More Related Content Similar to Chapter 02 (20) More from stanbridge (20) Chapter 023. Employment rate projected to increase by 22%;
projected to grow faster than all occupations
until 2010
By 2025 the U.S. is projected to need 260,000
more RNs than will be available
Number of foreign graduates is small
Strategies to entice retired nurses back into
practice will produce little, because 84.8% of
licensed nurses are in practice
The Nursing Shortage
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3
4. Nurse Reinvestment Act funded at $20 million
was signed into law August 2002
Nursing scholarships
Public service announcements
Faculty loan cancellation programs
Geriatric training grants
Nurse retention and enhancement grants
The Nursing Shortage (cont'd)
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4
5. Increased student loan amounts
Provided $50 million/year to fund nurse managed health
centers
Funded gerontology nursing fellowship programs
Provided up to $40,000 in educational loan repayment
for nurse faculty and $80,000 for doctorally prepared
nurse faculty
Strengthened Title VIII advanced nursing education
grants
Graduate nursing demonstration grants to hospitals
providing clinical training for Advanced Practiced Nurses
Patient Protection and Affordable
Care Act (2010)
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5
6. Antiquity’s image of nursing
Literature
• Earliest references to nursing are in the Bible and chronicle
the action of two nurse midwives in approximately 1900 BC
Nursing in Art and Literature
6Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
7. Victorian image of nursing
Literature
• Charles Dickens’ portrayal of Sairey Gamp, the drunken,
physically unkempt, and uncaring nurse who used nursing to
profit from the sick and dying
• Henry Longfellow’s portrayal of Florence Nightingale as
heroine
Nursing in Art and Literature
(cont'd)
7Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
8. Florence Nightingale
• Created a positive image for nursing
• Her success in improving the health of British soldiers
against overwhelming medical obstacles was the beginning
of modern nursing
• One of the early users of statistics; developed the pie chart
8
Nursing in Art and Literature
(cont'd)
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
9. Early 20th century nursing
Art: opportunities offered to nurses by war captured
the attention of artists and portrayed nurses as
dedicated, heroic, and caring
9Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Nursing in Art and Literature
(cont'd)
10. The 1930s: the nurse as angel of mercy
Media images and art: radio programs, movies, and
sculpture portrayed nurses as dedicated, intelligent,
brave, and compassionate, and portrayed nursing as
a holy vocation
In 1936, Warner Brothers’ movie The White Angel
chronicled the professional life of Nightingale; it was
endorsed by ANA in 1992
In 1938 a tall, white, imposing statue, the Spirit of
Nursing was placed in Arlington National cemetery to
honor military nurses
10Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Nursing in Art and Literature
(cont'd)
11. 1. While one is visiting Arlington National Cemetery,
a large limestone statue, the Spirit of Nursing, can
be seen. This statue honors:
A. Florence Nightingale’s accomplishments in public
health.
B. Nurse Rivers, who advocated for victims of the
Tuskegee experiment.
C. Clara Maass, who found the cure for yellow fever
during World War II.
D. All military nurses for their bravery and
compassion.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11
12. The 1940s: nurse as heroine
Nurses were commemorated as war heroes through
movies, stamps, and the naming of a U.S. Navy
destroyer for a Navy nurse, the USS Higbee
After significant contributions during WW II, nurses
found low salaries and poor working conditions at
home
Glamorized in romance novels such as Cherry Ames
and Sue Barton series
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12
Nursing in Art and Literature
(cont'd)
13. Nursing in the antiestablishment era of the
1960s
Media images and art
• Television shows: nurse as a background figure to
physicians
• Movies: nurse as a power figure who cruelly punished
patients
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13
Nursing in Art and Literature
(cont'd)
14. In reality, nurses were making significant
contributions to health care
• Served at the forefront of public health initiatives
• Central figures in the development of coronary care units and
the performance of hemodialysis
• First nurse practitioner programs began
• A U.S. Bureau of Labor study indicated that salaries of
nurses were woefully inadequate in comparison with other,
far less trained American workers
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14
Nursing in Art and Literature
(cont'd)
15. Nursing in the sexual revolution of the 1970s
• Media portrayed nurses negatively—uncaring nurse in
M*A*S*H
• One positive image was the commemorative stamp of Clara
Maass, who died after deliberately obtaining two carrier
mosquito bites so she could continue providing care to
soldiers with yellow fever during the Spanish-American War
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15
Nursing in Art and Literature
(cont'd)
16. Nursing in the 1980s and 1990s
Media images
• Movies portrayed nurses as nonjudgmental, caring,
knowledgeable, and heroic—Miss Evers’ Boys, The English
Patient, Love and War, Paradise Road
Artistic portrayals of nursing focused on caring
• Advertisements portrayed nurses as sex objects
• Vietnam War Women’s Memorial
Nursing in Art and Literature
(cont'd)
16Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
17. Millennial media
The image of men in nursing
• Usually absent in the media
• Movies and television: Meet the Parents, ER, Grey’s
Anatomy, Scrubs, House, HawthoRNe
Media campaigns for nursing
• Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) study of 20,000
articles published in newspapers, magazines, and other
health care publications (1998) indicated that nurses were
cited only 4%
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17
Nursing in Art and Literature
(cont'd)
18. NSNA Image of Nursing Program
Center for Nursing Advocacy
Nurses for a Healthier Tomorrow
Campaign for Nursing’s Future—Johnson and
Johnson; $30 million
Nursing’s Response
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18
19. 2. What company invested 30 million dollars in a
campaign to reduce the nursing shortage?
