The Need for Financial Stability in Zimbabwe: Use of Derivatives Securitiesiosrjce
Financial stability contributes to the stability and growth of a nation. There has been a sharp growth
in use or trading of derivatives in both mature and emerging markets. The Zimbabwean financial sector is still
not trading in derivatives security, yet Zimbabwe Stock Exchange is among the oldest and largest in Africa.The
trading of derivatives is done in two types of markets: organized exchanges and over the counter.Investors
generally use derivatives for three purposes: risk management, price discovery, and reduction of transaction
costs.Apart from generating cash in the adverse states of the world, derivative instruments also can smooth cash
flows through its interaction with the operating decisions. The study rallies behind the development of
derivatives market in Zimbabwe in the face of liquidity challenges currently facing the economy. The impact of
market risk on corporate activities should never be undermined and hence the corporate sector should be aided
in the elimination of market risk. The study is a policy prescription, which examines the importance of
derivatives and their suitability in Zimbabwe, to strengthen the financial sector. The study identified the
derivatives sector as the missing link to viable financial sector and hence economic growth.
Financing the Microfinanciers, How MFIs are sourcing capital -- joint BlueOrc...svmn
Microfinance investment landscape and vehicles. Ann Miles of BlueOrchard Finance, USA and Maya Chorengel of Elevar Equity (Unitus Equity Fund) presented this material jointly in a discussion with Silicon Valley Microfinance Network (SVMN), moderated by Sean Foote -- March 19, 2009.
FDI as A Source of External Finance to Developing Countries: A Special Refere...iosrjce
In this era of increasingly globalized world economy, FDI is particularly a significant driving force
behind the interdependence of national economies and is considered as the main source of external finance. The
considerable decline in official development assistance (ODA) and commercial bank lending to developing
countries, which are considered as the main sources of meeting the external financing needs of developing
countries, have seen a greater reliance on private capital especially foreign direct investment as a source of
development finance. This is because of the fact that FDI not only remains much less volatile than portfolio and
other investments but it has also proved to be resilient enough during East Asian crisis of 1997-98 and the
Mexican crisis of 1994-95. In view of this growing significance of foreign direct investment, this paper aims to
study the role of FDI in external financing to developing countries, particularly India and China and the
benefits of combining FDI with other private sources of external finance. The paper concludes that FDI is the
major source of external finance for developing economies not only in absolute terms but also relative to other
sources of private capital flows, contributing on an average more than half of net private and official flows
during the period under review. The findings also presented a completely different picture with regard to the
structure of external financing for India and China. For China, FDI is the major external source of finance
followed by debt. On the other hand, for India Workers’ Remittances is the major source of external finance
followed by debt. The paper further concludes that China and India are the first and third most developing
country destinations for investment flows respectively and both are vying with each other to attract more and
more FDI inflows.
The Need for Financial Stability in Zimbabwe: Use of Derivatives Securitiesiosrjce
Financial stability contributes to the stability and growth of a nation. There has been a sharp growth
in use or trading of derivatives in both mature and emerging markets. The Zimbabwean financial sector is still
not trading in derivatives security, yet Zimbabwe Stock Exchange is among the oldest and largest in Africa.The
trading of derivatives is done in two types of markets: organized exchanges and over the counter.Investors
generally use derivatives for three purposes: risk management, price discovery, and reduction of transaction
costs.Apart from generating cash in the adverse states of the world, derivative instruments also can smooth cash
flows through its interaction with the operating decisions. The study rallies behind the development of
derivatives market in Zimbabwe in the face of liquidity challenges currently facing the economy. The impact of
market risk on corporate activities should never be undermined and hence the corporate sector should be aided
in the elimination of market risk. The study is a policy prescription, which examines the importance of
derivatives and their suitability in Zimbabwe, to strengthen the financial sector. The study identified the
derivatives sector as the missing link to viable financial sector and hence economic growth.
Financing the Microfinanciers, How MFIs are sourcing capital -- joint BlueOrc...svmn
Microfinance investment landscape and vehicles. Ann Miles of BlueOrchard Finance, USA and Maya Chorengel of Elevar Equity (Unitus Equity Fund) presented this material jointly in a discussion with Silicon Valley Microfinance Network (SVMN), moderated by Sean Foote -- March 19, 2009.
