Chap7 mng of fi
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This chapter discusses the various risks faced by financial institutions as intermediaries, including interest rate risk, market risk, credit risk, off-balance sheet risk, foreign exchange risk, country risk, technology risk, operational risk, liquidity risk, and insolvency risk. It notes that these risks are interrelated and that changes in one risk can impact other risks. The chapter provides examples of how each risk has materialized historically for financial institutions and the implications for managing these risks.
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7. Sovereign
Chapter 19
This document discusses the various types of risks incurred by financial institutions. It describes credit risk as the risk of borrowers defaulting on loans. It also discusses liquidity risk, interest rate risk, market risk, off-balance sheet risk, foreign exchange risk, sovereign risk, technology risk, operational risk, and insolvency risk. For each risk, it provides details on how the risk can impact a financial institution's returns, balance sheet, and equity value. It includes examples and figures to illustrate different risks.
first american bank- credit default swaps
- First American Bank is considering using a credit default swap to help mitigate Charles Bank International's credit risk in providing a $50 million loan to CapEx Unlimited, a telecommunications company.
- Through the CDS, CBI would make periodic fee payments to First American Bank in exchange for credit protection on the loan to CapEx. This would transfer some of the credit risk from CBI to First American Bank.
- There are various ways to calculate the appropriate spread for the CDS, including using historical default data or bond prices of comparable companies. The estimated spread would likely be between 1.3-5.5%.
Risks faced by banks
Banks face numerous risks that must be carefully managed. The document outlines several key risks faced by banks: credit risk from loan defaults, market risk from changes in market prices, operational risk from failed internal processes, liquidity risk from inability to fund operations, and reputational risk from negative publicity. It also provides examples of how specific banks like Northern Rock and Barings faced risks that ultimately led to losses or collapse without proper risk mitigation. Effective risk management requires banks to identify, assess, prioritize and control risks, as well as purchase insurance and diversify their portfolios.
Week-9 Bank RegulationMoney and Banking Econ 311Tuesdays 7 .docx
Week-9 Bank Regulation
Money and Banking Econ 311
Tuesdays 7 - 9:45
Instructor: Thomas L. Thomas
Capital Adequacy Management
Bank capital helps prevent bank failure
The amount of capital affects return for the owners (equity holders) of the bank
Regulatory requirement – Regulatory Capital – Tier 1 and Tier 2 Basle Rules
Economic Capital - What is this
2
Capital Adequacy Management:
Returns to Equity Holders
3
Traditional Economic Capital Value-At-Risk (VaR) View
Frequency of Occurrence / Probability
Mean/Average Expected Losses (m)
Unexpected Losses @ 99.9% confidence Level (s)
Economic Capital
Reserves
Value-at-Risk
VAR
Before we can develop adequate credit stress testing we need to understand the differences between traditional credit loss measures and what stress tests incorporate.
Aside form standard concentration and coverage analysis, a standard portfolio credit risk analysis typically employs a Value-at-Risk view.
Credit risk in this view generally follows a positive skewed distribution (by definition one cannot have negative defaults and thus a normal distribution is not applicable).
Reserves ALLL generally cover average expected losses over a horizon. In reality these are usually allocated to general reserves since most ALLL have two components: general reserves and specific reserves for known credits that are detraining.
Economic capital functions as a cushion against unexpected loss up to some confidence level. In this case 99.9% or a single “A” rating is the regulatory standard (once every 10,000 years)
In addition to a loss cushion economic capital represents the amount of the firm’s equity that is at risk which requires a return sufficient to cover the associated risk.
The shape of the curve or tail will then reflect the underlying credit risk of the portfolio or product.
However this view has some assumptions that can miss important risk elements.
The distribution is generally based on one variable PD in this case and does necessarily fully account for other correlated factors that when combined either change the tail or increase the likelihood of default.
Second, while the event may be rare, this methodology does not tell how severe or the magnitude of the event when it occurs beyond the confidence level prescribed for economic capital.
4
Old Measure: New Ones
RAROC - Risk Adjusted Return on Capital
EVA - Economic Value Added.
Hurdle Rate – What is it. How is it measured?
