Lecture Notes related to Chapter 1 (Society and Technology) of Engineering Professional Practice, prepared by Prof. Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College.
Presentation by Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Head of Collection Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) Research Program, and Senior Research Fellow in the Environment, Production, Technology Division (EPTD) at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), at the Global Landscapes Forum on December 5, 2015 in Paris, France.
The bioenergy industry involves a conversion of a bio-based product such as wood or switchgrass to a biofuel product such as ethanol or chips or pellets. It includes coordination of a complex web of actors and sectors. Perceptions of bioenergy will influence how responsive people are to purchasing and consuming bioenergy products; opposition can directly disrupt bioenergy markets while support can strengthen bioenergy markets. Therefore, understanding influences on public perceptions is vital for continued biofuel development. Policymakers at all levels need to understand the benefits
and costs of bioenergy and associated community impacts.
Public investments in bioenergy facilities and direct citizen and
stakeholder participation in public policies have a powerful role
in shaping public opinions on bioenergy. This is especially important in the biofuels arena.
Land tenure conflicts and its influence on Food security and Rural livelihood...AI Publications
Land is construed as a vital means of survival and hence the primary reason why people and communities compete (vie) to exert control over it. This study sets to contribute to conflicts resolution through an understanding of how conflicts over land influence food security and rural livelihoods in Mezam. Land conflicts often have extensive negative effects on economic, social, spatial and ecological development. This is especially true in Mezam division, where land market institutions are weak, opportunities for economic gain by illegal action are widespread and many poor people lack access to land. Data were collected using a semi structured questionnaire and focus group discussions were organized where possible. A total of 200 questionnaires were administered to both farmers and grazers in Mezam, Santa, Bali, Tubah and Bafut. These were done through face to face interviews, discussion with graziers and farmers representatives, focus groups as well as field observation so as to permit us carry out an ample information from the field and have an in-depth study of the conflict situation in Mezam. These data were introduced into SPSS version 24.0 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequencies, charts and graphs. Common conflicts recorded in the area in Mezam are farmer-grazer conflicts and land ownership. Regarding the effects of conflicts on food security, 60% of respondents attested disruption of livestock activities and food production cycle, 52.5% mentioned shortages in food supply resulting to high prices in the local markets. Conflicts also resulted to the flee of the local farm labour force. It was also found out that conflicts affected rural development projects in the study area such as micro credit institutions, bridges, roads, electrification projects, storage facilities, markets and portable water. This will facilitate communication between the villagers in the affected areas and improve on food production and accessibility. It was suggested that one of the ways to resolve tenure conflicts in the area was for the administrative authorities to demarcate boundaries or map out farm and grazing lands between the various villages and also facilitate the process of issuing land titles. Looking at the existing policies, legal and institutional framework discussed in this study, I can say that I have been able to identify some commissions and policies put in place by the Government of Cameroon governing land administration and management that is sufficient in strengthening the tenure security of the local population in Mezam if respected and put in practice. It was also recommended that the administrative authorities should facilitate the issuing of land titles to the local population and demarcate farming and grazing lands between villages that decision making should always consider the actors on the field and be transparent too.
The Stevens County Climate Dialogue is the first in a series of projects aimed at supporting rural citizens to assert leadership and build resiliency in the face of extreme weather and changing climate conditions.
Lecture Notes related to Chapter 1 (Society and Technology) of Engineering Professional Practice, prepared by Prof. Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College.
Presentation by Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Head of Collection Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) Research Program, and Senior Research Fellow in the Environment, Production, Technology Division (EPTD) at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), at the Global Landscapes Forum on December 5, 2015 in Paris, France.
The bioenergy industry involves a conversion of a bio-based product such as wood or switchgrass to a biofuel product such as ethanol or chips or pellets. It includes coordination of a complex web of actors and sectors. Perceptions of bioenergy will influence how responsive people are to purchasing and consuming bioenergy products; opposition can directly disrupt bioenergy markets while support can strengthen bioenergy markets. Therefore, understanding influences on public perceptions is vital for continued biofuel development. Policymakers at all levels need to understand the benefits
and costs of bioenergy and associated community impacts.
