The document discusses the foundations of educational theory for online learning. It describes three main schools of learning: behaviorist, cognitivist, and constructivist. Each school views learning differently and has implications for how to design effective online materials. The behaviorist school focuses on observable behaviors and outcomes. The cognitivist school sees learning as an internal process involving memory, thinking, and individual differences in learning style. The constructivist school emphasizes active and contextual learning where learners construct their own knowledge.

1. CHAPTER1
FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATIONAL THEORY
for ONLINE LEARNING
By: Attika Yuli Indriyani

2. OBJECTIVE
the objective of this chapter is about the
foundation of educational theory for
the design of effective online learning
materials, and suggests a model for
developing online instruction based on
appropriate educational theory.

3. BENEFITS of ONLINE LEARNING
increasingly organization are
adopting online learning as the main of
delivery method to train employees. At
the same time, educational institutions
are moving toward the use of the internet
for delivery, both on campus and at a
distance.

4. BENEFITS of ONLINE LEARNING
Some of benefits for the learners and instructor are outlined
below:
For learners:
-online learning knows no time zones, and location and distance
are not an issue.
-In asynchronous online learning, sudents can access the online
materials at any time;
-synchronous online learning allows for real time interaction
between students and instructor.
-Situated learning is facilitated, since learners can complete
online courses while working on the job or in their own space,
nd can contextualize the learning.

5. BENEFITS of ONLINE LEARNING
For instructor,
-tutoring can be done at anytime an from anywhere.
-Online materials can be updated, and learners are able to see
the changes at once.
-When learners are be able to access materials on the internet, it
is easier for instructors to direct them to appropriate
information based on their needs.
-If design properly, online learning systems can be used to
determine learners' needs and current level of expertise, and
to assign appropriate materials for learners to select from to
achieve the desired learning outcomes.

6. DESIGNING ONLINE LEARNING
MATERIALS
The goal of any instructional system is to promote learning. The
onlinedeveloper must know the different approaches to
learning in order to select the most appropriate instructional
strategies.
Learning strategies should be selected to :
1. Motivated learners
2. Facilitate deep processing
3. Build the whole person
4. Cater for individual differences
5. Promote meaningful learning
6. Encourage interaction
7. provide feedback
8. facilitate contextual learning
9. provide support during learning process

7. SCHOOL of LEARNING
There are different schools of thought on
learning, and will suggest how they can be used to
develop effective online materials. We are going to
discuss more about school of learning below.
There are three different school of thought on
learning;
1. behaviorist,
2. cognitivist
3. and constructivist.

8. BENEFITS of ONLINE LEARNING
According to Ertmer and Newby (1993),
"the three schools of thought can in fact be
used as a taxonomy for learning.
Behaviorist strategies can be used to teach
the "what"(facts), Cognitive strategies can
be used to teach the "how"(processes and
principles) and constructivist strategies can
be used to teach the "why" (higher level
thinking that promotes personal meaning
and situated and contextual learning)."

9. BEHAVIORIST SCHOOL of LEARNING
The behaviorist school sees the mind as a "black box"
in the sense that a response to a stimulus can be
observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the effect of
thought processes occurring in the mind. The
school, therefore, look at overt behaviors that can be
observed and measured as indicators of learning
(Good & Brophy, 1990).

10. BEHAVIORIST SCHOOL of LEARNING
Implication of Online Learning:
1. Learners should be told the explicit outcomes of the learning
2. Learners must be tested to determine whether or not they
have achieved the learning outcome.
3. Learning materials must be sequenced appropriately to
promote learning.
4. Learners must be provided with feedback so that they can
monitor how they are doing nd take corrective action if
required.

11. COGNITIVIST SCHOOL OF LEARNING
PART 1: MEMORY
Cognitivist sees learning as internal
process that involves
memory, thinking, reflection, abstraction,
motivation and metacognition.

12. COGNITIVIST SCHOOL OF LEARNING
PART 1: MEMORY

13. COGNITIVIST SCHOOL OF LEARNING
PART 1: MEMORY
Implication of Online Learning:
1. Strategies should be allow learneers to perceive and attend to the
information so that it can be transferred to working memory. Examples
include the proper location of the information on the screen,
attributes of the screen (color, graphic, size of the text, etc.). The pacing
of the information, and the mode of delivery (audio, visuals, animations,
video.).
2. Strategies should be used to allow learners to retrieve existing information
from long-term memory to help make sense of the information.
3. Information should be chunked to prevent overload during processing in
working memory .
4. Strategies that require learners to apply, analyze, synthesize and evaluate
promote higher-level learning, which make the tranfer to long-term
memory more effective.

14. COGNITIVIST SCHOOL OF LEARNING
PART 1: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
The cognitive school recognizes the importance of individual differences
and of including a variety of learning strategies in online instruction to
accommodate those differences.
Learning style refers to how a learner perceives, interact with, and responds
to the learning environment ; it is measure of individual differences.
Cognitive style refers to a learner’s preferred way of processing information;
that is, the person’s typical mode of thinking, remembering, or problem
solving.
Cognitive style is considered to be a personality dimension that influence
attitudes, values, and social interaction.

15. COGNITIVIST SCHOOL OF LEARNING
PART 1: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Implication of Online Learning continued:
1. Online learning materials should include activities for the
different learning styles, so that learners can select
appropriate activities based on their preferred style.
2. Information should be presented in different modes.
3. Learners should be motivated to learn
4. Encourage learners to use their metacognitive skills to help in
the learning process.
5. Online strategies that facilitate the transfer of learning should
be used to encourage application in different and real-life
situations.

16. CONSTRUCTIVIST SCHOOL OF LEARNING
Constructivist see learners as being active rather than
passive. Knowledge is not only received from outside;
rather, it is the individual learner’s interpretation and
processing of what is received through the sense that
creates knowledge.
A major emphasis of constructivist is situated
learning, which sees learning as contextual.

17. CONSTRUCTIVIST SCHOOL OF LEARNING
Implication of Online Learning continued:
1. Learning should be an active process. Means, keeping
learner doing meaningful activities result in high level
processing.
2. Learners should construct their own knowledge rather than
accepting that given by the instructor.
3. Collaborative and cooperative learning should be
encouraged to facilitate constructivist learning.
4. Learners should be given control of the learning process.
5. Learners should be given time and opportunity to reflect.
6. Learning should be made meaningful for learners.
7. Learning should be interactive to promote higher-level
learning and social presence and to help develop personal
meaning.