The document discusses multiple techniques for dividing access in wireless communication systems, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). It provides illustrations of how each technique divides access by frequency, time, or code. It also compares the capacity and performance of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. The document outlines key modulation techniques used in digital communication, such as QPSK, QAM, FSK and PSK.
The document discusses various multiple access techniques used in wireless communication systems, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides illustrations and comparisons of how each technique divides up frequency bands, time slots, or spreading codes to allow multiple users to access the wireless medium simultaneously. The document also covers related topics like modulation schemes, channel structures, power control in CDMA, and near-far problems.
WIMAX uses OFDM to divide the available bandwidth into multiple narrowband subcarriers to combat multipath fading and intersymbol interference. It employs techniques like cyclic prefixing, coding and interleaving. Simulations show that frequency selective fading degrades performance more than flat fading, and that transmit diversity using two antennas improves performance over a single antenna. The WIMAX standard has been effectively implemented, but future work could analyze performance for different modulation modes to further evaluate its adaptability and scalability.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in wireless communication systems. It outlines the main elements of a wireless system including the transmitter, frequency spectrum, modulation, antenna, propagation medium, and receiver. It also discusses wireless history, services, frequency bands, antenna characteristics, signal attenuation and noise. Common modulation techniques like AM, FM, ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM are introduced. The document also covers concepts of multipath propagation, signal-to-noise ratio, and multiplexing methods including TDM, FDM and CDMA.
Frequency modulation was invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong in 1890 and comes in two types: narrow band FM and wide band FM. It works by varying the frequency of the carrier signal based on the modulating signal. FM has advantages like being resilient to noise and signal strength variations while not requiring linear amplifiers, and it allows for greater transmission efficiency than some other modulation modes. However, it requires a more complex demodulator and has lower data spectral efficiency than some other modes since its sidebands extend to infinity. Narrow band FM has a modulation index of less than 1 and a maximum modulating frequency of 3kHz with a maximum frequency deviation of 75kHz.
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
This document discusses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and pulse compression techniques. It explains that pulse compression allows radar systems to achieve fine range resolution using long duration, low power pulses by modulating the pulses with linear frequency modulation (chirp) and then correlating the received signal with a reference chirp. This improves the signal to noise ratio compared to using short pulses directly. The document covers topics such as range resolution, pulse compression, chirp waveforms, stretch processing, correlation processing, window functions, and how pulse compression affects signal to noise ratio and blind range.
This is the presentation on the basic concepts of electronics and communication. In this we can get the knowledge of the basic things used in the airport in CNS department.
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and related concepts. It begins with an outline of topics including speed, wavelength, frequency, propagation mechanisms, propagation effects, path loss, fading, Doppler shift, and delay spread. It then provides more detailed explanations and examples of these key concepts. The document explains that radio signals can propagate through reflection, diffraction, and scattering mechanisms. It also discusses how path loss increases with distance and frequency in various environments. The different types of fading, including slow and fast fading, are defined. Doppler shift and delay spread caused by signal reflections are also covered.
The document discusses various multiple access techniques used in wireless communication systems, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides illustrations and comparisons of how each technique divides up frequency bands, time slots, or spreading codes to allow multiple users to access the wireless medium simultaneously. The document also covers related topics like modulation schemes, channel structures, power control in CDMA, and near-far problems.
WIMAX uses OFDM to divide the available bandwidth into multiple narrowband subcarriers to combat multipath fading and intersymbol interference. It employs techniques like cyclic prefixing, coding and interleaving. Simulations show that frequency selective fading degrades performance more than flat fading, and that transmit diversity using two antennas improves performance over a single antenna. The WIMAX standard has been effectively implemented, but future work could analyze performance for different modulation modes to further evaluate its adaptability and scalability.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in wireless communication systems. It outlines the main elements of a wireless system including the transmitter, frequency spectrum, modulation, antenna, propagation medium, and receiver. It also discusses wireless history, services, frequency bands, antenna characteristics, signal attenuation and noise. Common modulation techniques like AM, FM, ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM are introduced. The document also covers concepts of multipath propagation, signal-to-noise ratio, and multiplexing methods including TDM, FDM and CDMA.
