Ch. 16 & 17 - From Bacteria to Fungi
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1. Ancient bacteria that produced oxygen through photosynthesis around 2.5 billion years ago changed Earth's atmosphere from reducing to oxidizing. 2. Prokaryotes were the earliest life forms and remain the most widespread, inhabiting Earth for billions of years. Prokaryotes come in various shapes and have adaptations like flagella, endospores and biofilms that allow them to thrive in diverse environments. 3. Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells over 2 billion years ago, developing features like the nucleus and organelles through endosymbiosis. Protists are a diverse group of mostly single-celled eukaryotes that include organisms like algae, proto
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1. Prokaryotes are microscopic organisms that vastly outnumber all other life forms on Earth. They thrive in nearly every environment.
2. Prokaryotic cells come in different shapes and have various cell surface structures like cell walls, capsules, fimbriae, and flagella that help with structural integrity, attachment, and movement.
3. Prokaryotes exhibit a great diversity of metabolic capabilities, including different ways of obtaining nutrients and interacting with oxygen. Many prokaryotes also form cooperative relationships.
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Metabolism in microorganism
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Classification of Photosynthetic Bacteria
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
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27 prokaryotes text
1. Prokaryotes are microscopic organisms that vastly outnumber all other life forms on Earth. They thrive in nearly every environment.
2. Prokaryotic cells come in different shapes and have various cell surface structures like cell walls, capsules, fimbriae, and flagella that help with structural integrity, attachment, and movement.
3. Prokaryotes exhibit a great diversity of metabolic capabilities, including different ways of obtaining nutrients and interacting with oxygen. Many prokaryotes also form cooperative relationships.
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Brief description about :
Diversity
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
and more :
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Introduction
Metabolism in microorganism
Chemoheterotrophs
Types of Chemoheterotrophs
Phototrophs
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The host defense system in animals uses RNA interference (RNAi) to defend against pathogens. The process involves Dicer cleaving double-stranded RNA into short interfering RNA (siRNA). The siRNA is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which uses the siRNA to guide itself to complementary messenger RNA sequences. RISC then cleaves the mRNA to degrade it. This defense system prevents pathogens from successfully using the host cell's protein synthesis machinery.
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1) Stromatolites provide evidence that prokaryotic life began early in Earth's history. Experiments have explored how organic molecules may have formed the building blocks of early life.
2) Archaea and bacteria are two domains of prokaryotes that differ in cell structure and genetics. Bacteria have diverse shapes and methods of nutrition, reproduction, and genetic variation.
3) Viruses rely on host cells for reproduction and have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. They replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles and cause diseases differently than bacteria. Vaccines boost immunity to prevent viral infections.
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This chapter discusses the evolution and diversity of protists. Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular or multicellular. They include algae, protozoa, slime molds, and various other organisms. The chapter describes how endosymbiosis led to the development of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. It then discusses the different types of protists, including their methods of movement, reproduction, and ecological importance. Key protist groups covered are algae, protozoa, slime molds, and their varying life cycles.
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Wesley McCammon is an experienced science teacher who has received several awards and accolades. He has achieved a 100% passing rate on the Biology I test for 7 years with only one failure. His students' scores consistently rank in the top three in the school district. He emphasizes hands-on labs, technology, and real-world problems in his science curriculum. McCammon has experience using various online tools and platforms in his teaching.
Section7
Cellular energy is stored in ATP, which is made of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP breaks down into ADP and phosphate, releasing energy. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain on mitochondrial membranes. Without oxygen, some cells perform anaerobic respiration through lactic acid fermentation in muscles or alcoholic fermentation in yeast. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Section6
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to enter and leave the cell. The phospholipid molecules that make up the cell membrane have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. There are two types of cellular transport: passive transport, which moves substances down a concentration gradient without energy, and active transport, which moves substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy. The three types of passive transport are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, while active transport includes exocytosis, endocytosis, and various pumps.
Section5
This document outlines 64 facts about cellular structure and function, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It notes that prokaryotic cells lack nuclei while eukaryotic cells have nuclei that contain DNA and control the cell's activities. It describes the structures and functions of organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell membrane. It also distinguishes characteristics of plant and animal cells and defines the four basic tissue types, examples of organs, and the 11 human body systems.
Section10
DNA controls the production of proteins in cells and contains the genetic instructions passed down from parents. It is made up of nucleotides that form the shape of a twisted ladder. In 1953, Watson and Crick determined that DNA has a double helix structure. Three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - help in the process of protein synthesis by transcribing DNA and transporting amino acids. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA is read in groups of three to determine which amino acid each codon codes for.
Section9
1. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who performed experiments with garden peas and established the basic principles of genetics through his work.
2. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring according to dominant and recessive alleles, and predicted inheritance patterns through experiments and statistical analysis.
3. Key terms and concepts that emerged from Mendel's work include genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, dominance, segregation, independent assortment, and his laws of inheritance. Mendel's findings formed the foundation of classical and modern genetics.
Section14
1) Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing evidence during his voyage on the HMS Beagle and being influenced by Thomas Malthus' ideas about population growth.
2) Darwin proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection of heritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in their environments.
3) Other influential early evolutionists included Jean-Baptiste Lamarck who proposed the inheritance of acquired traits, Charles Lyell who demonstrated the power of geologic forces over long periods, and James Hutton who viewed the Earth as shaped by gradual processes over deep time.
Section13
The document provides 232 factoids about the different kingdoms, phyla, classes and examples of organisms within the Animal Kingdom. It describes the key characteristics of sponges, jellyfish, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, and the seven classes within the Chordata phylum. The factoids cover distinguishing features of hagfish, lampreys, sharks, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and the three subclasses of mammals.
Section12
The document discusses the Plant Kingdom and provides facts about different plant divisions. It covers the problems plants face living on land, characteristics of bryophytes, alternation of generations in seedless vascular plants, characteristics of ferns and seed plants, facts about conifers and flowering plants, and characteristics distinguishing monocots from dicots. It also identifies xylem and phloem as the two types of vascular tissue found in plants.
Section11
This document provides 200 facts about taxonomy and the classification of organisms. It discusses the 7 levels of biological classification from kingdom to species. Scientific names use binomial nomenclature, consisting of the genus and species names. Viruses are not considered living organisms and are not classified within the traditional biological taxonomy. The four main kingdoms are Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, and Fungi. Each kingdom has distinguishing characteristics.
Chapter 15 and 16
The document summarizes several biogeochemical cycles including the water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles. It also discusses ecological succession, population growth, human impacts on ecosystems such as algal blooms, biological magnification, and global warming. Key elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are recycled through these natural processes.
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