The document provides an overview of medical terminology related to the respiratory system. It defines key terms using combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes. The major structures of the respiratory system are identified along with their functions. Common clinical procedures, pathologic conditions, and medical specialties pertaining to the respiratory system are also defined.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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2. Learning outcomes
By the end of the lecture student will be able to:
1. Identify the root words for major structure of respiratory
system.
2. Name essential organs of respiratory system and their
functions.
3. Define combining forms, prefix and suffixes related to the
respiratory system.
4. Define the terms related to the laboratory tests, clinical
procedures, and pathologic conditions of respiratory system.
Dr. Ismail Memon
3. Structures Related combing forms
nose nas/o, rhin/o
sinus sinus/o
pharynx pharyng/o
epiglottis epiglott/o
larynx laryng/o
trachea trache/o
bronchial tube, bronchus bronch/o,bronchi/o
bronchiole, small bronchus bronchiol/o
alveolus, air sac alveol/o
lungs pneum/o, pneumon/o
diaphragm phren/o
Combining forms
5. • Air enter through the nares in to the nasal cavity, which is divided in
two cavities by the nasal septum.
• The paranasal sinuses are air filled spaces around the nose
• para/ nas / al
Nose & paranasal sinuses
near nose pertaining to
6. • After passing through nasal cavity, the air enters the pharynx (throat)
• Pharynx is divided into three parts:
– nasopharynx (upper portion, located behind nose)
– oropharynx (middle portion, located behind mouth)
– laryngopharynx (lower portion, behind larynx)
Pharynx (pharyng/o)
7. • Located in the nasopharynx are 2 rounded masses of lymphatic tissue
these are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
• The palatine tonsils (tonsils) are located in the oropharynx.
• During the act of swallowing the epiglottis (small cartilage at the base
of tongue) covers the opening (called as Glottis) of the larynx.
Pharynx
8. • Also called voice box
• Located between pharynx and trachea
• Contains two vocal cords
• The space between vocal cords is called
glottis.
Larynx (laryng/o)
9. • Air passes from the larynx into
trachea or windpipe
• Extends from larynx in the
neck and divides in to the
bronchi in the chest
9
Trachea (trache/o)
10. • Trachea branches into 2 tubes called
bronchi (singular = bronchus)
• Each bronchus leads to separate lung
and divides and subdivides into smaller
tubes called bronchioles.
• Because of their similarity to a tree these
branching structures form a bronchial
tree
• The bronchioles terminate at the alveoli
(air sacs)
• Alveoli (singular = alveolus) are very
small grapelike structures, they allow gas
exchange between lungs and blood
Bronchi (bronch/o, bronchi/o)
11. Pleurodynia:
Pain due to inflammation of pleura or intercostal muscle
Fluid from blood or lymph vessels draining into the pleural cavity.
REMEMBER THE PLEURA?
(two layer membrane forming a sac around the lungs)
Pleural effusion:
• The pleural space or pleural
cavity is the space between
these 2 membranes (Parietal
pleura & Visceral pleura)
1. Parietal pleura
(a membrane attached to ribs)
2. Visceral pleura
(a membrane attached to lung)
12. • Lungs are divided into
lobes
• Right lung has 3 lobes:
superior, middle and
inferior
• Left lung has 2 lobes:
superior, inferior
Lungs (pneumon/o, pneumo)
The space between lungs is mediastinum (mediastinus - midway )
The mediastinum contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus,
and bronchi
13. • It is the muscle that separates the
thoracic cavity and abdominal
cavity
• It is for breathing
Phrenic = phren / ic pertaining to
diaphragm
Diaphragm (phren/o)
14. Combining forms Meaning Terminology
adenoid/o adenoids
Adenoidectomy
adenoid hypertrophy
alveol/o alveolus; air sac Alveolar
bronch/o, bronchi/o
bronchial
tube,bronchus
Bronchospasm
bronchiectasis
Bronchodilator
Bronchopleural
bronchiol/o bronchiole
bronchorrhea
bronchiolitis
capn/o carbon dioxide Hypercapnia
coni/o dust pneumoconiosis
cyan/o blue cyanosis
Combining forms
15. Combining forms Meaning Terminology
epiglott/o epiglottis epiglottitis
laryng/o larynx, voice box
Laryngeal
laryngospasm
laryngitis
lob/o lobe of lung lobectomy
mediastin/o mediastinum mediastinoscopy
nas/o nose paranasal sinuses nasogastric
intubation
orth/o straight, upright orthopnea
ox/o oxygen hypoxia
pector/o chest Expectoration
Combining forms
16. Combining forms Meaning Terminology
pharyng/o pharynx, throat otorhinopharngeal
phon/o voice dysphonia
phren/o diaphragm pleural effusion
pleur/o pleura pleuritis (pleurisy)
pneum/o air lung
pneumothorax
pneumonectomy
pneumonia
pneumoconiosis
Pneumorrhagia
pulmon/o lung
pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary infarction
Combining forms
17. Combining forms Meaning Terminology
pulmon/o lung
pulmonary embolism
pulmonary edema
pulmonary infarction
rhin/o nose
rhinoplasty
rhinorrhea
rhinorrhagia
sinus/o sinus, cavity sinusitis
spir/o breathing
spirometer
expiration
respiration
tel/o complete atelectasis
Combining forms
18. Combining forms Meaning Terminology
thorac/o chest
thoracotomy
thoracic cavity
thoracocentesis
tonsill/o tonsils tonsillectomy
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
tracheotomy
tracheal stenosis
tracheorrhagia
tracheitis
Combining forms
22. • Pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx
• Laryngeal
Pertaining to the larynx
• Bronchopleural
Pertaining to the bronchial
tube and the pleura
• Alveolar
Pertaining to the alveoli/
air sacs
Pertaining to respiratory system
• Pulmonary
Pertaining to the lungs
• Thoracic
Pertaining to the chest
• Expectoration
The act of coughing/spitting out
material brought into the mouth by
coughing from respiratory tract
23. • Emphysema: Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of
alveolar walls
• Asthma: Chronic allergic disorder with episodes of severe
breathing difficulty, coughing and wheezing
• Bronchiectasis: chronic dilation of the bronchi as a result
of uncured lung infection
Terms related to respiratory pathology
Chronic problems:
24. Upper respiratory infection:
• Acute nasopharyngitis: common cold
• Allergic rhinitis: commonly known as allergy of nasal cavity
• Rhinorrhea: (runny nose) excessive flow from nose
• Epistaxis: nosebleed
• Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinuses
• Anosmia: A loss of the sense of smell
Epi- = upon
Staxis = dripping or oozing
Epi/staxis: (nosebleed) Hemorrhage from the nose.