Public investments in bioenergy facilities and direct citizen and
stakeholder participation in public policies have a powerful role
in shaping public opinions on bioenergy. This is especially important in the biofuels arena.
Land tenure conflicts and its influence on Food security and Rural livelihood...AI Publications
Land is construed as a vital means of survival and hence the primary reason why people and communities compete (vie) to exert control over it. This study sets to contribute to conflicts resolution through an understanding of how conflicts over land influence food security and rural livelihoods in Mezam. Land conflicts often have extensive negative effects on economic, social, spatial and ecological development. This is especially true in Mezam division, where land market institutions are weak, opportunities for economic gain by illegal action are widespread and many poor people lack access to land. Data were collected using a semi structured questionnaire and focus group discussions were organized where possible. A total of 200 questionnaires were administered to both farmers and grazers in Mezam, Santa, Bali, Tubah and Bafut. These were done through face to face interviews, discussion with graziers and farmers representatives, focus groups as well as field observation so as to permit us carry out an ample information from the field and have an in-depth study of the conflict situation in Mezam. These data were introduced into SPSS version 24.0 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequencies, charts and graphs. Common conflicts recorded in the area in Mezam are farmer-grazer conflicts and land ownership. Regarding the effects of conflicts on food security, 60% of respondents attested disruption of livestock activities and food production cycle, 52.5% mentioned shortages in food supply resulting to high prices in the local markets. Conflicts also resulted to the flee of the local farm labour force. It was also found out that conflicts affected rural development projects in the study area such as micro credit institutions, bridges, roads, electrification projects, storage facilities, markets and portable water. This will facilitate communication between the villagers in the affected areas and improve on food production and accessibility. It was suggested that one of the ways to resolve tenure conflicts in the area was for the administrative authorities to demarcate boundaries or map out farm and grazing lands between the various villages and also facilitate the process of issuing land titles. Looking at the existing policies, legal and institutional framework discussed in this study, I can say that I have been able to identify some commissions and policies put in place by the Government of Cameroon governing land administration and management that is sufficient in strengthening the tenure security of the local population in Mezam if respected and put in practice. It was also recommended that the administrative authorities should facilitate the issuing of land titles to the local population and demarcate farming and grazing lands between villages that decision making should always consider the actors on the field and be transparent too.
The Stevens County Climate Dialogue is the first in a series of projects aimed at supporting rural citizens to assert leadership and build resiliency in the face of extreme weather and changing climate conditions.
The extractives industry is a major sector in the economies
of the region as it makes a significant contribution to GDP
and constitutes a large portion of exports. However, the
sector's impact on the livelihoods of citizens has not been as
positive. To the contrary, some argue that the industry has
worsened the state of things in many nations, weakening
effective governance by engendering corruption.
This issue explores trends in sustainable development and
the extractives industry. The first article surveys emerging
trends, the second article examines trends in local content,
and the third article is a case study of the community-level
impact of the mining sector in Sierra Leone.
Institute for Social Change 2020 Keynote: Rethinking both "Public" and "Schol...Rahul Mitra
I was honored to be the Keynote speaker at the 2020 Institute of Social Change, an annual week-long focus on public scholarship and social change, organized by the Rackham Graduate School. Although we switched to an online format because of COVID-19, I liked how that allowed us to address different themes and try more than one format. The first hour was much like a normal keynote -- my talk, titled "Rethinking both “Public” and “Scholarship” in “Public Scholarship: (Ongoing) Lessons from the Detroit Water Stories Project" for 40 minutes and then 20 minutes of Q&A. For the second hour (after an hour-long lunch break), I proposed a more conversational format, without any slides, and we talked about a gadzillion topics -- academic and nonacademic career arcs, interdisciplinary research, specific tools and practices for research translation, how to be a good partner to grassroots organizations, the kind of support universities need to provide for effective public scholarship, and so on. I was grateful for the opportunity to reflect on our journey so far, and how we can further evolve to best assist the #WaterWarriors who are on the frontlines of this ongoing crisis. Thank you to all my wonderful colleagues, students, and community guides/partners/participants who I am privileged to work with. Please cite this presentation as follows, if you use the ideas advanced here:
Mitra, R. (2020, May). Rethinking both “public” and “scholarship” in “Public Scholarship”: (Ongoing) Lessons from the Detroit Water Stories Project. Presented to the Institute for Social Change 2020, University of Michigan Rackham Graduate School Program in Public Scholarship at Ann Arbor, MI.
ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DISASTER MANAGEMENTRajesh Mandal
This is divided into five parts: (1) Social Media as a tool in disaster management; (2) How Social Media can be used in disasters; (3) Limitations and weaknesses of Social Media; (4) Case studies of Social Media use during disasters; and (5) Conclusion.
This is an output showing how indigenous knowledge is expressed through social media advocacy approach. Indigenization strategies are widely used to show the importance of indigenous culture to some aspects especially in spreading awareness about it. This presentation also features some indigenous culture in the Philippines.
TOWARDS GLOBAL DISASTER RESILIENCE: Every nation has dozens of “windows of opportunity” after a new disaster occurs to use the updated books of knowledge for innovative capacity building. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Presented by Kinde Getnet, Nancy Johnson, Jemimah Njuki, Don Peden and Katherine Snyder at the Nile Basin Development Challenge Science and Reflection Workshop, Addis Ababa, 4-6 May 2011.
Just as cities are hubs for innovations and investments that expand opportunities, they are also living laboratories confronting challenges of increasing complexity. They face a wide range of shocks and stresses ranging from natural hazards and climate change, to financial shocks and terrorism; slow-moving chronic stresses like poverty and violence and social conflict. As we consider how cities will adapt to the challenges of the 21st century – both known and unknown – the resilience agenda becomes increasingly important. This presentation highlights the Rockefeller Foundation’s understanding of city resilience, as informed by the RF-Arup City Resilience Framework, as well as its Resilience by Design portfolio, a series of place-based, landscape-scale interventions in U.S. coastal cities to show how we can build resilience with design while working with large federal institutions.
The Winona County Climate Dialogue is the third in a series of projects aimed at supporting rural citizens to assert leadership and build resiliency in the face of extreme weather and changing climate conditions.
The extractives industry is a major sector in the economies
of the region as it makes a significant contribution to GDP
and constitutes a large portion of exports. However, the
sector's impact on the livelihoods of citizens has not been as
positive. To the contrary, some argue that the industry has
worsened the state of things in many nations, weakening
effective governance by engendering corruption.
This issue explores trends in sustainable development and
the extractives industry. The first article surveys emerging
trends, the second article examines trends in local content,
and the third article is a case study of the community-level
impact of the mining sector in Sierra Leone.
Institute for Social Change 2020 Keynote: Rethinking both "Public" and "Schol...Rahul Mitra
I was honored to be the Keynote speaker at the 2020 Institute of Social Change, an annual week-long focus on public scholarship and social change, organized by the Rackham Graduate School. Although we switched to an online format because of COVID-19, I liked how that allowed us to address different themes and try more than one format. The first hour was much like a normal keynote -- my talk, titled "Rethinking both “Public” and “Scholarship” in “Public Scholarship: (Ongoing) Lessons from the Detroit Water Stories Project" for 40 minutes and then 20 minutes of Q&A. For the second hour (after an hour-long lunch break), I proposed a more conversational format, without any slides, and we talked about a gadzillion topics -- academic and nonacademic career arcs, interdisciplinary research, specific tools and practices for research translation, how to be a good partner to grassroots organizations, the kind of support universities need to provide for effective public scholarship, and so on. I was grateful for the opportunity to reflect on our journey so far, and how we can further evolve to best assist the #WaterWarriors who are on the frontlines of this ongoing crisis. Thank you to all my wonderful colleagues, students, and community guides/partners/participants who I am privileged to work with. Please cite this presentation as follows, if you use the ideas advanced here:
Mitra, R. (2020, May). Rethinking both “public” and “scholarship” in “Public Scholarship”: (Ongoing) Lessons from the Detroit Water Stories Project. Presented to the Institute for Social Change 2020, University of Michigan Rackham Graduate School Program in Public Scholarship at Ann Arbor, MI.
ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DISASTER MANAGEMENTRajesh Mandal
This is divided into five parts: (1) Social Media as a tool in disaster management; (2) How Social Media can be used in disasters; (3) Limitations and weaknesses of Social Media; (4) Case studies of Social Media use during disasters; and (5) Conclusion.
This is an output showing how indigenous knowledge is expressed through social media advocacy approach. Indigenization strategies are widely used to show the importance of indigenous culture to some aspects especially in spreading awareness about it. This presentation also features some indigenous culture in the Philippines.
TOWARDS GLOBAL DISASTER RESILIENCE: Every nation has dozens of “windows of opportunity” after a new disaster occurs to use the updated books of knowledge for innovative capacity building. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Presented by Kinde Getnet, Nancy Johnson, Jemimah Njuki, Don Peden and Katherine Snyder at the Nile Basin Development Challenge Science and Reflection Workshop, Addis Ababa, 4-6 May 2011.
Just as cities are hubs for innovations and investments that expand opportunities, they are also living laboratories confronting challenges of increasing complexity. They face a wide range of shocks and stresses ranging from natural hazards and climate change, to financial shocks and terrorism; slow-moving chronic stresses like poverty and violence and social conflict. As we consider how cities will adapt to the challenges of the 21st century – both known and unknown – the resilience agenda becomes increasingly important. This presentation highlights the Rockefeller Foundation’s understanding of city resilience, as informed by the RF-Arup City Resilience Framework, as well as its Resilience by Design portfolio, a series of place-based, landscape-scale interventions in U.S. coastal cities to show how we can build resilience with design while working with large federal institutions.
The Winona County Climate Dialogue is the third in a series of projects aimed at supporting rural citizens to assert leadership and build resiliency in the face of extreme weather and changing climate conditions.
Balikesir University - Mobile Technologies PresentationCan ULUDAG
This presentation is for the University of Balikesir CareerFest 2015 event. It's an event for the students who wants to choose for themselves a career path. In this presentation, we describe the mobile platforms, how to start your own business and how to become a developer.
Construction Management in Developing Countries, Lecture 7, Participatory Approach in development, conditions for successful implementation of Participatory Approach in remote locations of Nepal
Consreuction Management in Developing Countries; Lecture 1, concepts of development, causes of underdevelopment, commonalities and differences among developing countries
River sand mining as a climate change adaptation measure; climate change induced flood can elevate river bed, proper management of river bed deposit can prevent avulsion.
Lecture Notes on Chapter 4 (Legal Aspects of Professional Engineering in Nepal), Engineering Professional Practice, BE, Nepal Engineering College, Pokhara University.
Construction Management in Developing Countries, Lecture 8, Project Pperation and Maintenance in Developing Countries, impediments in implementation of planned maintenance
Borderland highlander ethnic minorities of northern Thailand in transition: L...ILRI
Presented by Manoj Potapohn, Kwanchai Kreausukon, Chongchit Sripun Robert, Lamar Robert, Akeua Unahalekhaka, Sumalee Lirtmunlikaporn, Jennifer Steele, Karin Hamilton, Tawatchai Apidechkul and Bruce A. Wilcox at the Ecohealth 2012 conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012
Comm env issues course GSU spring 2015 flyerCarrie Freeman
Class description for my JOUR / SPCH 3040 course "Communicating Environmental Issues" open to all majors at GSU in Spring 2015. If you encounter any hurdles during registration, just email me your name and panther ID number and I'll make sure any pre-reqs get waived to get you registered. Email cpfreeman@gsu.edu
Complex agricultural problems and innovative approaches to their solutionsILRI
Presented by Iddo Dror at the SEARCA Forum-workshop on Platforms, Rural Advisory Services, and Knowledge Management: Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development, Los Banos, 17-19 May 2016
The Human-Environment Relationship: Key Concepts and ModelsSteve Zavestoski
Lecture delivered at ABV Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, as part of HUMANS | ENVIRONMENT | DEVELOPMENT lecture series as U.S. Fulbright Specialist, 30 Jan to 12 March, 2014.
