This document discusses interest groups and their role in influencing government. It defines interest groups as collections of people who share common interests and seek to influence policy. Interest groups engage in tactics like lobbying to achieve their goals. Examples are given of different types of interest groups, such as single-issue groups, as well as tactics they use like litigation. Problems that can arise with interest groups are also outlined, such as the disproportionate influence of some groups. Key terms related to interest groups and their activities are defined.

1. Chapter 9
Interest Groups

2. Interest groups exist to make demands on the
government and usually deal with ideological, public
interest, foreign policy, government itself, as well as
ethnic, religious, and racial issues and groups

4. Interest group- A collection of people who share a common interest or attitude
and seek to influence government for specific ends. Interest groups usually
work within the framework of government and try to achieve their goals through
tactics such as lobbying.
The American Medical Association and the United States Chamber of
Commerce are examples of interest groups.

5. Political parties and interest groups are different:
a. Political parties aim to attain or maintain power, however
interest groups do not have such an aim, instead they aim to
influence decision making and the politicians.
b. Second, parties blend various demands, not just support
particular ones because they have to appeal to more people,
however interest groups focus upon particular issues.

6. Interest groups reach out to the public for these reasons:
1. To supply information in support of the group’s interests
2. To build a positive image for the group
3. To promote a particular public policy

7. Because of the many different opinions and interests of
Americans, interest groups are made in order to advocate
for their special issue.

8. Interest group power can be affected by size, resources,
cohesiveness, leadership, and techniques

9. pluralism-A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing
groups can check the asserted power by any one group.
Using multiple factions to check the power of other factions is one example of
pluralism.

10. Single-Issue Group - A group that is involved in political campaigning
on one essential policy area or idea.
An example of a Single-Issue Group is the Greedy 40% Extra group
that protested against politician wage increase.

12. Tactics of interest groups:
1. Control of information and expertise. Ex. Oil corporations know
about oil business than anybody else.
2. Electoral activity: Especially for groups with large number of
members to vote or raise money for certain candidates.
3. Use of economic power: M. Luther King managed to organize a
boycott of the city bus system of Montgomery, Alabama.
4. Public information campaigns: using media to enlighten the
masses about an issue.
5. Violence and disruption: Ex. separatist groups.
6. Litigation: Ex. to file court cases. Amicus Curiae brief

13. Litigation - civil action brought before a court of law in which a plaintiff, a party who claims to have received damages
from a defendant's actions, seeks a legal or equitable remedy.
Litigation and lawsuits can be used interchangeably.
and lawsuits can be used interchangeably.
Amicus curiae brief- Literally, a "friend of the court"
brief, filed by an individual or organization to present
arguments in addition to those presented by the
immediate parties to a case.
The Amicus Curiae brief is a way to reveal a individual
group by presenting its arguments.

14. Some problems regarding interest groups:
a. Not all interest groups are equally well organized. For instance, producer interests are
always easier to organize than consumer interests.
b. Some groups command a disproportionate voice in the interest group system because
they have special advantages. Thus they sway politicians into their own interests at the
expense of the whole country.
c. Most interest groups are not organized democratically.
The side benefits of joining any interest group are called selective incentives.
Free rider problem: members try to get the benefits without contributing .

15. Free rider- An individual who does not join a group representing his or her
interests yet receives the benefit of the group's influence.

16. Federal Register- An official document, published every
weekday, which lists the new and proposed regulations of
executive departments and regulatory agencies.
Changes in the Federal Register for good for their
respective interest groups is what interest groups want.

17. lobbyist- A person who is employed by and acts for an
organized interest group or corporation to try to influence
policy decisions and positions in the executive and
legislative branches.
The lobbyist tries to gain attention and interest of political
officers to vie for their interest groups.

20. lobbying- Engaging in activities aimed at influencing public officials, especially
legislators, and the policies they enact.
Lobbyists are lobbying when they try to coerce government officials to support
their cause.

21. Revolving door- Employment cycle in which individuals who work for
governmental agencies that regulate interests eventually end up working for
interest groups of businesses with the same policy concern.
Members of government agencies that favor the topic go through the revolving
door if they join an interest group dealing with the topic.

22. issue network- Relationships among interest groups, congressional
committees and subcommittees, and the government agencies that share a
common policy concern.
The issue network is a large interest group made up of smaller interest
groups, if they share similar concerns.

23. political action committee (PAC)- The political aim of an interest group that is
legally entitled to raise funds on a voluntary basis from members, stockholders,
or employees to contribute funds to candidates or political parties.
PACS are very influential in the elections, as they are the primary funders for
political candidates.

24. leadership PAC- A PAC formed by an office holder that collects contributions
from individuals and other PACs and then makes contributions to other
candidates and political parties.
Leadership PACS are like individual PACS, except that more committees are
involved and an office-held PAC serves as a middle man.
bundling- A tactic in which PACs collect contributions from like-
minded individuals (each limited to $2,000) and present them to
a candidate or political party as a "bundle," thus increasing the
PAC's influence.
By one PAC collecting more money from its contributors by
bundling, the political candidates can see more influence in the
higher paying PAC.

25. Iron Triangle - the policymaking relationship among the
congressional committees, bureaucracies, and interest
groups.
The iron triangle is the main policymaking institution in
American politics.