CE resources are a type of hardware resource in NodeBs that measure channel demodulation capabilities. The number of CEs supported by a NodeB determines how many users and what types of services it can support. CEs are managed jointly by the RNC and NodeB to ensure resources are used properly. The number of CEs consumed depends on the type of service and can be calculated based on mappings provided.
This document discusses a feature called Fast Return to WCDMA (FASTRET3G) that allows user equipment to select a WCDMA network after a call disconnect on a 2G network. This is intended to reduce load on the 2G network by encouraging reselection to 3G, reduce page outage time for subscribers, and improve a key performance indicator for call drops on the secondary dedicated control channel. The document outlines objectives of the feature, that it has no network impact, pre-checks needed before activation like ensuring 2G-3G handover is set up, and plans to test it in a cluster with the highest number of 3G sites and worst 2G call drop rates.
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
The document describes power control configuration and mechanisms in UMTS networks. It discusses power control models and parameters. Open-loop power control sets initial uplink and downlink transmit power levels. For uplink on PRACH, the UE calculates initial preamble power based on measured CPICH_RSCP and parameters in system information blocks including CPICH transmit power, UL interference level, and a constant value. Power is then ramped for preamble retransmissions and set for the message part.
The document discusses the requirements and configuration of Inter Frequency Load Balancing (IFLB) in LTE networks. IFLB aims to balance traffic load across cells on different frequencies by offloading user equipment between those cells. Key steps in IFLB include determining cell load, exchanging load information, selecting offload candidates, and handing users over to target cells if their signal quality is sufficient. The document provides guidance on setting parameters that control IFLB behavior and thresholds.
The document discusses fault analysis and troubleshooting of LTE antenna and feeder systems. It describes techniques like RSSI analysis, frequency scanning, interference detection tests, and DTP testing to identify issues like passive intermodulation (PIM) and determine if the fault is in the antenna tower or below. Parameters for simulated load testing and online interference monitoring are also outlined.
This document discusses radio resource optimization parameters in GSM networks. It covers topics like idle parameter optimization, power control, handover control, radio resource administration, measurement processing, signaling channel mapping, traffic channel mapping, paging parameters, access grant channel parameters, frequency reuse, and frequency hopping techniques. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like TDMA frame structure, logical and physical channel organization, and capacity calculations.
The document discusses GPRS network architecture and processes. It describes how a mobile station (MS) attaches to and detaches from the GPRS network by communicating with the SGSN and HLR. It also describes how a temporary block flow (TBF) is established to enable data transfer between the MS and network. Additionally, it outlines how a packet data protocol (PDP) context is activated and deactivated to manage the subscriber's data session.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
This document discusses a feature called Fast Return to WCDMA (FASTRET3G) that allows user equipment to select a WCDMA network after a call disconnect on a 2G network. This is intended to reduce load on the 2G network by encouraging reselection to 3G, reduce page outage time for subscribers, and improve a key performance indicator for call drops on the secondary dedicated control channel. The document outlines objectives of the feature, that it has no network impact, pre-checks needed before activation like ensuring 2G-3G handover is set up, and plans to test it in a cluster with the highest number of 3G sites and worst 2G call drop rates.
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
The document describes power control configuration and mechanisms in UMTS networks. It discusses power control models and parameters. Open-loop power control sets initial uplink and downlink transmit power levels. For uplink on PRACH, the UE calculates initial preamble power based on measured CPICH_RSCP and parameters in system information blocks including CPICH transmit power, UL interference level, and a constant value. Power is then ramped for preamble retransmissions and set for the message part.
The document discusses the requirements and configuration of Inter Frequency Load Balancing (IFLB) in LTE networks. IFLB aims to balance traffic load across cells on different frequencies by offloading user equipment between those cells. Key steps in IFLB include determining cell load, exchanging load information, selecting offload candidates, and handing users over to target cells if their signal quality is sufficient. The document provides guidance on setting parameters that control IFLB behavior and thresholds.
The document discusses fault analysis and troubleshooting of LTE antenna and feeder systems. It describes techniques like RSSI analysis, frequency scanning, interference detection tests, and DTP testing to identify issues like passive intermodulation (PIM) and determine if the fault is in the antenna tower or below. Parameters for simulated load testing and online interference monitoring are also outlined.
This document discusses radio resource optimization parameters in GSM networks. It covers topics like idle parameter optimization, power control, handover control, radio resource administration, measurement processing, signaling channel mapping, traffic channel mapping, paging parameters, access grant channel parameters, frequency reuse, and frequency hopping techniques. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like TDMA frame structure, logical and physical channel organization, and capacity calculations.