A. Pfizer
B. Merck
C. Johnson and Johnson
D. Kellogg
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19
20. Nurses of America Campaign: A 1990 campaign
implemented by the Tri-Council with funding
from the Pew Foundation, which was designed
to:
Convey to the public that nurses are expert
practitioners who are able to interpret technical data
and coordinate and negotiate health care
Make nurses aware of the invisibility of nursing in the
news media
Nursing’s Response (cont'd)
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20
21. What the public believes about nursing:
Gallup Polls ranked nurses first for having honesty
and ethics
2001 World Trade Center attacks resulted in the
public viewing firemen and nurses as heroes
The Enduring Public
Concern with Nursing
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22. Reality
Modern health care institutions exist to deliver
nursing care
The public highly values the profession
Nursing’s heroic and noble public image is etched in
stone, glass, and canvas
Nurses have a high sense of satisfaction with their
profession
The Reality of the
Contemporary Staff Nurse
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22
23. Graduates are entering the profession at younger ages
More than half of nurses practice in a hospital
40% of all health care professionals are RNs
American Assembly of Men in Nursing is dedicated to
positively influencing factors that affect men in nursing
In a female-dominated profession, 41.1% of CRNAs are
male
Ethnic nurses are most likely to attain graduate degrees
The Reality of the
Contemporary Staff Nurse (cont'd)
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23
24. Creating the Image of the
21st Century
Nursing is knowledge work
Failure to rescue data documents human and
financial loss when nursing judgment is not available
Improving the RN/LPN skill mix and increasing RN
hours decreases adverse outcomes
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24
25. Understanding the mysteries of medicine
In exchange for hospital privileges, physicians agree
to abide by a set of medical staff bylaws that include a
disciplinary process
Nurses who work with a physician whose practice is
substandard may wrongly believe that the problem is
a nursing problem; in reality, the problem must be
addressed through medical staff bylaws
Communication is an ongoing problem for nurses and
physicians; both disciplines need to be respectful of
these issues
Changing Nurse-Physician
Interactions
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25
26. The look of nursing
Nurses engage in numerous self-sabotage activities
• Inappropriate dress
• Inking and tattoos
• Deferential positioning in meetings and during collaborative
activities
• Wearing nursing uniforms in public places
Why Is This Happening?
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26
27. On a positive note:
Nurses should tell everyone what nurses do well and
should keep disagreements in-house
Nurses should think carefully before disagreeing with
each other and should conserve energy for
important issues
Creating a New Image
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27
28. Value nursing; project it daily
Nurses should take themselves seriously and dress
the part
Recognize the benefit of membership in the
American Nurses Association, Sigma Theta Tau
International, National League for Nursing, and
specialty organizations
Portray the profession positively
Creating a New Image (cont'd)
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28
29. Be highly visible to patients, families, and physicians
Make negative comments only to other colleagues
Be active in professional organizations
Recognize the value of nursing’s contributions
Value caring, health promotion, and health teaching
Creating a New Image (cont'd)
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29
Editor's Notes ANS: D
Rationale: D is correct because the Spirit of Nursing statue was placed in Arlington National Cemetery to honor all military nurses. A is incorrect because the Spirit of Nursing statue pays tribute to all nurses who have served in the military, and although Florence Nightingale provided care to the soldiers in the Crimean War, she did not actually serve in the military. B is incorrect because although Nurse Rivers advocated in the end for participants in the study, she followed orders, and it is questioned whether she thought an unethical situation had occurred. C is incorrect because Clara Maas did indeed die of yellow fever, and she has been honored with a postal stamp.
Level of Difficulty: Comprehension
ANS: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because the Johnson and Johnson company invested 30 million dollars in a media campaign to increase awareness of nursing as a desirable rewarding career choice. Answer B is incorrect because Merck is a pharmaceutical company that has not been involved in a campaign to promote nursing as a career. Answer D is incorrect because Kellogg is a cereal company that has not been involved in a campaign to promote nursing as a career.
Level of Difficulty: Knowledge