5
Time Line of the Early History of Commercial Banking in the United States
6
Historical Development of the Banking System
Bank of North America chartered in 1782
Controversy over the chartering of banks.
National Bank Act of 1863 creates a new banking system of federally chartered banks
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
Dual banking system
Federal Reserve System is created in 1913.
7
Asymmetric Information and Financial.
Off balance sheet risk
This chapter discusses the risks associated with off-balance sheet activities at financial institutions. While off-balance sheet activities are often used to hedge risks, they can also pose substantial risks as demonstrated by several high-profile cases of losses. Regulatory policies have been updated in response to accounting issues and unethical practices related to off-balance sheet activities. Off-balance sheet activities include derivatives, contingent assets and liabilities, and other transactions recorded off a company's balance sheet.
The New Hedge Fund-Prime Broker Relationship
The financial crisis has changed the relationship between hedge funds and prime brokers. With the default of some leading providers, funds have realized that they should diversify their prime broker relationships and require more transparency on operational processes of prime providers. However, as the funds industry regains momentum, they are looking to their prime brokers to provide services that will support business expansion. Hence, prime brokers need to adapt their offering and IT infrastructure to respond to the changing market.
Credit risk management lecture
This document discusses various types of risks faced by banks, including credit risk, market risk, operational risk, liquidity risk, and reputation risk. It provides definitions of different risk types such as credit risk, concentration risk, and interest rate risk. The document also covers topics like the importance of credit risk management, factors to consider in credit risk analysis, and modern approaches to assessing and managing credit risk in the banking industry.
Q120 years In the late 1990s the gold price reached its lowe.docx
Q1:
20 years: In the late 1990s the gold price reached its lowest level in real terms for two decades. The reasons why it was so weak during the so-called “Clinton boom” from 1995 to 2001 come surprisingly from MMT (modern monetary theory), a theory that in many points opposes gold, in particularly because its proponents are in love with fiat, “the lawful act to declare paper as money”. However, they do not like excessive private debt, which is an idea common to Austrian economists.
But much of the stage was set in 2008 for gold’s rise in 2009 – and for the next few years – when the global financial crisis was entering its darkest days. To recap what happened in the last quarter of 2008, the U.S. Treasury seized control of mortgage lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in September 2008 and said it offered a $200 billion cash injection for firms dealing with mortgage default losses. The most immediate reason for gold’s woes is the strong dollar. Gold is priced in dollars, so if the American currency goes up, investors mark down the yellow metal accordingly. An added factor is that the dollar is rising because of the revival of the American economy, which is bringing the prospect of higher interest rates.
6 menthes: In December, the price of gold was at the top level and that due to at the end of December the price of gold was decreased suddenly. The big news of course is that the Fed hiked rates another 25 basis points. So far, stock market speculators don’t seem to care. They should. The present value of all future earnings depends on the interest rate, and every upwards tick is a substantial downward revision of earnings in out years. However, the bull is so strongly entrenched that it may take a while for this to sink in. We also think of the companies who were borrowing to buy their own shares, and for that matter borrowing to pay dividends.
Q2:
a. Credit risk: is the type of risk of evasion on a debt that may emerge from a borrower failing to do needed payments. Firstly, the risk is that of the lender which includes lost principal and interest, interruption to cash flows, together with improved collection costs. This loss may be complete or partial. In an efficient market, higher points of credit risk will always be related with huge borrowing costs in an efficient market type. Following this measures of borrowing costs which includes yield spreads can be used to surmise credit risk levels grounded on assessments by current market participants. A good existing example is what happens in local retail shop where buyer in this case will lend money or take goods on credit suggesting to pay later but unfortunately fail to respect that deal.
There actually two kinds of risks associated with bonds that is interest risk and credit risk. They can have very dissimilar impacts on various assets within the bond market. As earlier learnt that interest is the vulnerability of a bond or fixed income asset class to movements in the prevailing rates
b. In ...
