12. The Northern Renaissance
●Northern humanists: more interested than
Italians in religious reform & educating laity
●Printing press with movable type: Johann
Gutenberg, Mainz, mid-15th c.
○Precursors: rise of schools & literacy (demand for
books); invention of cheap paper
○By 1500, printing presses running in more than 200
cities in Europe
○Rulers in church & state now had to deal with more
educated, critical public; also powerful tool of
religious/political propaganda
14. Humanism & Reform
●Catholic humanist reformers pave the way for
Protestantism
●Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536): most famous
northern humanist; Catholic educational & religious
reformer
●Germany: Reuchlin controversy—humanists defend
Christian scholar of Judaism on grounds of academic
freedom
●England: Thomas More (1478–1535), best-known
English humanist; Utopia (1516)
●France: Guillaume Budé, Jacques Lefèvre
●Spain: humanism in service of Catholic Church;
Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros: Grand Inquisitor,
founder of University of Alcalá, biblical scholar
20. Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)
●King James Version – I John 5:7-8 –
For there are three that bear record
in heaven, the Father, the Word, and
the Holy Ghost: and these three are
one. 8 And there are three that
bear witness in earth, the Spirit, and
the water, and the blood: and these
three agree in one.
21. Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)
●King James Version – I John 5:7-8 – For
there are three that bear record in heaven,
the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost:
and these three are one. 8 And there are
three that bear witness in earth, the Spirit,
and the water, and the blood: and these
three agree in one.
●NIV – For there are three that testify: 8 the
Spirit, the water and the blood; and the
three are in agreement.
22. Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)
● King James Version – I John 5:7-8 – For there are three that
bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy
Ghost: and these three are one. 8 And there are three that
bear witness in earth, the Spirit, and the water, and the blood:
and these three agree in one.
● NIV – For there are three that testify: 8 the Spirit, the water
and the blood; and the three are in agreement.
● Council of Nicea (325 AD). Creed: We believe in one God, the
Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is
seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the
only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from
God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not
made, one in Being with the Father.
23. Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)
●Vulgate: Therefore, just as
sin entered this world
through one man, and
through sin death, so also
death has spread to all men,
in whom [Adam] all have
sinned.
24. Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)
●Vulgate: Therefore, just as sin entered this
world through one man, and through sin
death, so also death has spread to all men,
in whom [Adam] all have sinned.
●Erasmus’ Translation: Therefore, just as sin
entered the world through one man, and
through sin death, so also death has spread
to all men, since all have sinned.
25. Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)
●Vulgate: Therefore, just as sin entered this world
through one man, and through sin death, so also
death has spread to all men, in whom [Adam] all
have sinned
●Erasmus’ Translation: Therefore, just as sin
entered the world through one man, and through
sin death, so also death has spread to all men,
since all have sinned
●NIV - Therefore, just as sin entered the world
through one man, and death through sin, and in
this way death came to all men, because all