FDI as A Source of External Finance to Developing Countries: A Special Refere...iosrjce
In this era of increasingly globalized world economy, FDI is particularly a significant driving force
behind the interdependence of national economies and is considered as the main source of external finance. The
considerable decline in official development assistance (ODA) and commercial bank lending to developing
countries, which are considered as the main sources of meeting the external financing needs of developing
countries, have seen a greater reliance on private capital especially foreign direct investment as a source of
development finance. This is because of the fact that FDI not only remains much less volatile than portfolio and
other investments but it has also proved to be resilient enough during East Asian crisis of 1997-98 and the
Mexican crisis of 1994-95. In view of this growing significance of foreign direct investment, this paper aims to
study the role of FDI in external financing to developing countries, particularly India and China and the
benefits of combining FDI with other private sources of external finance. The paper concludes that FDI is the
major source of external finance for developing economies not only in absolute terms but also relative to other
sources of private capital flows, contributing on an average more than half of net private and official flows
during the period under review. The findings also presented a completely different picture with regard to the
structure of external financing for India and China. For China, FDI is the major external source of finance
followed by debt. On the other hand, for India Workers’ Remittances is the major source of external finance
followed by debt. The paper further concludes that China and India are the first and third most developing
country destinations for investment flows respectively and both are vying with each other to attract more and
more FDI inflows.
Concepts that inform a market-based investment approach, grouped in four categories: Market Equilibrium, Diversification, Dimensions of Returns, and Investor Discipline.
Concepts that inform a market-based investment approach, grouped in four categories: Market Equilibrium, Diversification, Dimensions of Returns, and Investor Discipline.
2.2. Balance Of Payment Capital Account To Finance Ca DeficitHai Vu
International Finance related issues.
The Capital Account of the balance of payments measures all international economic transactions of financial assets. It is divided into two components:
+ The Capital Account
+ The Financial Account.
Capital Accounts consist of:
- Direct Investment – in which the investor exerts some explicit degree of control over the assets.
- Portfolio Investment – in which the investor has no control over the assets nor any participation in the management.
- Other Investment – consists of various short-term and long-term trade credits, cross-border loans, currency deposits, bank deposits and other capital flows related to cross-border trade.
DSR - Debt Service Ratio:
The Debt Service Ratio - DSR is the percentage of a borrower's income that will be used to pay off a loan. It is one of the factors a lender will use to assess your application. Most lenders set the maximum DSR from 30% to 30%, which means that the loan repayments should not take up more than that part of your salary. This ensures that you will be able to pay off your loan comfortably, with little to no risk of defaulting or going bankrupt. The DSR may be calculated based on your monthly, weekly or fortnightly earnings.
This policy brief covers a discussion on finance for sustainable development held during a full day conference at the Stockholm School of Economics on May 11, 2015. The event was organized jointly by the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) and the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and was the fifth installment of Development Day – a yearly development policy conference. With the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) expiring in 2015, the members of the United Nations are now in the process of defining a post-2015 development agenda. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) build on the eight anti-poverty targets in the MDG but also include a renewed emphasis on environmental and social sustainability. Whatever targets or goals will be agreed upon in the end, we know for certain that reaching the objectives will require substantial financial resources, far beyond the current levels of official development assistance (ODA). To discuss this issue, the conference brought together a distinguished and experienced group of policy-oriented scholars and practitioners from government agencies, international organizations, civil society and the business community.
The author presents the finance needs of Nigeria for development. He also went further to show main source of finance that are sustainable in the long-term and the mode of accessing them.
In identifying the difficulties that exists when raising finance, he proposes measures through which the government can eliminate barriers to raising finance.
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
How have Market Challenges Affected Microfinance Investment Funds
1. How Have Market Challenges
Affected Microfi nance
Investment Funds?
BRIEF
Highlights from the CGAP market scan
Despite the global economic recession, total assets of the 10 largest microfinance
investments vehicles (MIVs) grew in 2011, reaching US$4 billion. 1 During the year, MIVs
continued to face many challenges, including increased credit risk in several markets
and lower returns, but the overall investment market was more active than in 2010, with
renewed capital appetite from most microfinance services providers and more focus on
underserved markets.
Growth Rate on the Rise
for the 10 Largest MIVs
Total assets of the 10 largest MIVs grew by
7.2 percent in 2011, above the 4.1 percent growth
rate in 2010, but still below precrisis levels (e.g.,
31 percent in 2008 and 23 percent in 2009). This
increase in growth rates is mainly driven by the
increased microfinance institution (MFI) demand for
capital, particularly for local currency loans. The top
10 MIVs remained largely the same as in 2010, with
one fund from the top 15 joining the top 10 grouping
in 2011 (Triodos Fair Share Fund). Most of the top
10 MIVs are funded by private capital from retail and
institutional investors.