Construction Management in Developing Countries, Lecture 10, Project Evaluation and Auditing, types and differences between evaluation and auditing, challenges faced by professional auditors in project auditing in developing countries
Construction Management in Developing Countries, Lecture 9, Society and construction project management, PPP, BOOT, social expectation, environmental consideration, land acquisition, and youth issues in construction project management
Construction Management in Developing Countries, Lecture 6, Choice of technology, Labour based technology, Capital based technology and technology transfer
Construction Management in Developing Countries, Lecture 5, Project environment in developing countries, characteristics of project partners in Nepal, social, financial, legal and environmental issues in project environment in Nepal
Construction Management in Developing Countries, Lecture 4, Culture, attitudes and beliefs and their impacts on construction project management in developing countires
Construction Management in Developing Countries, Lecture 3, Needs of the developed and developing countries; ways to fulfill the needs and their impact in construction project management in developing countries
Environmental flow consideration for less contentious hydropower development in Nepal: role of loal government; part of CCMCC project activity of Nepal Engineering College
Poster presented at CoCooN Exchange Workshop (November 25-27, 2015), The Hague, the Netherlands, organized by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the government of Netherlands and the International Institute of Social Studies.
Chapter 3 roles of professional organizations in regulation and professionalHari Krishna Shrestha
Lecture Notes on Chapter 3 (Role of Profession Organizations in Regulation and Professional Development, BE, Nepal Engineering College, Pokhara University.
Engineering Professional Practice Chapter 2 Ethics and Professionalism Pokhar...Hari Krishna Shrestha
Lecture Notes related to Chapter 2 (Ethics and Professionalism) of Engineering Professional Practice, prepared by Prof. Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
Chapter 1 december 2015
1. Engineering Professional Practice
Chapter 1, (6 hours)
Prof. Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha
Nepal Engineering College
(Affiliated to Pokhara University)
December 2015
http://nec.edu.np/faculty/hariks/Chap%201%20Lecture%20Notes%20Apr%202015.pdf
2. Why EPP?
• To pass BE.
• To prevent yourself from unnecessary legal
hassle.
• To get respect from society
• To implement your decision
• To get job
• To prevent yourself from embarrassing situations
• To get respect from your peers and competitors
3. Chapter 1: Society and Technology (6 hr)
1.1 Definition, types and essential elements of a society
1.2 Factors and classical theories of social change (cyclical,
evolution, functional and conflict)
1.3 Impacts and consequences of technology on socio-
economic parameters (agriculture, communication,
construction methods, information storage, generation
and dissemination, dispute resolution, family structure,
culture and livelihood)
1.4 Effects of major technological developments (2D and
3D printing, dynamite, automation, mechanization,
organic chemistry, transportation, internet,
communication, and satellites) on practice of
engineering profession.
1.5 Role of engineers in society
4. 1.1 Society: Definition, Types and Essential Elements
• Classical Definitions of Society: Abstract and Concrete
Many definitions of society; the definitions keeps changing, since
society is dynamic.
• Schaefer and Lamm: the largest form of human group, which
consists of people who share common heritage and culture.
• Ian Robertson: society gives content, direction and meaning
to our lives, and we, in turn, in countless ways, reshape the
society that we leave to the next generation. Society is a
population that occupies the same territory, is subject to the
same political authority and participates in a common culture.