Frequency modulation was invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong in 1890 and comes in two types: narrow band FM and wide band FM. It works by varying the frequency of the carrier signal based on the modulating signal. FM has advantages like being resilient to noise and signal strength variations while not requiring linear amplifiers, and it allows for greater transmission efficiency than some other modulation modes. However, it requires a more complex demodulator and has lower data spectral efficiency than some other modes since its sidebands extend to infinity. Narrow band FM has a modulation index of less than 1 and a maximum modulating frequency of 3kHz with a maximum frequency deviation of 75kHz.
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
This document discusses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and pulse compression techniques. It explains that pulse compression allows radar systems to achieve fine range resolution using long duration, low power pulses by modulating the pulses with linear frequency modulation (chirp) and then correlating the received signal with a reference chirp. This improves the signal to noise ratio compared to using short pulses directly. The document covers topics such as range resolution, pulse compression, chirp waveforms, stretch processing, correlation processing, window functions, and how pulse compression affects signal to noise ratio and blind range.
This is the presentation on the basic concepts of electronics and communication. In this we can get the knowledge of the basic things used in the airport in CNS department.
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and related concepts. It begins with an outline of topics including speed, wavelength, frequency, propagation mechanisms, propagation effects, path loss, fading, Doppler shift, and delay spread. It then provides more detailed explanations and examples of these key concepts. The document explains that radio signals can propagate through reflection, diffraction, and scattering mechanisms. It also discusses how path loss increases with distance and frequency in various environments. The different types of fading, including slow and fast fading, are defined. Doppler shift and delay spread caused by signal reflections are also covered.
This document discusses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and its use in wireless communication standards. It begins by introducing OFDM and describing its advantages like robustness to multipath interference and ability to use frequency diversity. It then covers key OFDM concepts like modulation, cyclic prefix, and synchronization using preambles. The document provides block diagrams of an OFDM transceiver and details performance metrics for synchronization and channel estimation algorithms. In summary, it provides an overview of OFDM technology fundamentals and transceiver design considerations for wireless applications.
The document discusses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission basics. It describes:
1) Options for increasing bandwidth including SDM, TDM, and WDM.
2) Varieties of WDM including conventional WDM with 2 wavelengths, DWDM with 100GHz spacing in the C-band, and CWDM with 3000GHz spacing.
3) The components of a DWDM network including transmitters, multiplexers, amplifiers, optical fiber, and receivers.
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and includes the following key points:
- It describes different types of radio waves and frequency bands used in mobile communications. Propagation mechanisms like reflection, diffraction and scattering are also covered.
- Path loss models for free space, urban, suburban and open areas are presented. Higher path loss is observed in urban versus open areas.
- Slow fading relates to long-term signal strength variations while fast fading involves short-term fluctuations. Slow fading is modeled by log-normal distribution and fast fading by Rayleigh or Rician distributions depending on presence of line of sight.
- Characteristics of fast fading such as level crossing rate and fading rate are defined.
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and includes the following key points:
- It outlines different radio frequency bands and propagation mechanisms including reflection, diffraction, and scattering.
- It describes various propagation effects like free space propagation, land propagation, and path loss which increases with distance and frequency.
- It explains slow fading caused by shadowing and fast fading caused by multipath propagation, and the Rayleigh and Rician distributions used to model fast fading.
- It discusses metrics used to characterize fast fading like level crossing rate, fading rate, and depth of fading.
This document provides an outline and overview of topics related to mobile radio propagation, including:
- Definitions of key terms like wavelength, frequency, propagation mechanisms, and radio frequency bands.
- Descriptions of different propagation effects like reflection, diffraction, and scattering.
- Explanations of path loss in various environments and how it relates to distance and frequency.
- Discussions of slow fading/shadowing and fast fading/multipath effects on received signals.
- Concepts of Doppler shift, delay spread, and intersymbol interference in mobile radio systems.
Digital communication viva questions.( 50+)
MCQ of digital communication (50+)
communication systems MCQ. (50+)
communication systems viva questions (50+)
covered topic list:
sampling,quantization,digital,discrete,AM,FM,PM,ASK,FSK,PSK,DM,DPCM,QPSK,ADM,differences,modulation,block diagram,applications,PAM,PWM,PPM,line encoding,polar encoding,bipolar encoding,unipolar encoding,RZ,NRZ,AMI,HDB3,B8ZS
Multiple access techniques allow multiple mobile users to simultaneously share a finite amount of radio spectrum for communication. Common techniques include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA. FDMA allocates different frequency bands to different users. TDMA divides the available bandwidth into time slots that are allocated to users. CDMA spreads user signals over the entire available bandwidth through coding.
