Public Sector finance as a catalyst for Private Investment for DevelopmentPhilip Ansong
This is an informative digital artifact aimed at enlightening people new to the development financing agenda and people with interest in acquiring knowledge on how development projects are financed and given direction. Here we look at how domestic and international Public Sector finance can be used as a catalyst to crowd in private financial flows for Private Investment for Development. we look at how risk/return considerations of private finance can achieve a social impact if leveraged properly by public sector finance measures.
This document aims at raising awareness of college students who receive their first introductory training course on international development. At the end of this course, the students will understand the need for synergies between the public and private sectors in order to increase available fund to fulfill the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is of the utmost importance that the international community mobilizes itself towards the fulfillment of the SDGs within the next 15 years. The self-explanatory figure explains the process of financing for development while the short text brings an overall explanation.
Public Sector finance as a catalyst for Private Investment for DevelopmentPhilip Ansong
This is an informative digital artifact aimed at enlightening people new to the development financing agenda and people with interest in acquiring knowledge on how development projects are financed and given direction. Here we look at how domestic and international Public Sector finance can be used as a catalyst to crowd in private financial flows for Private Investment for Development. we look at how risk/return considerations of private finance can achieve a social impact if leveraged properly by public sector finance measures.
This document aims at raising awareness of college students who receive their first introductory training course on international development. At the end of this course, the students will understand the need for synergies between the public and private sectors in order to increase available fund to fulfill the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is of the utmost importance that the international community mobilizes itself towards the fulfillment of the SDGs within the next 15 years. The self-explanatory figure explains the process of financing for development while the short text brings an overall explanation.
Impact Investing: Flavor of the Month or Here to Stay?PabloVerra
A presentation delivered at the Impact Investment webinar at Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, introducing the main aspects of impact investment and the latest trends in Latin America.
OECD presentation on financing for sustainable development in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Filling the SDG financing gap and aligning resources in support of sustainable and inclusive development.
The author presents the finance needs of Nigeria for development. He also went further to show main source of finance that are sustainable in the long-term and the mode of accessing them.
In identifying the difficulties that exists when raising finance, he proposes measures through which the government can eliminate barriers to raising finance.
Global Trends In Venture Capital 2007 Surveybwatson
“The outlook for the Canadian venture capital industry is bleak given its ecosystem is broken and there is no immediate solution at hand. The Canadian government and the domestic VC community must join forces to bring the industry back from the brink of collapse”
External Financing and Economic Growth in Nigeria 1986 2017ijtsrd
External financing has become a veritable resort to remedying the common problems of low productivity, low productivity, low savings and high dependent on consumption from exports in most less developed economies. The use of external finance is believed to have the capacity to close wide gap between domestic savings and investment and provide the complementary funds to facilitate economic activities necessary for growth in Nigeria. This study aimed to investigate the effect of external financing on economic growth in Nigeria between 1986 and 2017. External financing was captured using five variables of external debt stock EDS , foreign direct investment FDI , official development assistance ODA , remittance RMT and foreign portfolio investment FPI , as the independent variables, regressed on economic growth represented by annual growth rate of gross domestic product GDPR as the dependent variable. Data for these variables were obtained from World Development Indicator, and analyzed based on the Autoregressive Distributive Lag ARDL approach. The findings revealed that, in the long run, EDS and FDI had a negative and a positive, significant effects, respectively, while others had no effect on growth in the short run, all the external financing variables EDS, FDI, FPI, ODA, and RMT had no significant effect on economic growth in Nigeria. The study averred that FDI is a veritable source of financing that can bring about economic sustainability to Nigeria. The study recommended, among others, that government should deploy external debts for regenerative projects that will eventually liquidate themselves in the long run. Ekwunife, Ifeanyi Jude | Dr. J. J. E. Ikeora "External Financing and Economic Growth in Nigeria: 1986-2017" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29388.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/29388/external-financing-and-economic-growth-in-nigeria-1986-2017/ekwunife-ifeanyi-jude
Development finance impact final project - Catalina Popa - decembre 2015Catalina Popa
This artifact aims to show shortly the main aspects about the types of finance – public, private, domestic, and international – available for sustainable development financing strategy, trends in development finance and the need for innovative solutions to generate the resources required to implement the new global development agenda. This material is intended for policy maker, student, civil society representative, development professional, or citizen interested in financing for Sustainable Development Goals. This paper contains questions and answers about: financing for development issue, the role of public sector financing in development, private finance for development, the financing role of the multilateral development banks.
This policy brief covers a discussion on finance for sustainable development held during a full day conference at the Stockholm School of Economics on May 11, 2015. The event was organized jointly by the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) and the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and was the fifth installment of Development Day – a yearly development policy conference. With the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) expiring in 2015, the members of the United Nations are now in the process of defining a post-2015 development agenda. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) build on the eight anti-poverty targets in the MDG but also include a renewed emphasis on environmental and social sustainability. Whatever targets or goals will be agreed upon in the end, we know for certain that reaching the objectives will require substantial financial resources, far beyond the current levels of official development assistance (ODA). To discuss this issue, the conference brought together a distinguished and experienced group of policy-oriented scholars and practitioners from government agencies, international organizations, civil society and the business community.