• John F. Cuber: a group of people who have lived long enough
to become organized and to consider themselves and
considered as a unit more or less distinct from other human
units.
5. 1.1 Society: Definition, Types and Essential Elements
• Ginsberg: a collection of individuals unified by certain
relation or modes of behavior, which mark them off from
others who do not enter into these relations or who differ
from them in behavior
• P. Gisbert: a complicated network of social relationships
by which every human being is interconnected with his
fellowmen.
• MacIver and Page: a system of usages and procedures,
authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and
divisions, of controls of human behavior and of liberties.
• A.W. Green: the largest group to which any individual
belongs
Out of these definitions of society, which one do you
consider to be the best? Why?
6. 1.1 Types and Elements of a Society
Types of Society: from evolutionary aspect
• Tribal: hunting and gathering society: hunts for meat,
gathers natural products, do not produce food
• Pastoral: domesticate animals, mostly sheep, goat,
chicken, for meat
• Horticultural: domesticate plants, awareness of plant
from seed, slash and burn
• Agricultural: cultivation of crops, animal energy,
irrigation, saving of seed, feudal, beginning of town
and cities
• Industrial: mechanized production, mass production,
large cities and slums
• Post-industrial: information, communication and
service, generation and analysis of info & knowledge
7. 1.1 Types and Elements of a Society
Basic Elements: Normally societies have following elements:
• People and plurality: society consists of people, of both
sexes, of all ages, of different ideas, race, color.
• Likeness and differences: Members of a society are alike in
many aspects. This “alikeness” bonds them, and they seek
understanding and cooperation from each other. The
members of a society are different in many ways too, like
culture, profession, interest, opinion, views etc.
• Cooperation and conflict: Members of a society cooperate
with each other, and they depend on each other. Yet, due
to differences, conflict exists in a society.
• Stable and dynamic: Society is relatively stable; the norms,
values, and culture are normally stable. Yet, society is
dynamic. Some elements of a society change slowly, and
some change rapidly, depending on external and internal
factors.
8. 1.2 Factors and Classical Theories of Social Change
Factors/Driver/Causes of Social Change
• Physical environment/Contact with other societies:
Physically easily accessible society changes rapidly than
those located in remote (difficult to access) areas
• Information, knowledge and skills: Rate of social change
depends on access to information, ability to put together
the information into knowledge, ability to convert the
knowledge into skills
• Natural causes: Earthquake, landslide, flood,
desertification, and tsunami disintegrate social fabric and
changes society.
• Anthropogenic (Human) activities: International War, Civil
War, displacement for “developmental” activities, industrial
accidents, mass migration
9. 1.2 Classical Theories of Social Change
• Cyclical: ups and downs, birth and death, Oswald Spengler:
approximate 1000 year cycle. Critics of this theory cite
examples that do not follow the 1000 year cycle.
• Evolution: changing with time, getting complex with time,
society continuously develops through time and change.
• Functionalist: changes as required to keep the whole society
functioning, when particular part of a society changes. August
Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, and Talcott Parsons
propagate this theory. This theory emphasizes on changing role
of different parts of a society to maintain stability of a society.
• Conflict: Karl Marx (19th century) class conflict between haves
and have-nots. Expanded version of conflict theory finds social
conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequity
exists: racial, gender, religions, political, economic, and so on.
Unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas,
causing them to compete against one another. This constant
competition between groups forms the basis for the ever-
changing nature of society.