1. TRF receivers had all RF stages simultaneously tuned to the received frequency before detection. This made tracking between stages difficult and resulted in wider bandwidths at higher frequencies.
2. Superheterodyne receivers mix the received signal with a local oscillator signal to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, which is then amplified. This allows easier tracking between stages and keeps the bandwidth constant regardless of frequency.
3. Integrating entire radio receivers onto a single chip is limited by the bandwidth of electronic components, which is narrower than that of optical components. All-optical networks using technologies like optical pulse generation and modulation could enable much higher speed networks.
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique that varies the amplitude of a carrier wave according to the message signal. AM is commonly used for radio communication, where information such as audio is encoded in the amplitude of a radio wave. The carrier wave has a constant frequency and amplitude, while the message signal causes the amplitude of the carrier wave to vary. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is directly proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal. The AM signal can be expressed as the sum of the carrier wave, upper sideband, and lower sideband frequencies. Demodulation of AM signals can be done using envelope detection or synchronous detection methods.
Modulation
In the modulation process, some characteristic of a high-frequency carrier signal (bandpass), is changed according to the instantaneous amplitude of the information (baseband) signal.
03 6420 e-utra layer 1 key aspects and ofdm(a) principles_e05ElhamTagharobi
The document discusses LTE radio network planning and E-UTRA layer 1 key aspects and OFDM(A) principles. It describes the objectives of E-UTRA including high peak data rates, improved spectrum efficiency, scalable bandwidth from 1.4-20 MHz, support for FDD and TDD, and support for mobility up to 350-500 km/h. It then explains the use of OFDM in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink to achieve these objectives and discusses the advantages of OFDM including high spectrum efficiency and robustness to interference.
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction in NC-OFDM based Cognitive Radio.CSCJournals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a technique for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in non-contiguous band spectrum of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based cognitive radio systems. The proposed system uses repeated clipping and filtering at the transmitter to reduce PAPR. Simulation results show that higher order modulation schemes like 16-QAM achieve better PAPR reduction compared to lower order schemes like BPSK and QPSK. Bit error rate performance evaluations indicate higher signal-to-noise ratios are needed to achieve the same error rates when using PAPR reduction techniques.
This document provides an introduction to amplitude modulation using double sideband full carrier (DSBFC). It defines modulation and describes how AM works by varying the amplitude of a carrier signal based on the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal. The AM signal contains the original message signal frequencies along with the carrier frequency. Demodulation extracts the baseband message signal from the carrier. One method of demodulation is using an envelope detector. The modulation index indicates the extent of carrier amplitude variation and should be close to 1 for high percentage modulation without overmodulation.
This document provides an overview of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and pulse compression techniques. It discusses how pulse compression allows radar systems to achieve fine range resolution while transmitting long duration, lower power pulses. This compromises between range resolution, signal strength, and transmitter power requirements. Pulse compression techniques like chirp modulation and stretch processing are described. The document also covers topics like range and azimuth resolution, geometric distortions, and signal processing methods used in SAR systems.
ECE 618 covers topics related to mobile and wireless communications including frequencies, signals, antennas, and multiplexing techniques. The course discusses frequency ranges used for mobile communication and how signals are represented. It also examines antenna types including isotropic radiators, dipoles, directed, and sectorized antennas. The document outlines multiplexing methods such as FDM, TDM, CDM and modulation schemes including ASK, FSK, PSK and their advantages.
This document discusses various multiple access techniques used in cellular communication systems. It describes Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) which allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) allocates different frequency bands to each user. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) separates users by assigning them different code channels. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) controls radiated energy for each user spatially using adaptive antennas. The document also discusses the efficiency, capacity and interference considerations of these different multiple access techniques.
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and related concepts. It covers topics such as speed, wavelength and frequency of radio signals, propagation mechanisms including reflection, diffraction and scattering. It also discusses radio frequency bands, propagation effects, path loss models for different environments including free space, urban, suburban and open areas. The document further explains fading effects including slow fading due to shadowing and fast fading due to multipath, as well as Doppler shift experienced due to relative motion between transmitter and receiver.
Ofdm-cpm Ber Performance and FOBP Under IEEE802.16 ScenarioCSCJournals
This document discusses the performance of OFDM-CPM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-continuous phase modulation) under IEEE 802.16 scenarios. It shows that OFDM-CPM can exploit frequency diversity in multipath channels unlike conventional OFDM. Simulation results over multipath Stanford University Interim channel models show that OFDM-CPM with an MMSE equalizer outperforms Rayleigh fading channels by exploiting multipath diversity. The document also compares the spectral properties and bit error rate performance of OFDM-CPM to conventional OFDM.