The document discusses GPRS network architecture and processes. It describes how a mobile station (MS) attaches to and detaches from the GPRS network by communicating with the SGSN and HLR. It also describes how a temporary block flow (TBF) is established to enable data transfer between the MS and network. Additionally, it outlines how a packet data protocol (PDP) context is activated and deactivated to manage the subscriber's data session.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
This document contains parameters related to 2G cell configuration for an Axis network with 2247 sites and 19 BSCs. It includes common cell data parameters like AGBLK, MFRMS, ACCMIN, INDOOR_CELL values. It also includes locating cell filter data parameters like BSPWR, BSTXPWR, MSRXMIN, BSRXMIN for path loss calculation. Finally, it contains locating urgency cell data parameters like TALIM, PSSBQ, PTIMBQ, QLIMDL for handling call quality issues. The parameters need to be optimized for Axis' coverage-limited network.
1. The document discusses key performance indicators (KPI) for LTE networks in Korea, which has very high standards for call setup success rates, call drop rates, and call completion rates.
2. It provides an overview of the LTE camping procedure, including system selection, cell selection criteria, and different cell categories that UEs can camp on.
3. It explains the LTE random access procedure for both contention-based and non-contention based access, including the four-step process and different preamble formats.
The document discusses various parameters used in LTE drive testing including:
- RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, RSSI, CQI, PCI, BLER, and throughput which provide information on signal strength, quality, and performance. Phone-based drive testing allows monitoring of these parameters and correlation with data performance. MIMO and handovers between LTE and other technologies can also be evaluated. Key metrics include coverage, capacity, and end-user experience.
Inter-frequency and inter-RAT handovers can be coverage, load, or service based. Coverage-based handovers are triggered by certain A3/A4/A5 events for inter-frequency and B1/B2 events for inter-RAT. The document discusses the parameters involved in measuring cells and configuring handovers, including measurement reports, handover commands, and key performance indicators for analyzing handover issues. Common causes of handover problems include poor downlink quality, interference, and abnormal X2 interface signaling.
The document discusses LTE uplink power control. It describes that uplink power control uses both open-loop and closed-loop mechanisms. Open-loop power control estimates path loss to set the initial transmission power, while closed-loop allows the network to directly control transmission power through power control commands. Power control helps reduce interference, maximize data rates, and prolong UE battery life by adjusting transmission power on a subframe basis.
SDCCH definition, understanding, and troubleshooting.
What is the SDCCHs blocking rate?
The sdcch_blocking_rate statistic tracks the percentage of attempts to allocate an sdcch that were blocked due to no available sdcch resources
The document discusses IP addressing and routing in LTE networks. It covers:
- OSI layers used in LTE including physical, MAC, RLC, and PDCP layers
- IP addressing schemes including IPv4 addressing, subnetting, and network/broadcast addresses
- IP routing configuration in BSCs, RNCs, and between network nodes
- Interface IP allocation and configuration of BTS, NodeB, and OAM addresses
2 g and 3g kpi improvement by parameter optimization (nsn, ericsson, huawei) ...Jean de la Sagesse
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for 2G and 3G networks and how top telecom vendors like Ericsson, Huawei, and NSN optimize parameters to improve these KPIs. It outlines techniques for reducing TCH blocking, SD blocking, TCH drop, HOSR, TASR, SD drop, and improving paging success rate through actions like changing configuration parameters, enabling features, addressing hardware issues, and optimizing cells physically. The optimization of these parameters can help maintain balance between network throughput, capacity and radio quality while ensuring a seamless transition between 2G and 3G.
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...Zorays Solar Pakistan
This document discusses GSM network architecture and components. It describes the key elements like the MSC, HLR, VLR and their functions. It explains cell planning and frequency reuse. It also covers network identities, attaching and roaming processes, call setup, and charging systems like triggered charging for calls and SMS. Compound charging processes for originating calls, voucher refills through IVR are summarized.
The document describes various parameters related to system configuration, capacity management, directed retry, HSDPA/EUL, handover, IRAT, and idle mode selection and reselection in a wireless network. Parameters control things like maximum transmission power, admission limits, handover thresholds, measurement quantities, and hysteresis values used in cell selection and reselection decisions.
This document discusses LTE CS Fallback features which allow LTE networks to reuse CS infrastructure to provide voice and other circuit switched services. CS Fallback enables LTE terminals to redirect to 2G/3G networks when initiating CS services like voice calls. The key aspects covered include the CS Fallback network architecture using the SGs interface, the combined attach procedure used for location updates, advantages/disadvantages of different CS Fallback mechanisms, and signaling flows for CS Fallback and paging.
This document discusses reference signals used in LTE-Advanced, including:
1. Downlink reference signals such as cell-specific reference signals, MBSFN reference signals, UE-specific reference signals, positioning reference signals, and CSI reference signals.
2. Uplink reference signals such as demodulation reference signals and sounding reference signals.
3. Details are provided on the generation and mapping of various reference signals, including cell-specific reference signals, MBSFN reference signals, UE-specific reference signals, positioning reference signals, and CSI reference signals.