The project is aimed to present to the general public the Sustainable Development Goals and to highlight that delivering of SDGs should be the common vision for the future for all the mankind
Impact Investing: Flavor of the Month or Here to Stay?PabloVerra
A presentation delivered at the Impact Investment webinar at Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, introducing the main aspects of impact investment and the latest trends in Latin America.
OECD presentation on financing for sustainable development in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Filling the SDG financing gap and aligning resources in support of sustainable and inclusive development.
The author presents the finance needs of Nigeria for development. He also went further to show main source of finance that are sustainable in the long-term and the mode of accessing them.
In identifying the difficulties that exists when raising finance, he proposes measures through which the government can eliminate barriers to raising finance.
Global Trends In Venture Capital 2007 Surveybwatson
“The outlook for the Canadian venture capital industry is bleak given its ecosystem is broken and there is no immediate solution at hand. The Canadian government and the domestic VC community must join forces to bring the industry back from the brink of collapse”
External Financing and Economic Growth in Nigeria 1986 2017ijtsrd
External financing has become a veritable resort to remedying the common problems of low productivity, low productivity, low savings and high dependent on consumption from exports in most less developed economies. The use of external finance is believed to have the capacity to close wide gap between domestic savings and investment and provide the complementary funds to facilitate economic activities necessary for growth in Nigeria. This study aimed to investigate the effect of external financing on economic growth in Nigeria between 1986 and 2017. External financing was captured using five variables of external debt stock EDS , foreign direct investment FDI , official development assistance ODA , remittance RMT and foreign portfolio investment FPI , as the independent variables, regressed on economic growth represented by annual growth rate of gross domestic product GDPR as the dependent variable. Data for these variables were obtained from World Development Indicator, and analyzed based on the Autoregressive Distributive Lag ARDL approach. The findings revealed that, in the long run, EDS and FDI had a negative and a positive, significant effects, respectively, while others had no effect on growth in the short run, all the external financing variables EDS, FDI, FPI, ODA, and RMT had no significant effect on economic growth in Nigeria. The study averred that FDI is a veritable source of financing that can bring about economic sustainability to Nigeria. The study recommended, among others, that government should deploy external debts for regenerative projects that will eventually liquidate themselves in the long run. Ekwunife, Ifeanyi Jude | Dr. J. J. E. Ikeora "External Financing and Economic Growth in Nigeria: 1986-2017" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29388.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/29388/external-financing-and-economic-growth-in-nigeria-1986-2017/ekwunife-ifeanyi-jude
Development finance impact final project - Catalina Popa - decembre 2015Catalina Popa
This artifact aims to show shortly the main aspects about the types of finance – public, private, domestic, and international – available for sustainable development financing strategy, trends in development finance and the need for innovative solutions to generate the resources required to implement the new global development agenda. This material is intended for policy maker, student, civil society representative, development professional, or citizen interested in financing for Sustainable Development Goals. This paper contains questions and answers about: financing for development issue, the role of public sector financing in development, private finance for development, the financing role of the multilateral development banks.
This policy brief covers a discussion on finance for sustainable development held during a full day conference at the Stockholm School of Economics on May 11, 2015. The event was organized jointly by the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) and the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and was the fifth installment of Development Day – a yearly development policy conference. With the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) expiring in 2015, the members of the United Nations are now in the process of defining a post-2015 development agenda. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) build on the eight anti-poverty targets in the MDG but also include a renewed emphasis on environmental and social sustainability. Whatever targets or goals will be agreed upon in the end, we know for certain that reaching the objectives will require substantial financial resources, far beyond the current levels of official development assistance (ODA). To discuss this issue, the conference brought together a distinguished and experienced group of policy-oriented scholars and practitioners from government agencies, international organizations, civil society and the business community.
The project is aimed to present to the general public the Sustainable Development Goals and to highlight that delivering of SDGs should be the common vision for the future for all the mankind
Paris 5th of December: officials from around the world agreed on a draft climate change deal. Providing additional long term funding created a lively debate that sends a clear signal: reaching SDGs by 2030 will depend on world nations and societies ability to engage in strong global partnerships.
Innovative funding blending public sector funding and private sector financing allows numerous flexible financial support solutions tailored to the purpose (i.e. the 17 SDGs); the social return and financial return objectives as well as to the beneficiaries needs and requirements.
But this doesn’t go without challenges which this presentation tries to address!
Achieving the 2030 Agenda is critical. The recent Community Paper by the World Economic Forum focuses on the practical challenges countries are facing and makes recommendation on developing sustainable project pipelines which are commercially viable and can secure blended finance applications.
national financing strategy for Namibia, to access additional sources of finance for its development towards the sustainability development goals (SDGs). a logical thought process, moving from high-level opportunities to access sources of finance to a concrete strategy for achieving it.
