9. words that clearly explains the Poverty and income inequality
topic,and the importance of further research, and ethical
implications.
Thesis Statement: Type your thesis statement here. Please note
that the thesis statement will be included as the last sentence in
the introduction paragraph when writing your final paper.
Annotation 1:
Reference: Include a complete reference for the source. Format
your reference according to APA style for a journal article or
other scholarly source.
Annotation: In your own words, explain how this source
contributes to answering your research question. Your
annotation should be one to two paragraphs long (150 words or
more) and fully address purpose, content, evidence, and relation
to other sources you found on this topic following this order:
1. In the first sentence, explain the purpose (or the main point)
of the source. Then, describe the content and elements of the
source.
2. After explaining the overall structure of the source,
summarize the evidence that the author uses to support his or
her claims. Does the author use numbers, statistics, historical
documents, or draw from work created by other intellectuals?
3. Next, explain how the source relates to other sources you
have found on this topic throughout the course. Point out how
it contradicts or supports these sources.
4. Finally, briefly describe how the source answers to your
research question.
Annotation 2:
Reference: Include a complete reference for the source. Format
your reference according to APA style for a journal article or
other scholarly source.
Annotation: In your own words, explain how this source
contributes to answering your research question. Your
10. annotation should be one to two paragraphs long (150 words or
more) and fully address purpose, content, evidence, and relation
to other sources you found on this topic following this order:
1. In the first sentence, explain the purpose (or the main point)
of the source. Then, describe the content and elements of the
source.
2. After explaining the overall structure of the source,
summarize the evidence that the author uses to support his or
her claims. Does the author use numbers, statistics, historical
documents, or draw from work created by other intellectuals?
3. Next, explain how the source relates to other sources you
have found on this topic throughout the course. Point out how
it contradicts or supports these sources.
4. Finally, briefly describe how the source answers to your
research question.
Annotation 3:
Reference: Include a complete reference for the source. Format
your reference according to APA style for a journal article or
other scholarly source.
Annotation: In your own words, explain how this source
contributes to answering your research question. Your
annotation should be one to two paragraphs long (150 words or
more) and fully address purpose, content, evidence, and relation
to other sources you found on this topic following this order:
1. In the first sentence, explain the purpose (or the main point)
of the source. Then, describe the content and elements of the
source.
2. After explaining the overall structure of the source,
summarize the evidence that the author uses to support his or
her claims. Does the author use numbers, statistics, historical
documents, or draw from work created by other intellectuals?
3. Next, explain how the source relates to other sources you
have found on this topic throughout the course. Point out how
it contradicts or supports these sources.
11. 4. Finally, briefly describe how the source answers to your
research question.
Annotation 4:
Reference: Include a complete reference for the source. Format
your reference according to APA style for a journal article or
other scholarly source.
Annotation: In your own words, explain how this source
contributes to answering your research question. Your
annotation should be one to two paragraphs long (150 words or
more) and fully address purpose, content, evidence, and relation
to other sources you found on this topic following this order:
1. In the first sentence, explain the purpose (or the main point)
of the source. Then, describe the content and elements of the
source.
2. After explaining the overall structure of the source,
summarize the evidence that the author uses to support his or
her claims. Does the author use numbers, statistics, historical
documents, or draw from work created by other intellectuals?
3. Next, explain how the source relates to other sources you
have found on this topic throughout the course. Point out how
it contradicts or supports these sources.
4. Finally, briefly describe how the source answers to your
research question.
Annotation 5:
Reference: Include a complete reference for the source. Format
your reference according to APA style for a journal article or
other scholarly source.
Annotation: In your own words, explain how this source
contributes to answering your research question. Your
annotation should be one to two paragraphs long (150 words or
more) and fully address purpose, content, evidence, and relation
to other sources you found on this topic following this order:
12. 1. In the first sentence, explain the purpose (or the main point)
of the source. Then, describe the content and elements of the
source.
2. After explaining the overall structure of the source,
summarize the evidence that the author uses to support his or
her claims. Does the author use numbers, statistics, historical
documents, or draw from work created by other intellectuals?
3. Next, explain how the source relates to other sources you
have found on this topic throughout the course. Point out how
it contradicts or supports these sources.
4. Finally, briefly describe how the source answers to your
research question.
INCOME INEQUALITY AND POVERTY
8
Poverty and Income Inequality
Student Name
Course Name and Number
Instructor’s Name
Date Submitted
Running head: INCOME INEQUALITY AND POVERTY
1
1
13. Introduction
Income inequality refers to the disparity in income distributions
between members of different social classes in an economy with
a small social class having a high concentration of income as
compared to the others. Income inequality goes hand in hand
with poverty. A country that has an unequal income distribution
will definitely have divergences in its regional and economic
status which results into a massive gap between the rich and the
poor, with the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer.