Cs hs drop analysis and optimization presentationDaniel Amaning
The document discusses various strategies and parameters for optimizing HS and speech call drops in a mobile network. It analyzes call drop reasons like congestion, soft handover failures, missing neighbors, and synchronization issues. It provides guidance on improving neighbor planning, resource utilization, interference reduction features, HS mobility parameters, load balancing between carriers, and URA PCH configuration for fast dormancy. The optimization strategies aim to reduce specific counter metrics for different call drop causes and improve key performance indicators for HS connections.
The document provides an overview of LTE physical layer specifications including OFDMA frame structure, resource block structure, protocol architecture, physical channel structure and procedures, UE measurements like RSRP and RSRQ, and key enabling technologies of LTE such as OFDM, SC-FDMA, and MIMO. It describes the LTE requirements for high peak data rates, low latency, support for high mobility users, and enhanced broadcast services.
This document provides an overview of call reestablishment in WCDMA RAN networks. It describes the technical principles and triggers for call reestablishment when uplink radio link failure, SRB reset, TRB reset, air-interface process overlap, or air-interface process timeout issues occur. It also covers related features, network impacts, parameter optimization, and troubleshooting steps for deploying and monitoring call reestablishment.
The document discusses LTE network architecture including nodes like the eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW, and their functions. It also outlines the basic LTE call flows for initial call setup, detach procedures, idle-to-active transitions, and handovers. Key call flow steps include attach request, authentication, context setup, and establishment of bearers between the UE and PDN gateway.
CE resources are a type of hardware resource in NodeBs that measure channel demodulation capabilities. The number of CEs supported by a NodeB determines how many users and what types of services it can support. CEs are managed jointly by the RNC and NodeB to ensure resources are used properly. The number of CEs consumed depends on the type of service and can be calculated based on mappings provided in the document.
The document discusses key planning parameters for TD-LTE including PRACH, PCI, and UL DM RS. It provides details on:
1) PRACH planning including separating PRACH resources by time, frequency, or sequence to reduce interference between cells.
2) Recommendations for selecting PRACH preamble formats and configuration indexes based on cell range.
3) Guidelines for configuring PRACH frequency offset, cyclic shift, and root sequence index based on factors like PUCCH resources and number of preamble sequences needed.
3 g huawei ran resource monitoring and management recommendedMery Koto
The document discusses monitoring resources in a Huawei WCDMA network to avoid congestion and blockages. It describes monitoring resources at the NodeB and cell levels like CE cards, licenses, OVSF codes, power levels, and Iub bandwidth. Counters are presented to monitor traffic, KPIs, resource usage, and rejections due to congestion. The resource consumption of different services is also analyzed to understand network characteristics and identify if resources are sufficient for desired services.
This document contains parameters related to 2G cell configuration for an Axis network with 2247 sites and 19 BSCs. It includes common cell data parameters like AGBLK, MFRMS, ACCMIN, INDOOR_CELL values. It also includes locating cell filter data parameters like BSPWR, BSTXPWR, MSRXMIN, BSRXMIN for path loss calculation. Finally, it contains locating urgency cell data parameters like TALIM, PSSBQ, PTIMBQ, QLIMDL for handling call quality issues. The parameters need to be optimized for Axis' coverage-limited network.
1. The document discusses key performance indicators (KPI) for LTE networks in Korea, which has very high standards for call setup success rates, call drop rates, and call completion rates.
2. It provides an overview of the LTE camping procedure, including system selection, cell selection criteria, and different cell categories that UEs can camp on.
3. It explains the LTE random access procedure for both contention-based and non-contention based access, including the four-step process and different preamble formats.
The document discusses various parameters used in LTE drive testing including:
- RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, RSSI, CQI, PCI, BLER, and throughput which provide information on signal strength, quality, and performance. Phone-based drive testing allows monitoring of these parameters and correlation with data performance. MIMO and handovers between LTE and other technologies can also be evaluated. Key metrics include coverage, capacity, and end-user experience.
Inter-frequency and inter-RAT handovers can be coverage, load, or service based. Coverage-based handovers are triggered by certain A3/A4/A5 events for inter-frequency and B1/B2 events for inter-RAT. The document discusses the parameters involved in measuring cells and configuring handovers, including measurement reports, handover commands, and key performance indicators for analyzing handover issues. Common causes of handover problems include poor downlink quality, interference, and abnormal X2 interface signaling.
The document discusses LTE uplink power control. It describes that uplink power control uses both open-loop and closed-loop mechanisms. Open-loop power control estimates path loss to set the initial transmission power, while closed-loop allows the network to directly control transmission power through power control commands. Power control helps reduce interference, maximize data rates, and prolong UE battery life by adjusting transmission power on a subframe basis.
SDCCH definition, understanding, and troubleshooting.
What is the SDCCHs blocking rate?
