3
What were the limits of Reconstruction as a federal program
designed to assist freed slaves to become truly free?
Rights Reserved

Answer: True freedom for former slaves required a social and
economic revolution, something the federal government was
unwilling to facilitate. It was not enough that slaves were
legally free, that laws were passed protecting their rights, or
that the federal government sometimes intervened to prevent the
violent acts of white supremacists. So long as southern blacks
were economically dependent on southern whites, their freedom
was limited and conditional. As soon as the federal government
withdrew from the South, white Southerners moved quickly to
reestablish the prewar racial order.
15
Interpreting History: M. C. Fulton: An Appeal of a Georgia
Planter to a Freedmen’s Bureau Officer (1866) (1 of 2)
How does Fulton define “idleness”? Why does he believe that
women who stay home and care for their families are not really
working?
Is Fulton making a race-based or a class-based argument in his
appeal to Tillson? Explain.
Rights Reserved
Interpreting History: M. C. Fulton: An Appeal of a Georgia
Planter to a Freedmen’s Bureau Officer (1866) (2 of 2)
Does Fulton have good reason for assuming—or hoping—that
Tillson will be responsive to this letter?
Rights Reserved

17
15.1.4 Building Free Communities
Blacks strove to be political force
Often divided by class
Uniting principle: full citizenship rights
Self-help organizations
Efforts to sponsor schools
Family cooperation
Built own churches
Whites felt threatened
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Blacks strove to be political force
Often divided by class
Slaves free before war might be skilled and literate
Would assume leadership positions over field hands
Light-skinned people
Uniting principle: full citizenship rights
Ability to vote, own land, and educate children
Should be enforced by the federal government, using force, if
necessray
Self-help organizations
Efforts to sponsor schools
Hire teachers and construct school buildings
Expensive – personal and group sacrifice required
Family cooperation
Help neighbors, elderly, orphans
Valued family ties over employers and landlords
Built own churches

Whites felt threatened
KKK resulted
18
15.1.5 Congressional Reconstruction:
The Radicals’ Plan (1 of 2)
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Purge the South of disloyalty
Five military districts
Tenure of Office Act
Prevent the president from dismissing Secretary of War Stanton
1868: Johnson impeached for violation of Tenure Act
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Purge the South of disloyalty
Stripped former Confederates of voting rights
Former Confederate states not readmitted until they ratified the
Fourteenth Amendment and wrote new constitutions that
guaranteed black men the right to vote
Five military districts
Federal troops stationed throughout territory
Protecting Union personnel and supporters
Restoring order
Tenure of Office Act
Prevent the president from dismissing Secretary of War Stanton
Was a supporter of radicals
1868: Johnson impeached for violation of Tenure Act
One vote short of impeachment
Johnson no longer attempted policymaking
Key Terms:

Reconstruction Act of 1867: An act that prevented the former
Confederate states from entering the Union until they had
ratified the Fourteenth Amendment and written new
constitutions that guaranteed black men the right to vote. It also
divided the South (with the exception of Tennessee, which had
ratified the Fourteenth Amendment) into five military districts
and stationed federal troops throughout the region.
19
15.1.5 Congressional Reconstruction:
The Radicals’ Plan (2 of 2)
Command of the Army Act
The president must seek approval for military orders from
General Grant
Reconstruction governments
2,000 black men – Republican leaders
Passed laws to improve equality
Fifteenth Amendment
Voting rights for black men
Ku Klux Klan Act
Rights Reserved
Lecture Outline:
Command of the Army Act
The president must seek approval for military orders from
General Grant
Grant also a supporter of Republicans
Reconstruction governments
2,000 black men – Republican leaders
Locally elected sheriffs, justices of the peace, tax collectors,
and city councilors
Also elected to state legislatures, U.S. Congress

Many were of mixed ancestry and free before the war
Mostly literate and skilled
Majority of voting public were black men
Passed laws to improve equality
Wanted to promote economic development and economic
equality
Later claims of corruption and kickbacks
Fifteenth Amendment
Voting rights for black men
Ku Klux Klan Act
Punishes acts to deny rights to citizens
Key Terms:
kickbacks: Money paid illegally in return for favors (for
example, to a politician by a person or business that has
received government contracts).
20
Map 15.1: Radical Reconstruction
Rights Reserved
Four of the former Confederate states, Louisiana, Arkansas,
Tennessee, and Virginia, were reorganized under President
Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan in 1864. Neither this plan nor the
proposals of Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson, provided for
the enfranchisement of the former slaves. In 1867 Congress
established five military districts in the South and demanded
that newly reconstituted state governments implement universal
manhood suffrage. By 1870, all of the former Confederate states
had rejoined the Union, and by 1877, all of those states had
installed conservative (i.e., Democratic) governments.

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