This document provides an overview of bacteriology and the structure of bacterial cells. It begins by defining bacteriology as the study of bacteria and distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The structure of the bacterial cell is then described in detail, including the cell envelope, cell wall, cell membrane, internal cellular elements like ribosomes and DNA, and external structures such as flagella, pili, and capsules. Finally, methods of bacterial classification are discussed, primarily based on cell morphology and staining characteristics.
The first simple forms of life appeared on earth more then 3 billion years ago. Microscopic forms of life are present in vast numbers in nearly every environment like soil, water, food, air , etc.
Bacteria Structure, Cell wall, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes.pptxTagore medical College
Bacteria typically consist of a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA, and sometimes flagella or pili for movement and attachment. They lack membrane-bound organelles like those found in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall provides structure and protection, while the cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria: BACTERIA AS A MODEL ORGANISM
THIS WAS MY PRESENTATION TOPIC IN CLASS. THOUGHT OF SHARING IT AND HOPE IT HELPS.
The first simple forms of life appeared on earth more then 3 billion years ago. Microscopic forms of life are present in vast numbers in nearly every environment like soil, water, food, air , etc.
Bacteria Structure, Cell wall, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes.pptxTagore medical College
Bacteria typically consist of a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA, and sometimes flagella or pili for movement and attachment. They lack membrane-bound organelles like those found in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall provides structure and protection, while the cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria: BACTERIA AS A MODEL ORGANISM
THIS WAS MY PRESENTATION TOPIC IN CLASS. THOUGHT OF SHARING IT AND HOPE IT HELPS.
Foundations of Medical Virology: A Comprehensive Guide for Medical Lab Techno...Vamsi kumar
Medical virology notes typically cover the study of viruses and their impact on human health. The notes may include information on the structure and replication of viruses, how they infect and replicate within host cells, the immune response to viral infections, and the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of viral diseases.
Additionally, medical virology notes may cover specific viral infections, such as influenza, herpes, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and emerging viral diseases like COVID-19. The notes may also address the use of vaccines and antiviral therapies for the prevention and treatment of viral infections.
Medical virology notes can be essential for medical students, laboratory technologists, and healthcare professionals in understanding the mechanisms of viral infections, diagnosing and treating viral diseases, and designing strategies to prevent viral outbreaks. The notes may also explore the impact of viral infections on public health and discuss measures to control and prevent viral epidemics.
Living material is organized in unit and microorganism were living form of microscopical size and usually unicellular in structure originally classification is unsatisfied.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Foundations of Medical Virology: A Comprehensive Guide for Medical Lab Techno...Vamsi kumar
Medical virology notes typically cover the study of viruses and their impact on human health. The notes may include information on the structure and replication of viruses, how they infect and replicate within host cells, the immune response to viral infections, and the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of viral diseases.
Additionally, medical virology notes may cover specific viral infections, such as influenza, herpes, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and emerging viral diseases like COVID-19. The notes may also address the use of vaccines and antiviral therapies for the prevention and treatment of viral infections.
Medical virology notes can be essential for medical students, laboratory technologists, and healthcare professionals in understanding the mechanisms of viral infections, diagnosing and treating viral diseases, and designing strategies to prevent viral outbreaks. The notes may also explore the impact of viral infections on public health and discuss measures to control and prevent viral epidemics.
Living material is organized in unit and microorganism were living form of microscopical size and usually unicellular in structure originally classification is unsatisfied.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. Bacteriology
By
Mr. Abdiwahid Haji Husen
Lecturer (Microbiology, Haematology and chemistry)
Department of Health science
University Of Somalia
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1By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
2. Learning Outcome
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define bacteriology
2. To distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organisms
3. Identify the structure of bacterial cell and make
classification of bacteria.
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3. OVERVIEW
Bacteriology: is the study of bacteria.
The cellular world is divided into two major groups,
based on whether or not the cells have a nucleus (that
is, an internal membrane-enclosed region that contains
the genetic material). Cells that have a well-defined
nucleus are called eukaryotic.
whereas cells that lack a nucleus are called prokaryotic.
All bacteria are prokaryotes.
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3By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
4. Bacterial Cell
General property:
Typical prokaryotic cell
Contain both DNA and RNA
Most grow in artificial media
Replicate by binary fission
Almost all contain rigid cell wall
Sensitive to antimicrobial agent
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4By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
6. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
Bacterial structure is considered at three levels.
1. Cell envelope proper: Cell wall and cell membrane.
2. Cellular element enclosed with in the cell envelope:
Mesosomes,ribosomes, nuclear apparatus, polyamies and
Cytoplasmic granules.
3. Cellular element external to the cell envelope:
Flagellum, Pilus and Glycocalyx.
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8. 1. Cell envelope proper
A. Cell wall
Multi layered structure and constitutes about 20% of the
bacterial dry weight.
Average thickness is 0.15-0.5 μm.
Young and rapidly growing bacteria has thin cell wall but
old and slowly dividing bacteria has thick cell wall.
It is composed of N-acetyl Muramic acid and N-acetyl
Glucosamine
back bones cross linked with peptide chain and
pentaglycine bridge.
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8By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
10. Components of cell wall of
Gram positive bacteria
1. Peptidoglycan
2. Teichoic acid
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11. Functions of cell wall
1. Provides shape to the bacterium
2. Gives rigidity to the organism
3. Protects from environment
4. Provides staining characteristics to the bacterium
5. Contains receptor sites for phages/complements
6. Site of action of antibody and colicin
7. Contains toxic components to host
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12. Bacteria with defective cell
walls
Bacteria with out cell wall can be induced by growth in
the presence of antibiotics and a hypertonic environment
to prevent lysis.