The sdcch_blocking_rate statistic tracks the percentage of attempts to allocate an sdcch that were blocked due to no available sdcch resources
The document discusses IP addressing and routing in LTE networks. It covers:
- OSI layers used in LTE including physical, MAC, RLC, and PDCP layers
- IP addressing schemes including IPv4 addressing, subnetting, and network/broadcast addresses
- IP routing configuration in BSCs, RNCs, and between network nodes
- Interface IP allocation and configuration of BTS, NodeB, and OAM addresses
2 g and 3g kpi improvement by parameter optimization (nsn, ericsson, huawei) ...Jean de la Sagesse
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for 2G and 3G networks and how top telecom vendors like Ericsson, Huawei, and NSN optimize parameters to improve these KPIs. It outlines techniques for reducing TCH blocking, SD blocking, TCH drop, HOSR, TASR, SD drop, and improving paging success rate through actions like changing configuration parameters, enabling features, addressing hardware issues, and optimizing cells physically. The optimization of these parameters can help maintain balance between network throughput, capacity and radio quality while ensuring a seamless transition between 2G and 3G.
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...Zorays Solar Pakistan
This document discusses GSM network architecture and components. It describes the key elements like the MSC, HLR, VLR and their functions. It explains cell planning and frequency reuse. It also covers network identities, attaching and roaming processes, call setup, and charging systems like triggered charging for calls and SMS. Compound charging processes for originating calls, voucher refills through IVR are summarized.
The document describes various parameters related to system configuration, capacity management, directed retry, HSDPA/EUL, handover, IRAT, and idle mode selection and reselection in a wireless network. Parameters control things like maximum transmission power, admission limits, handover thresholds, measurement quantities, and hysteresis values used in cell selection and reselection decisions.
This document discusses LTE CS Fallback features which allow LTE networks to reuse CS infrastructure to provide voice and other circuit switched services. CS Fallback enables LTE terminals to redirect to 2G/3G networks when initiating CS services like voice calls. The key aspects covered include the CS Fallback network architecture using the SGs interface, the combined attach procedure used for location updates, advantages/disadvantages of different CS Fallback mechanisms, and signaling flows for CS Fallback and paging.
This document discusses reference signals used in LTE-Advanced, including:
1. Downlink reference signals such as cell-specific reference signals, MBSFN reference signals, UE-specific reference signals, positioning reference signals, and CSI reference signals.
2. Uplink reference signals such as demodulation reference signals and sounding reference signals.
3. Details are provided on the generation and mapping of various reference signals, including cell-specific reference signals, MBSFN reference signals, UE-specific reference signals, positioning reference signals, and CSI reference signals.
Cs hs drop analysis and optimization presentationDaniel Amaning
The document discusses various strategies and parameters for optimizing HS and speech call drops in a mobile network. It analyzes call drop reasons like congestion, soft handover failures, missing neighbors, and synchronization issues. It provides guidance on improving neighbor planning, resource utilization, interference reduction features, HS mobility parameters, load balancing between carriers, and URA PCH configuration for fast dormancy. The optimization strategies aim to reduce specific counter metrics for different call drop causes and improve key performance indicators for HS connections.
The document provides an overview of LTE physical layer specifications including OFDMA frame structure, resource block structure, protocol architecture, physical channel structure and procedures, UE measurements like RSRP and RSRQ, and key enabling technologies of LTE such as OFDM, SC-FDMA, and MIMO. It describes the LTE requirements for high peak data rates, low latency, support for high mobility users, and enhanced broadcast services.
This document provides an overview of call reestablishment in WCDMA RAN networks. It describes the technical principles and triggers for call reestablishment when uplink radio link failure, SRB reset, TRB reset, air-interface process overlap, or air-interface process timeout issues occur. It also covers related features, network impacts, parameter optimization, and troubleshooting steps for deploying and monitoring call reestablishment.
The document discusses LTE network architecture including nodes like the eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW, and their functions. It also outlines the basic LTE call flows for initial call setup, detach procedures, idle-to-active transitions, and handovers. Key call flow steps include attach request, authentication, context setup, and establishment of bearers between the UE and PDN gateway.
CE resources are a type of hardware resource in NodeBs that measure channel demodulation capabilities. The number of CEs supported by a NodeB determines how many users and what types of services it can support. CEs are managed jointly by the RNC and NodeB to ensure resources are used properly. The number of CEs consumed depends on the type of service and can be calculated based on mappings provided in the document.
The document discusses key planning parameters for TD-LTE including PRACH, PCI, and UL DM RS. It provides details on:
1) PRACH planning including separating PRACH resources by time, frequency, or sequence to reduce interference between cells.
2) Recommendations for selecting PRACH preamble formats and configuration indexes based on cell range.
3) Guidelines for configuring PRACH frequency offset, cyclic shift, and root sequence index based on factors like PUCCH resources and number of preamble sequences needed.