10. 1.3 Impacts and Consequences of Technology on Socio-
economic parameters (positive)
a) Agriculture
Impact on Impact
Food
Production
Food production mechanized, food production
increasing, Green Revolution, GMF
Food
Processing
Food processing getting complex, requiring industrial
management
Food
Preservation
Food security increasing, for most, better food
preservation
Mechanization Mechanization of agriculture/food processing
Commercializat
ion
From subsistence to cash crop, patented seeds and
food processing techniques
Food Variety Increasing, year round availability, no more seasonal
Fertilizer/Pesticide From organic to chemical, pesticide use increasing
Water use Increasing due to cash crops & agricultural
intensification; reduced by micro-irrigation
11. 1.3 b Impact on Communication
Impact on Impact
Information generation
and dissemination
Increasing access to information
Mass communication:
Newspaper, Magazines, FM
Radio, TV, instant/breaking
news
Enhanced public awareness, timely
information to people
Internet and Social Media Increased access to information, social
media influencing design of
communication techniques
Telephone, mobile phone Increased and easier access to telephone
Virtual Meeting, virtual
reality, tele-medicines
Less need of physical presence in
meeting, distance medicine services and
remote controller operation possible
12. 1.3 c Impact on Construction Methods
Impact on Impact
Construction Technology Labor based technology gradually
replaced by capital based technology
Construction materials Better materials, light weight, fire
proof, glass as structural elements,
increased use of aluminum, pre-
fabricated, pre-stressed
Size of infrastructure Increasing
Mechanization, Automation,
and Robotics use
More mechanization, automation and
robotics use
Construction Project
Management
From ad hoc and haphazard decisions
to scientific and systematic
management tools, like CPM, PERT,
and software like MS Project,
Primevera, Project Management
ICT use for construction site
control
Better access control, better safety,
better material management
13. 1.3 d Impact on Information Generation, Storage and Dissemination
Impact on Impact
Information access Increasing access to information through
multiple mediums
Storage, virtual
storage
Floppy disk, CD, DVD, External hard disk,
Dropbox, Cloud storage, mailbox size
Generation Information generation growing exponentially,
automatic data logging, GIS, GPS, Satellite
Images, Remote sensing
Dissemination e-paper, interactive TV, internet, social media
Impact on Impact
Warfare Increased use of gun power, rockets, missiles, drones,
improvised explosive devices, chemical-biological
WMD A-bomb, H-bomb, nuclear bomb made but not yet
used (except two in WW II), Star War, MAD policy
Evidence Evidence types recorded in electronic media
1.3 e Impact on Dispute/Conflict Resolution
14. 1.3 f Impacts on Family Structure, Culture and Livelihood
Impact on Impact
Family Family relation more complex, IV-fertilization, test-tube
baby, cloning, surrogacy, same sex marriage, family size
reducing, micro-family getting possible, life span
increasing, change in status of female and disabled
Tradition/
Culture
Traditions-values challenged and altered or replaced,
heritage preservation better
Recreation
Traditional dances/music/drama/games giving ways to
movies, video games, theme parks, pay per view
Social
Norms and
Values
Social norms and values increasingly challenged and
altered or replaced, social class disintegrating, new
economic class emerging
Language International language use increasing, language getting
standardized, brail script & sign language use increasing
Livelihood
and living
standard
Livelihood diversification & specialization increasing,
Living standard & HDI increasing, poverty decreasing,
employment opportunity increasing, price decreasing
15. 1.4 Effects of Major Technological Developments
a) 2D and 3D Printing:
• written and mass produced record of agreements, laws, rules,
regulations, guidelines, procedure, manuals, books, newspapers,
magazines, journals, easily available
Effects:
• need to memorize diminished, information available when needed
• Judgment based on written laws rather than wisdom of justices,
• 3D printing: can change production mode; from micro-components
to 3D maps to house and bridges
b) Dynamite:
• Explosives, Dynamite, Warfare, Colonization, Endangered species,
Crime, Terrorism
Effects: warfare getting increasingly violent and costly, species getting
extinct, increasing use of gunpowder in crimes and terrorist activities
16. c) Automation/Mechanization:
• Industrial production, agricultural mechanization, transportation,
robotics, automation,
Effects:
• Lower cost of goods and food
• Easier movement over long distances
• Standardization and interchangeability of design, size, shape
• Safer working environment for dangerous jobs