Terms related to respiratory pathology
25. • Hypercapnia:
An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood.
• Hemoptysis:
spitting of blood caused by pulmonary or bronchial
hemorrhage (ptysis = spitting)
Terms related to respiratory pathology
26. • Pharyngitis: inflammation of pharynx commonly known as sore
throat
• Laryngoplegia: paralysis of larynx
• Laryngospasm: uncontrolled contraction of the larynx
Terms related to respiratory pathology
Phon/o mean sound, voice
• Dysphonia: is any voice impairment
• Aphonia: is the loss of ability to produce speech sounds
• Laryngitis: is the inflammation of the larynx, commonly used to
describe voice loss caused by inflammation
27. • Tracheitis: inflammation of trachea
• Bronchitis: inflammation of bronchial walls
• Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of bronchioles
Terms related to respiratory pathology
Trachea and Bronchi:
• Pleuritis: (Pleurisy) inflammation of the pleura
• Pleuralgia: (pleurodynia) pleural membrane pain
• Pleural effusion: accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
• Mesothelioma: Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura.
Pleural membrane and Pleural cavity:
28. • Pyothorax (or Empyema):
accumulation of pus in pleural cavity
• Hemothorax: accumulation of blood
in pleural cavity
• Pneumothorax: air in the pleural
cavity
• Hydrothorax: collection of fluid in
the pleural cavity
Terms related to respiratory pathology
Pleural membrane and Pleural cavity:
29. Lung:
• Pneumorrhagia: bleeding from lungs
• Pulmonary edema: accumulation of fluid in lung tissues
Terms related to respiratory pathology
• Atelectasis: (atel = incomplete, ectasis = stretching)
– (or collapsed lung) condition in which lungs fail to expand
30. • Pulmonary infarction: Area of necrosis (death of lung tissue)
• Tuberculosis (TB): infectious disease of the lungs, caused by
mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs in which air sacs fill with
pus. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic infection
or by chemical irritants.
Terms related to respiratory pathology
32. • Eupnea: normal breathing
• Dyspnea: difficult breathing
• Apnea: absence of breathing
• Orthopnea: Breathing is possible in upright position
• Bradypnea: slow rate of breathing
• Tachypnea: rapid rate of breathing
• Hypopnea: shallow breathing
• Hyperpnea: deep breathing
Terms related to respiratory pathology
Breathing Disorders:
34. Lack of oxygen:
• Hypoxia: reduced supply of oxygen to the tissues
• Anoxia: absence of oxygen from tissues
• Asphyxia: suffocation or interruption of breathing
• Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of skin caused by lack of
adequate oxygen
Terms related to respiratory pathology
35. • Otorhinolaryngologist or otolaryngologist: specializes in the
diseases of ears, nose and throat (ENT)
• Pulmonologist: specializes in the diseases of the lungs
• Respiratory therapist (RT): provides treatment that helps
breathing problems
35
Medical specialties
36. • Respiration rate: (RR) number of respirations per minute
• Spirometry: measurement of patient’s breathing capacity with
a spirometer (spiro = to breath)
• Sputum specimen: specimen of material expectorated from
mouth
• Bronchoscopy: examination of interior of bronchi using
bronchoscope
• Laryngoscopy: examination of interior of larynx using
laryngoscope
Diagnostic procedures
37. Bronchioscopy
Endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis,
biopsy, or collection of specimens
Mediastinoscopy
Visual examination of the mediastinum
Diagnostic procedures
38. • Bronchodilator: a drug that expand the opening of the passages
into lungs
• Rhinoplasty: Surgical repair of the nose
• Septoplasty: surgical repair of nasal septum
• Sinusotomy: surgical incision into sinus
Procedures and treatment
39. • Endotracheal intubation
passage of tube into trachea to
establish airway
• Nasogastric intubation
A tube passes through the nose
into the stomach and the upper
region of the intestines
Procedures and treatment