Types of risk
This document discusses different types of risk that businesses may face. It defines risk as uncertainty concerning potential losses and distinguishes it from uncertainty where outcomes are completely unknown. The document then examines several specific types of risk in more detail, including credit risk, asset liability gap risk, interest rate risk, market risk, currency risk, and due diligence risk. It provides examples to illustrate each type of risk and how businesses can potentially experience losses due to these risks. Finally, the document concludes that risk control aims to identify, assess, and prepare for potential hazards and disruptions through approaches like avoidance, loss prevention, and diversification.
Julian itemba assignment.pdf
The document discusses challenges facing the financial services sector. It mentions cybersecurity as a major challenge, with hackers stealing data, encrypting systems, or demanding ransom. Strict government regulations that are sometimes politically motivated also pose difficulties. There is high competition in the industry from both domestic and international players. Financial institutions face rising operational costs to fund innovation, technology updates, and marketing. Processing massive amounts of customer data and transactions carries the risk of errors reducing efficiency. Overall, financial sectors play an important role in the economy despite facing various challenges.
The Top Risks Challenging the Financial Services Industry
Heading into 2020, The Risk Management Association is focusing on eight risks. Learn about the top risks the financial services industry faces and how you can address them.
Crmdsm
This document discusses credit risk management and debt servicing management. It begins with an agenda and overview of risk, credit risk, historical credit risk management practices in India, why credit risk management is important, and the tasks of a credit risk department. It then covers the risk management process/cycle and building blocks of credit risk management. Various types of risks for financial institutions are defined including market, operational, credit, and portfolio risks.
Risk Management in Islamic Banking
This document discusses various types of risks faced by Islamic banks, including market risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, legal risk, equity investment risk, rate of return risk, displaced commercial risk, fiduciary risk, Shari'ah compliance risk, reputation risk, and strategies for managing these risks. It provides details on the sources and impacts of each risk and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive risk management systems, internal controls, oversight committees, regular reporting, and adherence to Shari'ah principles for Islamic banks.
Similar to Chap7 mng of fi (20)
Week-9 Bank RegulationMoney and Banking Econ 311Tuesdays 7 .docx
Week-9 Bank RegulationMoney and Banking Econ 311Tuesdays 7 .docx
Q120 years In the late 1990s the gold price reached its lowe.docx
Q120 years In the late 1990s the gold price reached its lowe.docx
The Top Risks Challenging the Financial Services Industry
The Top Risks Challenging the Financial Services Industry
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The Daily Dawn Economic & Business Review from December 8-14, 2003 covered a range of economic and business topics over the course of a week. Key events included a decline in the stock market due to political instability, the signing of an export deal between two countries, and an increase in inflation that economists said could slow economic growth if not addressed.
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Lecture 01
Commercial banks are key depository institutions that accept deposits and make loans. They play an important role in the economy by mobilizing savings, facilitating credit creation, and supporting agricultural, industrial and economic development. Commercial banks primarily accept deposits and advance loans. They obtain funds from deposit accounts like demand deposits, savings accounts, and time deposits, as well as borrowed funds from the central bank, repurchase agreements, and bonds. Banks then use these funds for cash reserves, lending activities, investing in securities, and other purposes.
Chap2 mng of fi
This document provides an overview of depository institutions, including commercial banks, thrifts, savings banks, and credit unions. It discusses their size, structure, products, balance sheets, regulation, and recent performance trends. The largest U.S. depository institutions are Citigroup, Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase, and Wells Fargo. Regulation comes from agencies like the FDIC, OCC, and Federal Reserve. There has been significant consolidation in the industry and a blurring of product lines between different financial institution types over time.
Chap 1 mng of fi
Financial intermediaries play a special role in the financial system by facilitating the flow of funds between savers and borrowers. Without intermediaries, information and transaction costs would be high and liquidity low. Intermediaries provide important functions such as risk management and maturity transformation that benefit both households and corporations. Their specialness stems from economies of scale in information processing and the provision of public services, which is why intermediaries receive special regulatory attention aimed at maintaining stability and protecting users of the financial system.
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Discover the Future of Dogecoin with Our Comprehensive Guidance
Learn in-depth about Dogecoin's trajectory and stay informed with 36crypto's essential and up-to-date information about the crypto space.