• Higher living standard, material comfort
d) Organic Chemistry
• Plastic, Polymer, plastic, Construction glues, fossil fuel, construction
materials
Effects: New materials: including construction materials, PPR pipes,
PVC pipes, synthetic glues, synthetic clothes, bio-degradable plastic,
light weight and stronger materials, water proofing, paint
• Fossil fuel: transportation, bitumen
1.4 Effects of Major Technological Developments
17. 1.4 e) Impact on Transportation
Impact on Impact
Land transportation Road, multi level roads, railways
Underground Metro/Underground railways
Water Naval transportation, river navigation
Air Air cargo, air travel, air ambulance
Transportation safety Increasing
1.4 f) Effects of developments in Internet, Communication Satellite
Communication Satellites
• Mass Communication: Radio, TV, Newspaper, Internet, WWW,
social media, virtual meetings, Satellite maps, GIS, GPS, Map
making, Open Source Mapping, Google Maps, Global Circulation
Modeling, Surveying, Wild Fire detection, Early Warning
Effects: ICT development, TV, GPS, Satellite Maps, Weather
forecasting, Climate Modeling, LiDAR, GIS based planning (urban,
land use etc), Remote Sensing
18. Computer and Computer Crimes
Computer:
• Modeling, simulation (visualization of potential impacts and solution
before the event occurs and solutions implemented), design, solution
techniques (FDM, FEM), Management Information System, Spatial
planning using GIS, computer crimes, intrusion on personal privacy, data
mining, data theft,
Effects: information generating, storing and dissemination
• Design of materials using simulation
• Electronic equipment
Electronic Transaction Act 2004 has listed the following acts under the
Computer Crime
• Theft, damage or alteration of computer source code
• Unauthorized access to materials on computer
• Destruction and computer and information system
• Publication of illegal materials on electronic form
• Violation of confidentiality
• Posting of false information
• Submitting or showing forged license or certificate
• Non-submission of the document or other materials
• Computer fraud
19. 1.5 Role of Engineers in Society
The practice of engineering is directly related to societal issues, and hence
has an impact on society. Engineering is the application of science to solve
societal problems.
Some of the basic roles of an engineering in society are:
• Interact with society to fully understand the societal issues (needs and
problems) and propose a range of short-medium-long term
options/solutions with financial, technical, safety, and environmental
pros and cons of each option
• Contribute in decision making process to choose the best option
• Prepare optimum design, including detailed specification to implement
the designed product
• Execute the solution by creating the product to solve the issue or
supervising the constructing the solution
• Continuously monitor and evaluate the performance of the solution, and
upgrade the solution based on evaluation
• Train people to operate and maintain the solution system for its
reliability and sustainability
20. Changes brought by engineers in societies
• Mass production of goods through mechanization: lower
price of goods
• Automation of production system: standardization of parts
and design, more safety in work place
• Faster means of transportation: easier access to remote
places and faster pace of life, better integration of different
communities
• Mass communication: Awareness enhancement, easier
access to information
• Inventing labor saving devices: faster construction
• Creating faster pace of life: More productivity
• Commercializing recreation: Recreation when wanted
• Emphasizing on high degree of specialization: More reliable
and accurate results
Chapter 1 Completed.
21. Self Evaluation
Society:
• Define society and discuss the essential elements of a society.
• What is social change? What are the factors of social change?
• Discuss the types of societies.
• What are the theories of social and cultural change?
Impact of Technology on Society
• Define technology. What are the effects and impacts of technology on society?
• Describe the impact of technology in the rural society.
• What are the impacts of technology in social and cultural changes?
• What is the role of transportation facility to improve the economic condition of
the rural people of Nepal? Explain with the help of suitable example.
• Throw light on how technological development is reflected in Human
Development.
• What is the impact of technology on society for bringing social as well as cultural
change? Briefly discuss.
• 'Technology is the indicator of development.' Relate it with societies of the
world. Write technological achievement of the 21st century that has greatest
impact on human.
• Explain the impact of computer in society.
• Explain the impact of 2D and 3D printers in society, with suitable examples.