nill

2.  Functions of each part of the respiratory system
 Alterations that occur in the various parts of
the respiratory system
 The effect on the respiratory system when a
disorder occurs
 The function of the alveoli and the respiratory
process
 The effect of treatments and procedures on the
respiratory process

3.  PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
 Provides oxygen for metabolism in the tissues
 Removes carbon dioxide, the waste product of
metabolism
 SECONDARY FUNCTIONS
 Facilitates sense of smell
 Produces speech
 Maintains acid-base balance
 Maintains body water levels
 Maintains heat balance

4.  Nose
 Sinuses
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Epiglottis

5. From Monahan, F. & Neighbors, M. (1998). Medical-surgical nursing: Foundations for
clinical practice, ed 2, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

6.  NOSE
 Humidifies, warms, and filters inspired air
 SINUSES
 Air-filled cavities within the hollow bones that
surround the nasal passages
 Provide resonance during speech

7.  PHARYNX
 Located behind the oral and nasal cavities
 Divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and
laryngopharynx
 Passageway for both the respiratory and digestive
tracts

8.  LARYNX
 Located above the trachea and just below the
pharynx at the root of the tongue
 Commonly called the voice box
 Contains two pairs of vocal cords, the false and true
cords
 The opening between the true vocal cords is the
glottis
 The glottis plays an important role in coughing,
which is the most fundamental defense mechanism
of the lungs

9.  EPIGLOTTIS
 Leaf-shape elastic structure that is attached along
one end to the top of the larynx
 It prevents food from entering the tracheobronchial
tree by closing over the glottis during swallowing

10.  Trachea
 Mainstem bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Alveolar ducts and alveoli
 Lungs

12.  TRACHEA
 Located in front of the esophagus
 Branches into the right and left mainstem bronchi at
the carina

13. .

14.  MAIN STEM BRONCHI
 Begins at the carina
 The right bronchus is slightly wider, shorter, and
more vertical than the left bronchus
 The mainstem bronchi divide into five secondary or
lobar bronchi that enter each of the five lobes of the
lung
 The bronchi are lined with cilia, which propel mucus
up and away from the lower airway to the trachea
where it can be expectorated or swallowed

15.  BRONCHIOLES
 Branch from the secondary bronchi and subdivide
into the small terminal and respiratory bronchioles
 They contain no cartilage and depend on the elastic
recoil of the lung for patency
 The terminal bronchioles contain no cilia and do not
participate in gas exchange

17.  ALVEOLAR DUCTS AND ALVEOLI
 Alveolar ducts branch from the respiratory
bronchioles
 Alveolar sacs, which arise from the ducts, contain
clusters of alveoli, which are the basic units of gas
exchange
 Cells in the walls of the alveoli secrete surfactant, a
phospholipid protein that reduces the surface
tension in the alveoli; without surfactant, the alveoli
would collapse

19.  LUNGS
 Located in the pleural cavity in the thorax
 Extend from just above the clavicles to the
diaphragm, the major muscle of inspiration
 The right lung, which is larger than the left, is
divided into three lobes: the upper, middle, and
lower lobe
 The left lung, which is somewhat narrower than the
right lung to accommodate the heart, is divided into
two lobes

20.  LUNGS
 Innervation of the respiratory structures is
accomplished by the phrenic nerve, vagus nerve,
and thoracic nerves
 The parietal pleura lines the inside of the thoracic
cavity, including the upper surface of the
diaphragm
 The visceral pleura covers the pulmonary surfaces

21.  LUNGS
 A thin fluid layer which is produced by the cells
lining the pleura, lubricates the visceral and parietal
pleura, allowing them to glide smoothly and
painlessly during respiration
 Blood flow through the lungs occurs via the
pulmonary system and the bronchial system

22.  SCALENE MUSCLES
 Elevate the first two ribs
 STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLES
 Raise the sternum
 TRAPEZIUS AND PECTORALIS MUSCLES
 Fix the shoulders

23.  The diaphragm descends into the abdominal
cavity during inspiration, causing negative
pressure in the lungs
 The negative pressure draws air from the area
of greater pressure, the atmosphere, into the
area of lesser pressure, the lungs
 In the lungs, air passes through the terminal
bronchioles into the alveoli to oxygenate the
body tissues

24.  At the end of inspiration, the diaphragm and
intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil
 As the lungs recoil, pressure within the lungs
becomes greater than atmospheric pressure,
causing the air, which now contains the cellular
waste products of carbon dioxide and water, to
move from the alveoli in the lungs to the
atmosphere
 Expiration is a passive process