Our presentation delves into Dogecoin's potential future, exploring whether it's destined to skyrocket to the moon or face a downward spiral. In addition, it highlights invaluable insights. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your crypto understanding!
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What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
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In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.快速办理(RWTH毕业证书)德国亚琛工业大学毕业证录取通知书一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(RWTH毕业证书)德国亚琛工业大学毕业证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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RMIT硕士学位证成绩单【微信95270640】《皇家墨尔本理工大学毕业证书》《QQ微信95270640》学位证书电子版：在线制作皇家墨尔本理工大学毕业证成绩单GPA修改（制作RMIT毕业证成绩单RMIT文凭证书样本）、皇家墨尔本理工大学毕业证书与成绩单样本图片、《RMIT学历证书学位证书》、皇家墨尔本理工大学毕业证案例毕业证书制作軟體、在线制作加拿大硕士学历证书真实可查.
【本科硕士】皇家墨尔本理工大学皇家墨尔本理工大学本科学位证成绩单（GPA修改）；学历认证（教育部认证）；大学Offer录取通知书留信认证使馆认证；雅思语言证书等高仿类证书。
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University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
在线办理(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck mari...
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
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Bridging the gap: Online job postings, survey data and the assessment of job ...Labour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.Machine Learning in Business - A power point presentation.pptx
Power point presentation on machine learning.
International Sustainability Standards Board
Issb standards
New standard for reporting sustainability on lines of tcfd
在线办理(UMASS毕业证书)马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校毕业证完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UMASS毕业证书)马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Detailed power point presentation on compound interest and how it is calculated
Detailed information about compund interest
New Visa Rules for Tourists and Students in Thailand | Amit Kakkar Easy Visa
Discover essential details about Thailand's recent visa policy changes, tailored for tourists and students. Amit Kakkar Easy Visa provides a comprehensive overview of new requirements, application processes, and tips to ensure a smooth transition for all travelers.
Enhancing Asset Quality: Strategies for Financial Institutions
Ensuring robust asset quality is not just a mere aspect but a critical cornerstone for the stability and success of financial institutions worldwide. It serves as the bedrock upon which profitability is built and investor confidence is sustained. Therefore, in this presentation, we delve into a comprehensive exploration of strategies that can aid financial institutions in achieving and maintaining superior asset quality.
RMIT University degree offer diploma Transcript
澳洲RMIT毕业证书制作RMIT假文凭定制Q微168899991做RMIT留信网教留服认证海牙认证改RMIT成绩单GPA做RMIT假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证申请墨尔本皇家理工大学RMIT University degree offer diploma Transcript
快速制作美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书英文原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(TAMU毕业证书)美国德州农工大学毕业证PDF成绩单一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(TAMU毕业证书)美国德州农工大学毕业证PDF成绩单》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Chap7 mng of fi
- 1. Risks of FinancialRisks of Financial IntermediationIntermediation Chapter 7 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin
- 2. 7-2 Overview This chapter discusses the risks associated with financial intermediation: Interest rate risk, market risk, credit risk, off-balance-sheet risk, foreign exchange risk, country or sovereign risk, technology risk, operational risk, liquidity risk, insolvency risk Note that these risks are not unique to FIs Faced by all global firms
- 3. 7-3 Risks of Financial Intermediation Interest rate risk resulting from intermediation: Mismatch in maturities of assets and liabilities. Interest rate sensitivity difference exposes equity to changes in interest rates Balance sheet hedge via matching maturities of assets and liabilities is problematic for FIs. Inconsistent with asset transformation role Refinancing risk. Reinvestment risk.