3 g huawei ran resource monitoring and management recommendedMery Koto
The document discusses monitoring resources in a Huawei WCDMA network to avoid congestion and blockages. It describes monitoring resources at the NodeB and cell levels like CE cards, licenses, OVSF codes, power levels, and Iub bandwidth. Counters are presented to monitor traffic, KPIs, resource usage, and rejections due to congestion. The resource consumption of different services is also analyzed to understand network characteristics and identify if resources are sufficient for desired services.
The document describes Directed Retry Decision (DRD) functionality in 3G networks. DRD allows the network to direct a UE to retry network access on a different cell if the currently attached cell no longer provides optimal radio conditions or service. The document outlines the different types of DRD, including RRC DRD, non-periodic DRD, and periodic DRD. It also describes various DRD procedures and parameters related to inter-frequency handover, load balancing, service steering, and inter-RAT handover.
This document discusses 3G capacity optimization and monitoring software. It provides an overview of network elements and capacity features, including blocking and utilization counters, methodology parameters, and best practices. It also covers capacity features for various technologies like HSDPA, HSUPA, and HSPA+, listing codes, descriptions, and capabilities.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de distribución física de instalaciones logísticas, incluyendo distribución por procesos, distribución por productos, distribución celular y distribución de punto fijo. Explica los objetivos, ventajas e inconvenientes de cada tipo, así como métodos para optimizar la distribución como el equilibrado de líneas de fabricación. También cubre conceptos clave como tiempo de ciclo, tiempo de servicio y tiempo muerto.
Huawei - Access failures troubleshooting work shopnavaidkhan
This document provides information on troubleshooting access failures in mobile networks, including:
1. It describes the general call setup procedure and potential points of failure, such as RRC, paging, and RACH access failures.
2. Common causes of access failures are discussed, like RF issues, radio parameter problems, and other miscellaneous causes.
3. Guidance is given on how to identify and resolve different types of failures, including steps to troubleshoot RRC access failures through analyzing configuration, alarms, traffic patterns, and radio parameters.
The document discusses call drop issues in mobile networks. It begins by defining call drop as the abnormal release of traffic or signaling channels after successful seizure. It then provides formulas to calculate call drop rates and describes measurement points to analyze call drops. Finally, it analyzes common causes of high call drop rates such as radio link faults, handover failures, and timer expirations.
The document defines Channel Elements (CEs) which measure the baseband resources used by different wireless services. It provides tables showing the number of CEs consumed by various R99 and HSUPA services on the uplink and downlink. For HSDPA, resource consumption is measured in codes rather than CEs. The document also specifies the CE consumption of various HSPA+ features introduced in RAN11.0 and RAN12.0, with many requiring no additional CEs.
3G Huawei RAN Resource Monitoring and management.pptNailat2
This document summarizes resources that need to be monitored in a Huawei WCDMA network to avoid congestion and blockages. It discusses monitoring nodeB and cell level resources like CE cards, licenses, OVSF codes, power levels, and Iub bandwidth. It also covers monitoring traffic, KPIs, service distributions and generating relationships between resources, traffic, and quality of service to determine if resources are sufficient. Counter examples are provided to monitor resource usage like TCP, ENU, OVSF code occupancy, and power levels.
In a RAN, CE resources are managed by both the RNC and NodeB. The NodeB reports its CE capacity to the RNC. The RNC determines whether to admit a new service based on the number of CEs that need to be consumed and controls CE resources during CE congestion. This ensures the proper use of CE resources. The NodeB dynamically manages CE resources and rapidly adjusts the number of CEs that can be consumed based on the actual service rate. This increases CE resource usage.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
Carrier aggregation allows combining multiple component carriers to increase bandwidth and throughput. The primary serving cell handles radio resource control and provides system information, while secondary serving cells provide additional bandwidth. Carrier aggregation can be intra-band contiguous, intra-band non-contiguous, or inter-band depending on whether the component carriers are within one band and contiguous or not. A maximum of 5 component carriers can be aggregated for a total bandwidth of 100MHz in LTE-Advanced.
Carrier aggregation is a technique in LTE-Advanced that allows aggregation of multiple component carriers to increase bandwidth and throughput. It maintains backward compatibility with LTE Release 8 and 9 user equipment by basing the aggregation on existing carriers. Carrier aggregation can be used for both frequency-division duplexing (FDD) and time-division duplexing (TDD). It involves aggregating up to five carriers of varying bandwidths totaling up to 100 MHz maximum. The primary component carrier handles radio resource control signaling and mobility while secondary carriers are added as needed to increase data rates.
1. The document discusses LTE PDCCH optimization techniques, including assigning UEs unique C-RNTIs after initial connection to identify PDCCH messages, using the PDCCH as a pointer to PDSCH resource allocations, and different PDCCH aggregation levels used based on radio conditions.
2. It describes PDCCH settings like the number of symbols used, maximum CCEs per frame, thresholds for CCE allocation, and adjusting the aggregation level based on coding rate or BLER.