They are of three types:
1. Protoplasts
2. Spheroplast
3. L- forms
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12By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
13. B. Cytoplasmic membrane
Also named as cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane
It is a delicate trilaminar unit membrane .
It accounts for 30% of the dry weight of bacterial cell.
It is composed of 60% protein, 20-30% lipids and 10-20%
carbohydrate.
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13By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
14. Function of cell membrane
1. Regulates the transport of nutrients and waste products
into and out of the cell.
2. Synthesis of cell wall components
3. Assists DNA replication
4. Secrets proteins
5. Carries on electron transport system
6. Captures energy in the form of ATP
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14By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
15. 2. Cellular element enclosed
with in the cell envelope
A. Mesosomes
B. Ribosomes
C. Polyamines
D. Cytoplasmic granules
E. Nuclear apparatus
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16. A. Mesosomes
Convoluted invagination of cytoplasmic membrane often
at sites of septum formation.
It is involved in DNA segregation during cell division and
respiratory enzyme activity.
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16By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
17. B. Ribosomes
Cytoplasmic particles which are the sites of protein
synthesis.
It is composed of RNA(70%) and proteins(30%) and
constitutes 90% of the RNA and 40% of the total protein.
The ribosome monomer is 70s with two subunits, 30s and
50s.
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17By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
18. C. Polyamines
They are of three types
Putrescin
Spermidine
Spermine
It is found in association with bacterial DNA, ribosomes
and cell membrane.
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19. Function of polyamines
1. Antimutagenic.
2. Prevent dissociation of 70s ribosome into subunits.
3. Increase resistance of protoplast lyses.
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21. E. Nuclear apparatus
Well defined nucleus and nuclear membrane , discrete
chromosome and mitotic apparatus are not present in
bacteria ; so nuclear region of bacteria is named as
nuclear body, nuclear apparatus and nucleoid.
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22. 3. Cellular element external
to the cell envelope
A. Glycocalyx (capsule and slime layer)
Capsule is gel firmly adherent to cell envelope.
Slime is gel easily washed off from cell envelope.
All bacteria have at least a thin slime layer.
Capsule is composed of polysaccharide and protein(D-
Glutamate of Bacillus anthracis)
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22By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
23. Features of capsule
1. Usually weakly antigenic.
2. Not necessary for viability.
3. Endows virulence.
4. Protects from phagocytosis.
5. Capsulated strains are invariably non-motile.
6. Visualized by negative staining and capsule staining.
7. Detected by quellung phenomenon.
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23By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
24. B. Flagellum
It is the organ of locomotion in bacterial cell and consists
of thee parts.
These are .
1. The filament
2. The hook
3. The basal body
The basal body and hook are embedded in the cell
surface while the filament is free on the surface of
bacterial cell.
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24By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
26. Flagellar arrangements
1. Atrichous: Bacteria with no flagellum.
2. Monotrichous: Bacteria with single polar flagellum.
3. Lophotrichous: Bacteria with bunch of flagella at one
pole.
4. Amphitrichous: Bacteria with flagella at both poles.
5. Peritrichous: Bacteria with flagella all over their surface.
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26By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
28. Endoflagella (axial filament)
It is the organ of motility found in periplasmic space of
spirochetes.
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28By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
29. C. Pili (fimbriae)
It is hair like structure composed of protein (pilin)
There are Two types (Based on
function) of pili:
Common pili: The structure for adherence to cell
surface.
Sex pili: The structure for transfer of genetic material
from the donor to the recipient during the process of
conjugation.
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29By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
30. D. Spores
Resting cells which are capable of surviving under
adverse environmental conditions like heat, drying,
freezing, action of toxic chemicals and radiation.
Bacterial spore is smooth walled and oval or spherical in
shape.
It does not take up ordinary stains.
It looks like areas of high refractivity under light
microscope.
It is significant in spread of disease and indicator of
sterility of materials
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30By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
31. Arrangements of spores
1. No bulging of cell wall
Oval central
Oval sub terminal
Spherical central
2. Bulging of cell wall
. Oval sub terminal
. Oval terminal
. Spherical terminal
Free spore
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31By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
32. 1.4. Classification of
bacteria
Bacterial classification depends on the
following characteristics.
1. Morphology and arrangement
2. Staining
3. Cultural characteristics
4. Biochemical reactions
5. Antigenic structure
6. Base composition of bacterial DNA
Morphology and staining of bacteria are the
commonly used characteristics to classify
bacteria.
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32By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
33. 1. Morphology of bacteria
When bacteria are visualized under light microscope, the
following
morphology are seen.
1. Cocci (singular coccus): Round or oval bacteria measuring
about 0.5-1.0μm in diameter. They are found in single,
pairs, chains or clusters.
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33By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein
34. Morphology of bacteria
2. Bacilli (singular bacillus): Stick-like bacteria with
rounded, tepered, square or swollen ends; with a size
measuring 1-10μm in length by 0.3-1.0μm in width.
3. Coccobacilli (singular coccobacillus): Short rods.
4. Spiral: Spiral shaped bacteria with regular or irregular
distance between twisting.
e.g.. Spirilla and spirochaetes
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34By Abdiwahid Hajji Hussein