Science and Technology, Society and Environment. The video in the second slide and the last part of the presentation is not available due to the capacity of the slideshare that does not support on the video clip provided in the presentation.

1. CHAPTER 13
THE INFLUENCE OF
MODERN SOCIETY ON
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Salva, Rochel A.
Sisican, Dennise G.
BSED BS 4C

3. INFLUENCE AGENTS, TYPES AND
EFFECTS
Introduction
A satisfactory account of the influence of science
and technology on society requires setting these too
forces in sufficiently broad context namely, that of the
(SCES) – Social-Cultural –Environmental System
 ISS – Immediate social system
 CES – cultural environmental system

4. CATEGORIES OF SOCIETAL INFLUENCE AGENTS
Government
Within the sphere of government, social influence agents
include the executive, legislative, judicial and regulatory
branches, the public as a political body, and independent
government agencies.
 EXECUTIVE BRANCH
 LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
 JUDICIAL BRANCH
 REGULATORY BRANCH

5. EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Branch of the government typically exercises a
potent influence on the scientific and technological
enterprises in modern societies.
The E.B. negotiate and sign international treaties
affecting arms control and the conduct of various
technical activities, empanel commissions to study
science and technology related social problems, and
decide whether to prepare for or wage war.

6. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
The law-making functions, its main way in
which the legislative branch affects science and
technology.
National legislatures shape and enact
budgetary legislation , tax law and trade bills, and
establish independent science or technology-
related governmental organization.

7. JUDICIAL BRANCH
The judicial branch profoundly influences
scientific and technological activities through
courts prohibitive, compensatory and punitive
decisions.
Courts are called upon to decide whether,
given the existing legal accomplished action or
existing practices are in compliance with various
bodies of the law.

8. REGULATORY BRANCH
The R.B. regulates the existing law, and imposed
such controls and influence, especially on the
implementation of the approved technology and
sciences.
U.S. federal regulatory agencies are of two types,
(OSHA) Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
which deals with scientific and technological affairs,
and is part of Department of Labor.

9. REGULATORY BRANCH
The (FDA) Food and Drug Administration is a
unit of department of health and human services.
Regulatory agencies of both types are charged
with translating legislative intent into detailed
quantitative or qualitative guideline or regulations
and with ensuring that laws enacted by the legislative
branch are enforced in the agencies respective
jurisdictional sphere.

10. THE PUBLIC REFERENDUM
The institution of the referendum is a way in
which government influences the science and
technology. In the decision-making process for a
particular these influences are being carried
through.
Resort to national referenda on science-or
technology-related policy issued to obtain public
reactions to alternative policy options.

11. THE PRIVATE SECTOR
The private sectors influence on science and
technology is at least as important as that of the
national government. The primary but not sole source
of societal influence in the private sector lies in the
sphere of business.
Non-commercial private sector influence agents
include philanthropic foundations, labor unions,
university associations, groups of technical
professionals, and religious and public interest groups

12. BUSINESS
The influence exerted business on science
and technology stems largely from the institution
of the market mechanism.
The incentive of profit and the regulator of
inter firm competition are behind a good deal of
the effort expended by business to influence
science and technology.

13. NOT-FOR-PROFIT GROUPS AND ORGANIZATION
The foundations funded by agricultural,
population, and public health research projects and
undertaken initiatives to recruit more women and
members of minority groups into science and
engineering. The established programs to enrich
science and engineering education for students in
technical majors, promote technical literacy for liberal
arts majors, and enhance the competence of
secondary-school science teachers.

14. THE PUBLIC AT LARGE
Its role in influencing science and technology
has expanded considerably in the last two
decades and has served as a counterweight to
the preponderant influences exerted throughout
this century by government and business. The
public at large influences science and technology
in several ways.

15. CULTURE
The societal influence agents that we have
considered exercise political or economic
influence or science or technology. The
respective agendas and tactics often reflects
aspects of the background cultural contexts.
Culture experts its own, often overlooked,
influence on science and technology.

16. SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY: A TYPOLOGY
To identify the agents of social
influence on science and technology
and to indicate which of them exercise
the most potent, direct, pervasive, or
subtle influence of science and
technology.