The inequality is majorly caused by political instability,
socioeconomic oppression of the poor by the rich, poor
education policies and the general redundancy of the oppressed
to lack critical consciousness that can change the inequality.
Income inequality creates dependency on rich by the poor and
limits the nation’s capabilities of development. It is, therefore,
essential for the government as well as economy researchers to
intensely conduct research experiments that could terminate
income inequality. It is explicit that the main cause of persistent
poverty now is high inequality of market income and the
government as well as the citizens should persistently try to
terminate it.
Annotation 1
Shehzadi, I., Siddique, H. M. A., & Majeed, M. T. IMPACT OF
POLITICAL INSTABILITY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH,
POVERTY AND INCOME INEQUALITY.
The authors of this documentation explain the direct and
indirect impacts of political instability to economic growth
which affects the market income and consequently leads to
persistent poverty. The source’s structure is initiated by an
introduction to describe the relationship between political
instability, economic growth, income among citizens of a
country and the consequent poverty. It also has a literature
review section on related existing works, another section in
which empirical methods that contains empirical methods, their
14. formulation and methodology. The next section involves
statistical summaries of the empirical methods, an explanation
of the empirical results and the last section concludes.
The authors use both empirical statistics and results and
draw content from other intellectuals of related works. The
source reinforces the fact that political instability is a core
cause of poverty directly, through government changes which
directly affect the economy of the country and indirectly
through issues such as terrorism and government’s response to
such issues. They respond to the fact that inequality in market
income is the main cause of persistent poverty by explaining
that political instability, whether caused by government changes
or by the informal sectors shortens the time span for
formulation and implementation of policies that lead to optimal
macro and micro economic performances. The misbalances in
micro and macro economic implementation leads to less
economic growth, inflation, income imbalances and generally
negatively affects the economy thus leading to poverty. If
political instability remains for a long time, misbalances persist
as well leading to persistent poverty. The authors also explain
how political instability affects saving, rates of investment,
capital and inflation and how the effect on these sectors affect
the potential of the economy which consequently leads to
poverty.
Annotation 2
Roy, A. L., Raver, C. C., Masucci, M. D., & DeJoseph, M.
(2019). “If they focus on giving us a chance in life we can
actually do something in this world”: Poverty, inequality, and
youths’ critical consciousness. Developmental
psychology, 55(3), 550.
The purpose of this source is to explain the effect of poverty
and income inequality to the increase in the youths’ choice of
getting involved in critical action behavior as a way of changing
the oppressive social and economic status as established by a
critical consciousness framework. The source is structured into
15. two studies; Study 1 describes the critical issues that low
income minority groups youths (aged 13-17) in Chicago refer to
once asked what they would say really affects them in terms of
structural oppression. Study 2 identifies the qualitative reports
of youths that had gotten involved in critical action behavior
and the relationship between poverty, income inequality in the
neighborhoods, exposure to violence and the choice of the youth
to get involved in critical action behavior. The authors majorly
draw their conclusions from qualitative and statistical works
created by other intellectuals as well as their own primary
statistics drawn from the youths under study.
The source strongly contradicts the perception that high income
inequality in the market is the leading cause of persistent
poverty. It illustrates how critical consciousness caused by
income inequality and social-economic oppression, actually
does the opposite; it prompts the youth to embark on ways that
would enable them to bring change in the communities with an
aim of terminating poverty. The racial and ethical minority
youths get involved in critical conscious activities such as
applying for scholarship, career development and making efforts
to create just political and social system as a way of evading
poverty in contrast to what the previous source by Shehzadi et
al. argues. The source shows that the social-economic and
structural oppression does not necessarily lead to income
inequality and consequential persistent poverty if the youth
make the decision of changing the oppressive systems through
critical consciousness.
Annotation 3
Palma, J. G. (2019). Why is inequality so unequal across the
world? Part 2 The diversity of inequality in market income─
and the increasing asymmetry between the distribution of
income before and after taxes and transferences.
Thesource answers the question whether inequality in
income distribution affects the disposable incomes that different
individuals and nations have and the choices that the rich and
16. the poor make. The source is structured into two parts; Part 1,
addresses how diversely income is distributed among countries
and various social classes in the world and Part 2 addresses the
potential of those nations and social classes in making market
choices. The authors draw their conclusions and perspectives
from the works of other intellectuals from different nations and
also draw their own statistical inferences of how disposable
incomes affects the choices of OCED countries as well as third
world countries.