Support from Investors
Remains Sound
At least five new microfinance funds were created
in 2011, including two for US$95 million in assets or
more, such as the responAbility Financial Inclusion
fund and the Developing World Markets Microfinance
Fund-J, the first commercial MIV designed for the
Japanese retail market in March 2011. 2 Most of the
new funds are managed by existing microfinance
investment managers. They are invested mainly in
debt instruments, but investors are showing more
interest in microfinance equity, with two of the funds
targeting equity investments at 25–70 percent of
portfolio. 3
It seems that 2012 is more dynamic than last year,
with seven new funds already launched or targeting
mid-2012 closings. Of these, Progression Eastern
African Microfinance Fund and ISIS are equity funds,
and all but one of these funds will include equity as
an offering. Some funds are also targeting impact
areas beyond microfinance (e.g., agriculture, small
enterprises). For example, Symbiotics and Oxfam
announced the launch of the Small Enterprise Impact
Investment Fund in January 2012, which is targeted to
reach US$100 million. 4 Accion launched the Venture
Lab, a $10 million fund targeted at innovative start-ups
that are expected to open financial access
through avenues such as technology, education,
energy, and housing. 5
Although support from investors remained relatively
strong, some fund managers interviewed noted
that raising private investor capital has become
more challenging, mostly due to the negative
1 Interviews with 30 investors and data gathered from asset managers in the first quarter of 2012. Total amounts are based on December 2011
exchange rates.
2 http://www.dwmarkets.com/media/pdf_DWM-Microfinance-Fund-J-Press-Release_March2011.pdf
3 MIVs also made indirect equity investments via holding companies. For example in 2011, Finca formed a US$74 million holding company
for equity investments in its partners with capital from several MIVs and DFIs. http://www.finca.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=6fIGIX
MFJnJ0H&b=6088937&ct=10881409
4 For more information, see http://www.symbioticsgroup.com/news/latest-news/seiif-oxfam-and-symbiotics-target-investment-industry-with-new-
sme-fund
May 2012 5 http://www.accion.org/page.aspx?pid=4124
2. 2
Table 1: Ten Largest MIVs (Total Assets, December 2011)*
Name
developments and publicity in several microfinance
markets, 6 as well as economic weakness in several
European economies.
More Focus on
Underserved Markets
MIVs are increasingly targeting underserved
markets, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Asia,
and rural markets. In many cases, these efforts are
supported by development finance institutions
(DFIs). 7 For example, Fefisol and Rural Impulse
Fund-II (approximately US$19 million and US$41
million in assets, respectively, as of December 2011)
were created to focus on financial access in rural
markets. 8 Oikocredit and FMO plan to structure
a euro 10 million fund targeting only low-income
countries, while the Microfinance Initiative for Asia
driven by IFC and KfW, announced the launch of a
US$100 million fund focused on microfinance and
capacity building in underserved Asian markets. 9
Total Assets in USD
(millions)
Finally, to enhance their ability to identify and
execute investments and to better understand
local market needs, MIVs are increasing their local
presence. For example, several large asset managers
have opened offices in SSA in 2011.
Microfinance Fund Returns:
Significant Variations While
Steady on Average
The SMX Index 10 showed about the same returns in
2011 as in 2010, at 2.5 percent for U.S. dollars and
2.6 percent for euro investments. These are well
below that of earlier years when returns of 5 percent
were feasible. Nonetheless, the 2011 yields
still provide a risk premium above the six-month
LIBOR (0.7 percent) and the six-month EURIBOR
(1.6 percent). 11
There were significant differences in fund
performance. For example, within the SMX index,
6 For example, some investors are requiring increased information and accountability on MFI social performance and client protection
practices to ensure the well-being of the end clients.
7 DFIs are the private sector arms of government-owned bilateral and multilateral development agencies.
8 For more information, see http://www.sidi.fr/fefisol.php and http://www.incofin.com/en/news/incofin-im-launches-rural-impulse-fund-ii.