17. FOUR PAIRS OF GENERAL
TYPES OF INFLUENCE IN
SOCIETAL AGENTS ON S.T.
 ENABLING – DISABLING
 GENERATING – TERMINATING
 HELPING – HINDERING
 DETERMINING – LIBERATING

18. ENABLING AND DISABLING
A society culture make it possible for
scientific or technological activities to be carried
out, in the sense that without them such
endeavors would not be feasible.
 Enabling S.T. (e.g. the basic notion on pursuit
to the truth about natural phenomena)
 Disabling S.T. (e.g. Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution in China)

19. GENERATING AND TERMINATING
The second pair of societal influence on science
and technology, which connotes the possibilities of
actual influence and effects of S.T. but some of its
implementation are not guarantee actualized.
 Generating S.T. – a generating influence on a
scientific or technological endeavor is one that, by
providing an external social motive, goal, or rational,
ignites a process culminating in the birth of technical
endeavor or artifact. (e.g. NASA Apollo vs. Russian
launching Satellite Sputnik in cold war 1957)

20.  Terminating S.T. – a societal influences
are ones that ignite processes leading to
the effective “death” of an existing
technical phenomenon, endeavor or
development. (e.g. a project, proposal,
theory or system)

21. HELPING AND HINDERING
Third important pair of types of societal influence
on science and technology.
 Helping S.T. – those that favorable affects the life or
growth of S.T. in general or of a particular scientific
or technological problem, project, activity, or field.
Three species of pro-motive influence;
- Sustaining - Strengthening - Furthering
Three major kinds of means;
- Inducements – facilitations - prescriptions

22.  Hindering S.T. – the antitheses of helping societal
influence, the influences that adversely affect the
progress or development of science or technology in
general or of a particular projects, problem, activity,
or field.
Three species of promotive influence;
- Preventing - Weakening - Impeding
Three major kinds of means;
- Inductive - Obstructive - Prescriptive

23. DETERMINING AND LIBERATING
Four pair of types of societal influence on science
and technology.
 Determining S.T. – is one that helps establish the
direction, nature, structure, or properties of its
object-in the present context, technical enterprises,
product, or processes.
“the social control of science and technology”
- particularly importance species of such influence is
Regulations-the controlling or directing of a party or
activity according to rules, method, guidelines, or
laws.

24.  Liberating S.T. – is a societal influence on science
and technology on the relation to the demands and
needs of the people for the used and effects of S.T.
The political and economic forces, individually or
more often, in combination, often exercise decisive
influence on S. & T. (e.g. paper-weights, telephones,
steam engines. Myraid “Bell and Whistles,” colorful
plastic Swiss Swatches, and ubiquitous Japanese
Casio timepieces etc.)

25. EFFECTS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
OF THESE TYPES OF INFLUENCE
“Influencer” (the influence agent) and “influenced” (the
effects of the influences wielded) the third facet of the societal-
influence-on-science-and-technology relationship.
Six Major Kind of Changes that Societal Forces Have
1. Direction Selection
2. Technique Constitution
3. Process Specification
4. Technique Production
5. Technique Diffusion
6. Technique Use

26. DIRECTION
Societal forces external to S&T play important role
in determining the direction in which enterprises move,
thereby influencing the rates of progress in different
areas of science and technology.
They realize these effect directive effects by
influencing which specific research and development
projects, which general areas of research, and the
which general approaches to a given science-or-
technology-related social problem are furthered or
opposed (via one or more of the available societal
influence mechanism)

27. CONSTITUTION
Societal forces sometimes influence the very
make-up or constitution of the products-knowledge,
individual technics, and technical systems-generated
by science and technology.
Among the kinds of societal factors that
sometimes influence technological design are
political-economic power struggles, class and racial
prejudice, and concern over widespread social
values.

28. “Other important aspects of science and
technology that are affected by social
policies-the numbers of students and
practitioners of science and engineering, the
distribution of their fields of specialization,
the representations of women and
minorities in these professions, and the
quality of the equipment available for use
in…..”

29. PROCESS SPECIFICATION
Societal forces have succeeded in affecting
not only some ancillary processes
accompanying the carrying out of a piece of
scientific or technological work, but also, in some
cases, the very structure of the research process
itself.
(e.g. chemical and nuclear) are subject to a
variety of informational and procedural regulations
governing their storage, treatment, transport and
disposal.

30. PRODUCTION
Besides direction-setting, product-constituting,
and process-specifying influences, societal forces,
namely government, also affect the MANUFACTURE
of certain projects and materials.
Within a narrow but important range of products,
governments limit who can manufacture what, and
under which conditions. Nuclear, chemical and
biological weapon are cases in point.

31. DIFFUSION
For political or economic reasons, governments
sometimes attempt to foster or impose strict limits on the
dissemination and diffusion of the products of scientific and
technological activity (e.g. knowledge, techniques, and
technical systems) Diffusion controls include banning the
distribution of certain projects outright to specified parties,
banning the diffusion of certain informational products
through specified channels, and limiting product
distributions to those who agree and to abide by the certain
conditions regarding their use and possible redistributions

32. USE
In recent decades governments have begun to
increase regulation of the use of techniques and
technical system. Rather than banning the diffusion of
sometimes controversial technologies or products
outright, thereby foregoing such advantages as they
may offer, governments of industrialized countries have
tended to impose selective limits on the use or uses of
the production question, hopes of having it both ways.