The source presents close-up statistical evidences of how
OCED countries spend their disposable incomes on production
and manufacture of a massive amount of export and own
consumption goods such as machinery which boosts their
economic status. It explains that the OCED’s ability to largely
depend on themselves reinforces the government’s revenue to
invest in more productive high income ventures hence
considerable equality in the market and less poverty. In
contrast, third world countries depend on OCED countries’
exports and loans from IMF and other global financial
organization such that the government hardly has any disposable
income to elevate its market income. As a result, the
government is unable to fully cater for the economic needs of
the country, which leads to less market income for the citizens,
consequently poverty prevails. The source explicitly shows how
inequality in market income among nations leads to persistent
poverty.
Annotation 4
Manduca, R. A. (2019). The contribution of national income
inequality to regional economic divergence. Social
Forces, 98(2), 622-648.
The author of this source discusses how national income
inequality has contributed to economic and regional divergence
of the U.S. population such that the poor in the metropolitan
cities have tripled the statistics of the poor in 1980. The author
has structured the paper in a yearly chronological order to
explain the state of the nation’s economy since 1980 to 2013 to
17. 2019 and the processes that caused economic and regional
divergences and the gap between the rich and the poor in the
U.S. He explains that the spatial distribution of the rich and the
poor, high dependency levels, incarceration and
deindustrialization as the main causes of persistent poverty and
economic and regional divergence.
The author uses historical data, Census microdata and
research from other intellectuals compare the economic status in
1980 and the current economic status of the national income
inequality that has led to regional and economic divergences.
The source relates to the other documentations on persistent
poverty and inequality in national income since it gives an
overview of how a nation’s income inequality can lead to
regional divergence on basis of how much the people in the
economy earn which causes a disparity between the regions
owned by the rich and how richer they grow, and the region
inhabited by the poor and how poorer they become. The source
answers the research question, how persistent poverty is caused
by inequality in market income, in terms of how the areas in
which the rich live are more developed and have better
infrastructure as compared to areas that are dominantly
inhabited by the poor and that is why there is regional
divergence – the rich area and the poor area majorly caused by
inequality in national income per head.
Annotation 5
Allais, S., Cooper, A., & Shalem, Y. (2019). Rupturing or
reinforcing inequality? The role of education in South Africa
today. Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern
Africa, 101(1), 105-126.
This paper discusses the relationship between education,
poverty and market and labor income and the relationship
between poor education and persistent poverty. The source
contains recommended policies for better education providence
in schools in South Africa on the basis that better education will
increase the chances of poor people in the labor market which
will in turn lead to more income and consequently termination
18. of poverty. The paper is structured thematically in terms of the
educational policies that have been in existence since public
school education was initiated, the weaknesses of those policies
and the recommendations to make them better.
The authors use their own research results, historical
documents as well as documents from other intellectuals who
documented their works as early as 1980. The source relates to
income inequality and persistence poverty in terms of the
contribution of education in enlightment of the children and the
exposure education offers such that people get skilled, get
higher chances of being in profitable labor markets, get higher
income which would ultimately terminate poverty. This source
supports the fact that income inequality in the market is a major
contributor to persistence poverty and changing education
policies to make them better and more applicable in the labor
markets could lead to more income pathways which could lead
to termination of poverty in South Africa as well as other
developing countries.
The source answers the claim that persistence poverty is caused
by high inequality in market income by illustrating how
individuals who have had education from systems that have
practical policies have better skills, better jobs and higher
income as compared to those who have no education or whose
education system’s policies are faulty. The latter individuals,
due to poor skills and education have lesser market income and
are the ones who mostly dwell in poverty. If poor policies are
not done away with, the ultimatum is poverty persistence.
Reflections Instructions
The reflections are personal application of the material
discussed in class to your personal life or that that you have
seen or witnessed. It is NOT A SUMMARY of the chapter. You
may choose any chapter to reflect on however reflections are
due within a week from the day we finish discussing the chapter
in class. Because of the online change below are the deadlines
19. to for reflections on the remaining chapters. Reflections on
chapter 1-6 are not accepted anymore.
Length:
Your reflection should be 2-page in length double spaced 12
point font.
Structure:
Your reflection should have a title.
It should introduce and briefly explain one or two concepts
from the chapter (e.g. ethnocentrism; high context; cultural
shock…) not more than half of a page. After you introduce the
concept, you analyze if it looking into how you may have seen
it in your life and how providing concrete examples from your
life or that of other people you know (e.g. gender roles, as I was
growing up I was taught that…). If you disagree with the
concept (e.g. the chapter says that Greek culture is high context
in general and you disagree) you may provide arguments why
you disagree. Again, if you felt that you need to discuss more
than one concept, you may discuss two but not more than two.
Please note that the sample reflection on blackboard is there as
a sample for content and not length. There is no need to
conclude your reflection with a summary of what you stated.
Adjusted deadlines for the online format
Chapter
Deadline
Chapter
Deadline
7
3/29/2020
10
4/19/2020
8
4/05/2020
11
4/26/2020
9
4/12/2020