3. counters and features are discussed for monitoring PDCCH and CCE usage, as well as techniques for improving PDCCH capacity like increasing transmit power or reducing the aggregation level.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
This document summarizes new developments in 5G NR user plane protocols:
1) It introduces the work plan for 5G NR and describes non-standalone and standalone 5G NR architectures.
2) It describes new 5G NR user plane protocols including the Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), Radio Link Control (RLC), and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers.
3) Key enhancements in 5G NR include support for multiple numerologies, reduced latency through changes like removal of concatenation, and improved hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) through code block groups.
Carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced can increase bandwidth and bitrate by aggregating multiple component carriers. Each component carrier can have bandwidth of 1.4-20 MHz, and up to 5 carriers can be aggregated for a total of 100 MHz. Carrier aggregation supports both intra-band aggregation within the same frequency band and inter-band aggregation across different bands. Scheduling in carrier aggregation can occur either on the same carrier or across different carriers.
Cell load KPIs in support of event triggered Cellular Yield MaximizationAsoka Korale
Cell load KPIs can be used to trigger events and identify candidate cells for cell yield management (CYM) by observing near real-time cell load measurements extracted from the RNC at intervals of around 15 minutes. The cell load will be quantified using KPI thresholds that compare measurements like transmitted carrier power, noise rise, code tree utilization, and channel element utilization against thresholds. Cells where the KPIs are below the thresholds will be identified as candidates for CYM offers to increase utilization. Specific counters from different RNC vendors can be used to calculate the KPI measures and determine if a cell is eligible as a CYM candidate.
Some of the key driving forces behind the transition from the UMTS based cellular system to the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) are to improve the mean and the cell-edge throughput, improve the user fairness, and improve the quality of service (QoS) satisfaction for all users. In the latter system, relays appear as one of the most prominent enabler for improving the cell-edge user experience while increasing the system’s fairness.
In this white paper, we present the basics of relay deployments in LTE-A networks. Moreover, we analyze resource allocation problem for Relay Nodes (RN) deployments and present some of the solutions for improvement in system resource usage and QoS satisfaction. Afterwards, we introduce the capabilities of NOMOR’s LTE-A system level simulator and evaluate the performance of LTE-A relay systems under the described solutions.
Some questions and answers on lte radio interfaceThananan numatti
The document contains questions and answers about LTE radio interface concepts. It discusses:
- How the UE is scheduled via the PDCCH containing DCI messages for uplink/downlink scheduling.
- That PDCP is located in the eNodeB and handles encryption, header compression, and reordering at handover.
- That a resource block occupies 12 subcarriers and one time slot of 0.5ms in the frequency and time domains.
This document discusses channel quality indication (CQI) in the context of high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) drive testing. It explains that the common quality metric of Ec/No can provide misleading values during HSDPA sessions as the pilot channel power is a small portion of the total cell power. CQI reported by the user equipment is a better indicator of downlink quality as it accounts for the varying power allocation across channels during data transfer. The document provides background on key terms like RSCP, RSSI, Ec/No and how power is distributed across channels. It also demonstrates through examples how Ec/No values can deceivingly drop during HSDPA usage despite good channel conditions.
This document discusses channel quality indication (CQI) in the context of high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) drive testing. It explains that the common quality metric of Ec/No can provide misleading values during HSDPA sessions as the pilot channel power is a small portion of the total cell power. CQI reported by the user equipment is a better indicator of downlink quality as it accounts for the varying power allocation across channels during data transfer. The document provides background on key terms like RSCP, RSSI, Ec/No and how power is distributed across channels. It also demonstrates through examples how Ec/No values can deceivingly drop during HSDPA usage despite good channel conditions.
DYNAMIC RE-CLUSTERING LEACH-BASED (DR-LEACH) PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) contains a large number of sensor nodes equipped with limited energy supplies. In most applications, sensor nodes are deployed in a random fashion. Therefore, battery replacement or charging is considered not practical. As a result, routing protocols must be energy-efficient to prolong the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we propose a new Dynamic Re-clustering LEACH-Based protocol (DR-LEACH) which aims to reduce the energy consumption and extending the network’s lifetime. The idea is to balance energy consumption of Cluster Heads (CHs) by generating clusters with almost equal number of nodes during each round of the network life time. To perform this, we first calculate the optimal number of CHs in each round, and based on that we calculate the optimal size of each cluster. Results show that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime and reduces overall energy consumption compared to LEACH and BCDCP protocols.
Estimating cell load in WCDMA networks is complex as it depends on several variables including downlink measurements of transmitted carrier power and code tree utilization, and uplink measurements of noise rise. Optimization of cell utilization also considers the interaction of radio resource management algorithms that adjust transmission rates, allocate lower rate bearers, prioritize users, and reserve power. Direct measurements available from the RNC can provide estimates of received total wideband power, transmitted carrier power, and transmitted code power to analyze cell load levels.