9 For more information, see http://www.microcapital.org/downloads/monitor_volume7/MicroCapitalMonitorPreview_Mar2012
10 The index for U.S. dollar and euro investments includes a selected group of microfinance funds with majority fixed income assets. For more
information, see https://my.syminvest.com/microfinance-investment-vehicle/symbiotics-microfinance-indexes
11 For more information, see http://www.global-rates.com/interest-rates/libor/european-euro/2011.aspx.
Year
Established
European Fund for Southeast Europe 1,008 2005
Oikocredit 870 1975
responsAbility Global Microfinance Fund 524 2003
Dexia Micro-Credit Fund—BlueOrchard Debt Sub-Fund 394 1998
ASN-Novib Fonds 301 1999
SNS Institutional Microfinance Fund 229 2007
Microfinance Enhancement Facility 222 2009
SNS Institutional Microfinance Fund II 194 2008
responsAbility SICAV (Lux) Mikrofinanz-Fonds 157 2007
Triodos Fair Share Fund 156 2002
4,055
*Total assets of the ten largest MIVs represent between around 60–65 percent of the total market (CGAP estimates based on desk research,
including Symbiotics and MicroRate 2010 MIV surveys).
3. 3
Box 1. Progress on Funding in
Local Currency
In 2011, we saw notable progress in supplying local
currency capital to MFIs. Local currency funding
is an important priority for most private asset
managers and DFIs interviewed. MFX and TCX,
vehicles providing foreign exchange hedges, are
doing more business. In 2011, MFX closed foreign
exchange hedges for US$145 million, roughly three
times its volume in 2010.a
In fact, several of the largest MIV managers now have
a third of their global portfolios effectively in local
currency, and some have significantly higher levels
(e.g., Oikocredit at 56 percent). Some MIVs and
DFIs have made it a deliberate strategy to provide
local currency funding in poorer and less developed
regions, such as SSA. For instance, 72 percent of
Triodos’s debt portfolio in SSA is in local currency,
compared to 38 percent of its global portfolio. Some
DFIs, such as AfD and IFC, have 100 percent of their
SSA debt portfolio effectively in local currency.
Finally, some MIVs (e.g., Triodos, Regmifa, Fefisol)
can or are already taking open foreign exchange
positions to support MFIs with local currency
capital where market hedges don’t exist. Generally,
such exposures are limited to a small portion of the
MIV’s assets or have other mitigating protection.
aFor more information see MFX Solutions (April 2012).
It should be noted that 2012 may be a challenging year for
employing foreign exchange hedges given unusually high
interest rates in particularly in East Africa, driven by high
inflation.
Triodos Microfinance Fund-I Euro shares realized a
7.9 percent return in 2011, while Dexia Micro-Credit
Fund realized only 0.32 percent and 0.68 percent,
respectively, on U.S. dollar and euro returns—below
LIBOR and EURIBOR rates. 12 In fact, three of the
seven funds had a less than 1 percent return in
2011, in part due to increased provisioning in certain
difficult markets. 13 Also, some currency volatility in
2011 may have lowered MIV returns.
Overall, lower fund returns since 2009 reflect lower
market interest rates, higher loan loss provisions,
and increased competition for placement of funds,
especially in several saturated markets.
Table 2: MIV Returns based on SMX-USD
and SMX-Euro
SMX-USD Returns SMX-Euro Returns
Year Return (%) Year Return (%)
2011 2.51 2011 2.63
2010 2.55 2010 2.55
2009 3.08 2009 2.06
2008 5.95 2008 5.55
2007 6.33 2007 4.15
2006 5.09 2006 2.63
2005 4.30 2005 3.10
NOTE: For more information, see http://www.syminvest.com/
Increased Focus on
Social Performance
Fund managers are increasing their focus on social
performance and end-client issues, to ensure more
responsible placement of their capital. Several industry
efforts are underway to promote transparency and
accountability, and to avoid contributing to overheated
markets. Also, 54 investment organizations, including
several leading MIVs, endorsed the Principles for
Investors in Inclusive Finance in 2011. Finally, investors
are stepping up country-level coordination efforts
(e.g., in Bosnia and the Kyrgyz Republic) to help
prevent overheating and over-indebtedness. 14
Outlook: Moderate
Growth Projections
Investment managers expect further increase of MFI
demand in 2012 and improved growth compared
to 2011. They also expect further expansion into
underserved markets and more focus on equity
investments.
MIV managers project increased diversification of their
portfolios into other impact investing fields, such as
agricultural finance and small and medium enterprise
finance, while recognizing that the expansion into
these areas will proceed at a slower pace.
12 http://www.blueorchard.com/jahia/webdav/site/blueorchard/shared/Products/DMCF/Monthly%20updates/2011/BlueOrchard%20Bulletin%20
mensuel%20Dec%202011%20FR.pdf and http://www.triodos.com/en/institutional-investors/microfinance/.
13 For example, increased provisioning for investments in Nicaragua and India.
14 For more information, see http://www.sptf.info/sp-task-force/working-groups.