- 4. 7-4 Market Risk Incurred in trading of assets and liabilities (and derivatives). Example: Barings Bank’s Nick Leeson & decline in Nikkei Stock Market Index. Heavier focus on trading income over traditional activities increases market exposure. Trading activities introduce other perils as was discovered by Allied Irish Bank’s U.S. subsidiary, AllFirst Bank when a rogue trader successfully masked large trading losses and fraudulent activities involving foreign exchange positions
- 5. 7-5 Market Risk Distinction between Investment Book and Trading Book of a commercial bank Heightened focus on Value at Risk (VAR) Heightened focus on short term risk measures such as Daily Earnings at Risk (DEAR) Role of securitization in changing liquidity of bank assets and liabilities
- 6. 7-6 Credit Risk Risk that promised cash flows are not paid in full. Firm specific credit risk Systematic credit risk High rate of charge-offs of credit card debt in the 1980s, most of the 1990s and early 2000s Credit card loans (and unused balances) continue to grow
- 7. 7-7 Charge Off Rates for Commercial Banks
- 8. 7-8 Implications of Growing Credit Risk Importance of credit screening Importance of monitoring credit extended Role for dynamic adjustment of credit risk premia Diversification of credit risk
- 9. 7-9 Off-Balance-Sheet Risk Striking growth of off-balance-sheet activities Letters of credit Loan commitments Derivative positions Speculative activities using off-balance- sheet items create considerable risk
- 10. 7-10 Foreign Exchange Risk FI may be net long or net short in various currencies Returns on foreign and domestic investment are not perfectly correlated. FX rates may not be correlated. Example: $/€ may be increasing while $/¥ decreasing and relationship between ¥ and € time varying. Undiversified foreign expansion creates FX risk.
- 11. 7-11 Foreign Exchange Risk Note that completely hedging foreign exposure by matching foreign assets and liabilities requires matching the maturities as well*. Otherwise, exposure to foreign interest rate risk remains. *More correctly, FI must match durations, rather than maturities. See Chapter 9.
- 12. 7-12 Country or Sovereign Risk Result of exposure to foreign government which may impose restrictions on repayments to foreigners. Often lack usual recourse via court system. Examples: Argentina Russia South Korea • Indonesia • Malaysia • Thailand.
- 13. 7-13 Country or Sovereign Risk In the event of restrictions, reschedulings, or outright prohibition of repayments, FIs’ remaining bargaining chip is future supply of loans Weak position if currency collapsing or government failing Role of IMF Extends aid to troubled banks Increased moral hazard problem if IMF bailout expected
- 14. 7-14 Technology and Operational Risk Economies of scale. Economies of scope. Operational risk not exclusively technological Employee fraud and errors Losses magnified since they affect reputation and future potential
- 15. 7-15 Technology and Operational Risk Risk of losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, and systems or from external events. Some include reputational and strategic risk Technological innovation has seen rapid growth Automated clearing houses (ACH) CHIPS Real time interconnection of global FIs via satellite systems
- 16. 7-16 Technology and Operational Risk Risk that technology investment fails to produce anticipated cost savings. Risk that technology may break down. CitiBank’s ATM network, debit card system and on-line banking out for two days Prudential Financial fined $600 million due to allegations of improper mutual fund trades Bank of America breakdown in security of tapes Bank of New York: Computer system failed to recognize incoming payment messages sent via Fedwire although outgoing payments succeeded
- 17. 7-17 Liquidity Risk Risk of being forced to borrow, or sell assets in a very short period of time. Low prices result. May generate runs. Runs may turn liquidity problem into solvency problem. Risk of systematic bank panics. Example: 1985, Ohio savings institutions insured by Ohio Deposit Guarantee Fund Interaction of credit risk and liability risk Role of FDIC (see Chapter 19)
- 18. 7-18 Insolvency Risk Risk of insufficient capital to offset sudden decline in value of assets to liabilities. Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Original cause may be excessive interest rate, market, credit, off-balance-sheet, technological, FX, sovereign, and liquidity risks.
- 19. 7-19 Risks of Financial Intermediation Other Risks and Interaction of Risks Interdependencies among risks. Example: Interest rates and credit risk. Interest rates and derivative counterparty risk Discrete Risks Examples include effects of war or terrorist acts, market crashes, theft, malfeasance. Changes in regulatory policy
- 20. 7-20 Macroeconomic Risks Increased inflation or increase in its volatility. Affects interest rates as well. Increases in unemployment Affects credit risk as one example.
- 21. 7-21 Pertinent Websites Bank for International Settlements www.bis.org Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve www.federalreserve.gov Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation www.fdic.gov