The document describes the different states in UTRA RRC connected mode, including Cell_DCH, Cell_FACH, Cell_PCH, and URA_PCH states. It provides details on the Cell_DCH state, including how a UE can enter Cell_DCH state, internal procedures that can be performed in Cell_DCH state without state transitions, and triggers for transitions from Cell_DCH state to other states like Cell_FACH. Timers are defined for supervising RB and SRB activity and inactivity detection in Cell_DCH state.
1) The document discusses the requirements and configuration of Inter Frequency Load Balancing (IFLB), a feature that balances traffic load across cells operating on different frequencies in an LTE network.
2) IFLB uses subscription ratios to assess traffic load in cells and balance loads by offloading user equipment to less busy target cells on other frequencies if their signal quality is sufficient.
3) Key IFLB parameters like thresholds and offsets must be configured appropriately to ensure user equipment are only offloaded to target cells that can maintain good coverage.
1. Channel Element (CE) Resource
CE resources are a type of NodeB hardware resource. The number of CEs supported by single NodeB
indicates the channel demodulation capabilities resource of the NodeB. The more CEs a NodeB
supports, the more powerful the channel demodulation and service processing capabilities for serving
the customers. Services at different rates require different numbers of CEs to ensure proper channel
demodulation.
In a RAN, CE resources are managed by both the RNC and NodeB. The NodeB reports its CE capacity to
the RNC. The RNC determines whether to admit a new service based on the number of CEs that need to
be consumed and controls CE resources during CE congestion. This ensures the proper use of CE
resources. The NodeB dynamically manages CE resources and rapidly adjusts the number of CEs that
can be consumed based on the actual service rate. This increases CE resource usage.
A proper use of CE resources increases the number of UEs that can be admitted and improves the
service quality of the admitted UEs.
Basic Channel Element Concepts
CE is a basic unit that measures the channel demodulation capabilities of a NodeB. CEs are classified
into uplink (UL) CEs and downlink (DL) CEs.
One UL CE needs to be consumed by a UL 12.2 kbit/s voice service (SF = 64) plus 3.4 kbit/s
signaling.
One DL CE needs to be consumed by a DL 12.2 kbit/s voice service (SF = 128) plus 3.4 kbit/s
signaling.
If only 3.4 kbit/s signaling traffic is carried on a DCH or HSPA channel, one CE still needs to be
consumed. The number of CEs that need to be consumed by services of other types can be calculated
by analogy.
The number of UL and DL CEs supported by a NodeB is determined by the NodeB hardware capabilities
and the licensed CE capacity. The number of UL and DL CEs supported by the NodeB hardware is called
the physical CE capacity. The licensed CE capacity may differ from the physical CE capacity. The
smaller determines the number of CEs that can be used by an operator.
CE is a concept of the NodeB side. On the RNC side, it is called NodeB credit. The RNC performs
admission and congestion control based on the NodeB credit. In the UL, the number of Node credit
resources is twice that of CEs. In the DL, the number of NodeB credit resources equals that of CEs.
2. CE Sharing in a Resource Group
To facilitate baseband resource management, NodeB baseband resources fall into UL and DL resource
groups. The UL and DL resource groups are independent with each other.
UL Resource Group
UL resource group is a UL resource pool shared on a per-channel basis, more than one cell can be setup
in one UL resource group, One UL resource group can have multiple baseband boards, but one board
can belong to only one UL resource group. CE resources in one UL resource group can be shared by
baseband boards. This means that UEs in a cell in a UL resource group can set up services on any board
in the group. The physical CE capacity of a UL resource group is the total CE capacity of baseband
boards in the group.
DL Resource Group
Different from a UL resource group, a DL resource group is shared on a per-cell basis. Resources in a DL
resource group are allocated to each baseband board based on cells; one board can be configured to
multiple DL resource groups. DL CE resources for UEs in the same cell can be provided by any baseband
board in the DL resource group. CE resources in one DL resource group can be shared only within a
baseband board.
NodeB CE Capacity Specifications
Typically different baseband boards of a NodeB have their own CE capacity specifications.
For exampled, the detailed CE capacity specifications supported by each type of baseband board, see
the BBU3900 Hardware Description product by Huawei
CE capacity here refers to the number of CEs that can be consumed by UL and DL R99 services and
HSUPA services. It does not include CE resources reserved by the NodeB for common and HSDPA
channels.
Rules for Calculating CE Consumption
The RNC determines the number of CEs required for a service based on the SF that matches the service
rate. When an RAB connection is set up or released for a service, CE resources must be allocated or
3. taken back and the number of CEs must be deducted or added accordingly. Different rules for
calculating CE resource consumption apply to channels or services of different types.
CE resources reserved by the NodeB for common and HSDPA channels are shown in gray.
CE resources that need to be consumed by R99 and HSUPA services are shown in pink.