The document discusses various digital modulation techniques used in wireless communication systems. It explains the concepts of frequency-shift keying (FSK), minimum-shift keying (MSK), Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) used in GSM. It also discusses phase-shift keying (PSK) techniques like binary PSK (BPSK), quadrature PSK (QPSK) and differential QPSK (DQPSK). Further, it introduces quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and hierarchical modulation used in DVB-T. The document also explains spread spectrum techniques like direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), discussing their advantages and applications in cellular networks
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
This document discusses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and its use in wireless communication standards. It begins by introducing OFDM and describing its advantages like robustness to multipath interference and ability to use frequency diversity. It then covers key OFDM concepts like modulation, cyclic prefix, and synchronization using preambles. The document provides block diagrams of an OFDM transceiver and details performance metrics for synchronization and channel estimation algorithms. In summary, it provides an overview of OFDM technology fundamentals and transceiver design considerations for wireless applications.
The document discusses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission basics. It describes:
1) Options for increasing bandwidth including SDM, TDM, and WDM.
2) Varieties of WDM including conventional WDM with 2 wavelengths, DWDM with 100GHz spacing in the C-band, and CWDM with 3000GHz spacing.
3) The components of a DWDM network including transmitters, multiplexers, amplifiers, optical fiber, and receivers.
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and includes the following key points:
- It describes different types of radio waves and frequency bands used in mobile communications. Propagation mechanisms like reflection, diffraction and scattering are also covered.
- Path loss models for free space, urban, suburban and open areas are presented. Higher path loss is observed in urban versus open areas.
- Slow fading relates to long-term signal strength variations while fast fading involves short-term fluctuations. Slow fading is modeled by log-normal distribution and fast fading by Rayleigh or Rician distributions depending on presence of line of sight.
- Characteristics of fast fading such as level crossing rate and fading rate are defined.
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and includes the following key points:
- It outlines different radio frequency bands and propagation mechanisms including reflection, diffraction, and scattering.
- It describes various propagation effects like free space propagation, land propagation, and path loss which increases with distance and frequency.
- It explains slow fading caused by shadowing and fast fading caused by multipath propagation, and the Rayleigh and Rician distributions used to model fast fading.
- It discusses metrics used to characterize fast fading like level crossing rate, fading rate, and depth of fading.
This document provides an outline and overview of topics related to mobile radio propagation, including:
- Definitions of key terms like wavelength, frequency, propagation mechanisms, and radio frequency bands.
- Descriptions of different propagation effects like reflection, diffraction, and scattering.
- Explanations of path loss in various environments and how it relates to distance and frequency.
- Discussions of slow fading/shadowing and fast fading/multipath effects on received signals.
- Concepts of Doppler shift, delay spread, and intersymbol interference in mobile radio systems.
Digital communication viva questions.( 50+)
MCQ of digital communication (50+)
communication systems MCQ. (50+)
communication systems viva questions (50+)
covered topic list:
sampling,quantization,digital,discrete,AM,FM,PM,ASK,FSK,PSK,DM,DPCM,QPSK,ADM,differences,modulation,block diagram,applications,PAM,PWM,PPM,line encoding,polar encoding,bipolar encoding,unipolar encoding,RZ,NRZ,AMI,HDB3,B8ZS
Multiple access techniques allow multiple mobile users to simultaneously share a finite amount of radio spectrum for communication. Common techniques include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA. FDMA allocates different frequency bands to different users. TDMA divides the available bandwidth into time slots that are allocated to users. CDMA spreads user signals over the entire available bandwidth through coding.
1. TRF receivers had all RF stages simultaneously tuned to the received frequency before detection. This made tracking between stages difficult and resulted in wider bandwidths at higher frequencies.
2. Superheterodyne receivers mix the received signal with a local oscillator signal to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, which is then amplified. This allows easier tracking between stages and keeps the bandwidth constant regardless of frequency.
3. Integrating entire radio receivers onto a single chip is limited by the bandwidth of electronic components, which is narrower than that of optical components. All-optical networks using technologies like optical pulse generation and modulation could enable much higher speed networks.
