Chapter 1 british empire and industry
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Britain's empire expanded greatly between 1500-1900 through trading posts that became colonies, victories over France in North America and India, and exploration of Australia and New Zealand. The slave trade transported over 11 million slaves, mostly on British ships, to the New World. Industrialization through inventions like the spinning jenny and steam engine, a free market economy, and migration to cities fueled economic growth. London's population increased over six fold between 1800-1900. The Victorian Age from 1837-1901 was a dynamic period of industrial growth, political stability, and gradual improvements to living standards, fueled by resources from Britain and its empire.
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2) In response to growing discontent, the Peterloo Massacre in 1819 saw protesters killed by cavalry which led to new laws curbing protests. The Reform Bill of 1832 expanded voting rights although most remained disenfranchised.
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Germany's Industrial Revolution began in the 1800s, over a century after England's, due to a lack of political unification. The establishment of the German Customs Union in 1834 eliminated trade barriers and boosted the mining and manufacturing industries. The Southern Ruhr area became the epicenter of industry as villages grew into cities around new factories. Germany benefited from starting its Industrial Revolution later than Britain, as it was able to imitate British industrial processes and technologies, allowing it to surpass Britain in industries like steel and machinery by the late 19th century.
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The industrial revolution began in Britain between 1750-1830 due to certain social conditions that were ideal for industrialization. Britain had a large educated workforce from its education system, a population ready to work in cities, and a flexible government and middle class. Britain also had significant coal deposits to fuel industry and a large colonial empire that served as a captive market for its manufactured goods. The industrial revolution transformed Britain's largely rural, agricultural society into an urban, industrial one and greatly increased economic productivity but also led to the rise of new social classes and changes in family life and living standards.
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Industrial revolution
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1 key terms and overview to movement of people
This document provides an overview and introduction to a unit on the movement of people during the Industrial Revolution from 1700-1900. It includes definitions for 10 key terms to add to a glossary, such as industrialism, capitalism, empire, colony, and indentured labor. It also summarizes factors that led to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, how new inventions drove industrialization, and the social impacts of rapid population growth and urbanization during this period.
The Industrial Revolution
The document summarizes the key events and factors that led to the Industrial Revolution beginning in Great Britain in the late 18th century. It describes how Great Britain had political stability, access to capital from its colonies, natural resources like coal and iron ore, a large workforce, and developments in agriculture and transportation. New machinery and technologies increased agricultural and later industrial production. The textile and iron industries were among the first to mechanize and use factories. The Industrial Revolution then spread from Great Britain to other parts of Europe and North America in the 19th century, driven by new innovations, capital investment, and a shift from rural to urban living.
Industrial revolution By AgB
The document provides an overview of the First Industrial Revolution including key developments and factors that enabled it to begin in Britain. It discusses improvements in transportation like steamships and railroads. It also examines the growth of industries like textiles and how innovations in iron and coal production fueled further industrialization. Social changes are also summarized such as rural to urban migration, changing gender roles, and the development of labor movements in response to poor working conditions.
Chapter 24 ppt
The document provides an overview of political, economic, and social developments in Africa and India between 1750 and 1870. In Africa, new states like the Zulu Kingdom and Sokoto Caliphate emerged, while Egypt and Ethiopia modernized under Muhammad Ali and local kings. European powers colonized parts of Africa, and the slave trade declined as legitimate commerce in goods like palm oil expanded. In India, the British East India Company gained control of territories and the British Raj was established after the Sepoy Rebellion. The Raj aimed to introduce reforms while respecting traditions, leading to inconsistencies in policy. Indian nationalism emerged in response to British rule.
1industrial revolution.pdf
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain due to agricultural innovations in the 1700s that increased food production and forced farmers into cities. This provided a large pool of laborers. Inventions like the spinning jenny, water frame, and spinning mule automated textile production. James Watt's steam engine was also a key innovation that powered factories. Improved transportation like canals, steamboats, and railroads connected factories to resources and markets, fueling further industrialization and economic growth.
Introduction IR Lec
The document provides an overview of the key developments during the Industrial Revolution, including:
1) Agricultural advances in England led to population growth and pushed small farmers off their land into cities and factories.
2) A series of inventions like the spinning jenny and cotton gin modernized textile manufacturing and moved work from the home to the factory.
3) Britain was able to industrialize first due to its natural resources like coal and iron as well as advantages like waterways, trade ports, a stable government, and colonial markets and materials.
13 18th c. Europe
The document provides historical context about 18th century Europe, including:
- Wars and alliances between major powers like Austria, Prussia, France, and Britain led to nearly constant conflict over territory.
- The Industrial Revolution began to transform economies, especially in Britain, through innovations in textiles, the factory system, and enclosure of lands.
- Social issues arose from population growth, urbanization, and poor working conditions in the new industrial cities. The "Gin Craze" of the 1700s devastated many communities in Britain.
- Over 40 wars were fought in the 18th century across Europe as the balance of power shifted repeatedly between nations. Major conflicts included the War of Spanish Succession,
Intro Indus Rev
The document introduces the Industrial Revolution by discussing improvements in farming methods that led to population growth in Europe. It then describes how the textile industry was modernized through inventions like the spinning jenny and cotton gin, moving production from the home to the factory. Britain was able to industrialize first due to its natural resources like coal and iron as well as geographical advantages. The Industrial Revolution brought changes like the use of steam power instead of human labor and improvements in transportation and communication that further drove growth.
Intro.indus.rev.
The document introduces the key events of the Industrial Revolution including the shift from an agrarian to industrial world. The textile industry was an early adopter of mechanization through inventions like the spinning jenny and cotton gin, moving production from the home to the factory. Britain was the first to industrialize due to its natural resources like coal and iron as well as geographical advantages and colonial trade networks. The Industrial Revolution brought widespread changes like the use of steam power instead of manual labor and improvements in transportation and communication.
Industrial revolution
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Chapter 1 british empire and industry
- 1. 8. Empire • 1500 Trading posts become footholds for colonial expansion • East India Company • 1700s Britain wins rivalry with France in North America • Exploration leads to new acquisitions – Australia and New Zealand • Slave trade – 11-15 million slaves transported to New World, most on British ships
- 2. 9. Industrialisation • Technical innovation building on new scientific practices (the Enlightenment) • Spinning Jenny, the steam engine, improved transportation • Free market economy • Landless peasantry flock to cities • 1800-1900 London’s population increases over six-fold to 6 500 000
- 3. 9. Victorian Age 1837-1901• Dynamic economy and industrial growth • Vast resources, at home and from empire • Political stability at home • Gradual improvement of living conditions for the working class • Military supremacy ensures Pax Britannia • 1877 Victoria crowned Empress of India • By 1900 increased competition from neighbours and US