Common Channels CE Consumption
CE resources required on the UL and DL common channels are reserved by the NodeB. Therefore, they
do not occupy the licensed CE capacity. These CEs do not need to be considered in the calculation of
CE consumption.
HSDPA Channels CE Consumption
Similarly, the NodeB reserves CE resources for the high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH) and
the related control channels if HSDPA is used. These CEs also do not need to be considered in the
calculation of CE consumption.
Note that the signaling of an HSDPA UE that is not performing an R99 service occupies one DCH and
needs to consume one DL CE. If the SRB over HSDPA function is enabled, the signaling of an HSDPA
service does not consume additional CE resources. For an HSDPA UE that is performing an R99 service,
its signaling and the R99 service occupy the same DCH. Therefore, only the CEs consumed on R99
traffic channels need to be calculated.
R99 Service CE Consumption
For an R99 service, the RNC determines the number of CEs and NodeB credit resources that need to be
consumed based on the SF that matches the maximum bit rate (MBR) of the service.
Direction Rate
(kbit/s)
SF Number of
CEs
Consumed
Corresponding
Credits
Consumed
UL 3.4 256 1 2
13.6 64 1 2
8 64 1 2
16 64 1 2
32 32 1.5 3
64 16 3 6
128 8 5 10
4. 144 8 5 10
256 4 10 20
384 4 10 20
DL 3.4 256 1 1
13.6 128 1 1
8 128 1 1
16 128 1 1
32 64 1 1
64 32 2 2
128 16 4 4
144 16 4 4
256 8 8 8
384 8 8 8
HSUPA Service CE Consumption
For an HSUPA service, the RNC determines the number of CEs and NodeB credit resources that need to
be consumed based on the SF that matches the service rate. The RNC determines the SF based on a
certain rate in the following ways:
If the UL enhanced L2 function is disabled and the NodeB indicates in a private information
element (IE) that dynamic CE resource management has been enabled in the cell, the RNC calculates
the SF based on the larger of the bit rate of one RLC PDU and the guaranteed bit rate (GBR).
o If the UL enhanced L2 function is disabled, the RLC PDU size is fixed. The bit rate of
one RLC PDU is determined by the RLC PDU size and transmission time interval (TTI).
If the UL enhanced L2 function is enabled and the NodeB indicates in a private IE that dynamic
CE resource management has been enabled in the cell, the RNC calculates the SF based on the larger of
the bit rate of the smallest RLC PDU and the GBR.
o If the UL enhanced L2 function is enabled, the RLC PDU size is flexible. The bit rate of
the smallest RLC PDU is determined by the minimum RLC PDU size and the TTI. The minimum RLC PDU
size can be specified by the RlcPduMaxSizeForUlL2Enhance parameter.
If the NodeB reports that dynamic CE resource management has been disabled, the RNC
calculates the SF based on the MBR.
If the NodeB does not report whether dynamic CE resource management has been enabled, the
RNC calculates the SF based on the value of the HsupaCeConsumeSelection parameter and whether the
UL enhanced L2 function is enabled.
o If HsupaCeConsumeSelection is set to MBR, the RNC calculates the SF based on the
MBR.
o If HsupaCeConsumeSelection is set to GBR:
If the UL enhanced L2 function is disabled, the RNC calculates the SF based on
the larger of the bit rate of one RLC PDU and the GBR.
If the UL enhanced L2 function is enabled, the RNC calculates the SF based on
the larger of the bit rate of the smallest RLC PDU and the GBR.
5. After determining the SF, the RNC searches the CE consumption mapping listed below
Direction Rate
(kbit/s)
SF Number of
CEs
Consumed
Corresponding
Credits
Consumed
UL 8 64 1 2
16 64 1 2
32 32 1 2
64 32 1 2
128 16 2 4
144 16 2 4
256 8 4 8
384 4 8 16
608 4 8 16
1450 2SF4 16 32
2048 2SF2 32 64
2890 2SF2 32 64
5760 2SF2+2SF4 48 96
CE Consumption of 4-Way Receive Diversity
The use of 4-way receive diversity does not affect DL CE consumption but doubles UL CE consumption.
The use of 4-way receive diversity can be configured by resource group. UL CE consumption of a
resource group doubles if the resource group is configured with 4-way receive diversity. CE
consumption of a common resource group remains unchanged.
examples of CE Consumption
UE A, which performs a UL 64 kbit/s and DL 384 kbit/s service on the DCH, consumes three UL
CEs and eight DL CEs.
UE B, which performs a UL 64 kbit/s and DL 1024 kbit/s service on the DCH and HS -DSCH
respectively, consumes three UL CEs and one DL CE if the DL signaling radio bearer (SRB) is carried on
the DCH.
UE C, which performs a UL 608 kbit/s and DL 1024 kbit/s service on the E-DCH and HS-DSCH
respectively and at the same time performs an AMR speech service, consumes nine UL CEs and one DL
CE.