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique that varies the amplitude of a carrier wave according to the message signal. AM is commonly used for radio communication, where information such as audio is encoded in the amplitude of a radio wave. The carrier wave has a constant frequency and amplitude, while the message signal causes the amplitude of the carrier wave to vary. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is directly proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal. The AM signal can be expressed as the sum of the carrier wave, upper sideband, and lower sideband frequencies. Demodulation of AM signals can be done using envelope detection or synchronous detection methods.
Modulation
In the modulation process, some characteristic of a high-frequency carrier signal (bandpass), is changed according to the instantaneous amplitude of the information (baseband) signal.
03 6420 e-utra layer 1 key aspects and ofdm(a) principles_e05ElhamTagharobi
The document discusses LTE radio network planning and E-UTRA layer 1 key aspects and OFDM(A) principles. It describes the objectives of E-UTRA including high peak data rates, improved spectrum efficiency, scalable bandwidth from 1.4-20 MHz, support for FDD and TDD, and support for mobility up to 350-500 km/h. It then explains the use of OFDM in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink to achieve these objectives and discusses the advantages of OFDM including high spectrum efficiency and robustness to interference.
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction in NC-OFDM based Cognitive Radio.CSCJournals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a technique for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in non-contiguous band spectrum of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based cognitive radio systems. The proposed system uses repeated clipping and filtering at the transmitter to reduce PAPR. Simulation results show that higher order modulation schemes like 16-QAM achieve better PAPR reduction compared to lower order schemes like BPSK and QPSK. Bit error rate performance evaluations indicate higher signal-to-noise ratios are needed to achieve the same error rates when using PAPR reduction techniques.
This document provides an introduction to amplitude modulation using double sideband full carrier (DSBFC). It defines modulation and describes how AM works by varying the amplitude of a carrier signal based on the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal. The AM signal contains the original message signal frequencies along with the carrier frequency. Demodulation extracts the baseband message signal from the carrier. One method of demodulation is using an envelope detector. The modulation index indicates the extent of carrier amplitude variation and should be close to 1 for high percentage modulation without overmodulation.
This document provides an overview of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and pulse compression techniques. It discusses how pulse compression allows radar systems to achieve fine range resolution while transmitting long duration, lower power pulses. This compromises between range resolution, signal strength, and transmitter power requirements. Pulse compression techniques like chirp modulation and stretch processing are described. The document also covers topics like range and azimuth resolution, geometric distortions, and signal processing methods used in SAR systems.
ECE 618 covers topics related to mobile and wireless communications including frequencies, signals, antennas, and multiplexing techniques. The course discusses frequency ranges used for mobile communication and how signals are represented. It also examines antenna types including isotropic radiators, dipoles, directed, and sectorized antennas. The document outlines multiplexing methods such as FDM, TDM, CDM and modulation schemes including ASK, FSK, PSK and their advantages.
This document discusses various multiple access techniques used in cellular communication systems. It describes Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) which allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) allocates different frequency bands to each user. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) separates users by assigning them different code channels. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) controls radiated energy for each user spatially using adaptive antennas. The document also discusses the efficiency, capacity and interference considerations of these different multiple access techniques.
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and related concepts. It covers topics such as speed, wavelength and frequency of radio signals, propagation mechanisms including reflection, diffraction and scattering. It also discusses radio frequency bands, propagation effects, path loss models for different environments including free space, urban, suburban and open areas. The document further explains fading effects including slow fading due to shadowing and fast fading due to multipath, as well as Doppler shift experienced due to relative motion between transmitter and receiver.
Ofdm-cpm Ber Performance and FOBP Under IEEE802.16 ScenarioCSCJournals
This document discusses the performance of OFDM-CPM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-continuous phase modulation) under IEEE 802.16 scenarios. It shows that OFDM-CPM can exploit frequency diversity in multipath channels unlike conventional OFDM. Simulation results over multipath Stanford University Interim channel models show that OFDM-CPM with an MMSE equalizer outperforms Rayleigh fading channels by exploiting multipath diversity. The document also compares the spectral properties and bit error rate performance of OFDM-CPM to conventional OFDM.
The document discusses various digital modulation techniques used in wireless communication systems. It explains the concepts of frequency-shift keying (FSK), minimum-shift keying (MSK), Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) used in GSM. It also discusses phase-shift keying (PSK) techniques like binary PSK (BPSK), quadrature PSK (QPSK) and differential QPSK (DQPSK). Further, it introduces quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and hierarchical modulation used in DVB-T. The document also explains spread spectrum techniques like direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), discussing their advantages and applications in cellular networks
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are