This project is part of an edX course: Unlocking investment and finance in Emerging Markets and Developing economies. I opted to 'create' my own country St Paul and devise a finance Strategy for the next 5 years in order to meet our development goals as an employee of the ministry of finance. To do this the following must be highlighted: the estimated financing needs of my country, sources of finance available, how to access these sources and how to work with Multilateral Developments Banks to do so.
Finance for Development course is a very thoughtful, in depth and elaborate one within given time frame of just 4 weeks. I would like to highlight Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals , Role of Multilateral Developmental Banks and functions of some of the World Bank Group entities.
This document is elaborated as part of an assignment included in online course “Financing For Development” led by World Bank Group on Coursera Platform.
•Target audience: General Public in my country of origin. It is an informative document..
The main objectives of this artifact are the following:
• Inform general public about the highlights of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in a concise and clear way.
• Raise awareness and spread ideas, as many of the problems and issues explored during the course are known within specific community but may not be well understood by the general public.
• Make general public conscious of the challenges foreseen and explore some of the action lines opened to reach the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs).
Note de synthèse sur l'intégration du commerce dans les stratégies de développement durable du Cadre intégré renforcé (CIR). Cela fait partie de la série Policy Briefs
Notes de synthèse sur la création de meilleures chaînes de valeur de l’habillement dans les pays les moins avancés du Cadre intégré renforcé (CIR). Cela fait partie de la série Policy Briefs
Mémoire sur Aide Publique au Développement (APD) et Aide pour le Commerce du cadre intégré renforcé (CIR). Cela fait partie de la série Trade Funding Insights.
Presentation by Zoritsa Urosevic, Director, Institutional Relations and Partnerships Department, Special Representative to the United Nations in Geneva - World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), who spoke at an expert Q&A webinar on "Tourism & COVID-19" hosted by the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) on 11 June 2020.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
1. TRADE FUNDING INSIGHTS
i
Blended
Finance
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide
an opportunity for eradicating poverty and improving
livelihoods in LDCs by 2030. However, to date the
SDGs have been underfinanced, with the annual
financing gap currently sitting at US $2.5 trillion.1
This underfinancing poses a particular challenge in
LDCs, where external finance, particularly official
development assistance (ODA), remittances, foreign
direct investment and other private investment
represent a larger share of GDP than domestic finance.2
Compounding this, ODA and Aid for Trade levels are
expected to suffer as the COVID-19 crisis sees aid
funding re-allocated for humanitarian assistance.3
The Enhanced Integrated Framework’s Trade Funding
Insights series is highlighting innovative financing
opportunities for trade in LDCs, in order to help LDCs to
take advantage of these opportunities. In this Insight,
we explore how blended finance offers an opportunity
to help LDCs recover from COVID-19 and continue their
development progress by increasing the total resources
available to them.
WHAT IS BLENDED FINANCE?
Blended finance is a strategic way to use public and
philanthropic funds to increase private investment in
sustainable development in developing countries.4
For example, when a government or philanthropic institution
makes an initial investment to get a project off the ground,
even if that means accepting larger risks or lower returns, this
often makes a project more attractive to private investors who
seek higher financial returns but require lower risk.
Blended finance can take several forms, and different donors
and organisations focus on different aspects. For example,
the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and more than 20
other development finance institutions (DFIs) define blended
finance as the combination of concessional finance from
development partners (such as institutional donors) or third
parties with a DFI’s own account finance and/or commercial
finance from other investors.5
Blended finance allows organisations to invest alongside
each other while achieving their own objectives (whether it’s
financial return, social impact, or a blend of both).6
Blended
finance can be structured to support companies, projects or
portfolios.7
HOW CAN BLENDED FINANCE SUPPORT
TRADE IN LDCS?
Blended finance supports trade by assisting the development
of the private sector, which is ultimately needed for LDCs to
increase export competitiveness.
Take IFC’s blended concessional finance work – every US$1 of
concessional finance leverages US$4 of additional finance in
LDCs (from DFIs, the sponsor and/or other financiers).2
Because blended finance is strongly connected to sustainable
development, any private sector gains must also lead to
positive social and environmental impacts.
Blended finance should be seen as an interim solution that
provides just enough support for LDCs to kickstart their private
sector markets and financing, for example to help with credit
risks, project risks, and supporting trade finance flows.
WHAT CHALLENGES CAN BLENDED FINANCE HELP WITH
IN LDCS?
A large amount of private sector finance that could be invested
in projects of strategic importance and high development
impact in LDCs is not flowing. This may be due to:
• A heightened risk perception, which often leads to higher
costs, delay, or prevents a transaction from happening.
• Lack of reliable data on financial performance, which
prevents LDCs from building a public record of
accomplishment to unlock commercial investment.
Blended finance can help overcome these challenges by
reducing uncertainty and risk and creating transparency.
2. Blended Finance
Other solutions in LDCs (e.g. technical assistance or policy
reforms) can help solve private sector development constraints
linked to the lack of an enabling policy environment to support
commercial investments at scale.
HOW MUCH BLENDED FINANCE DO LDCS
CURRENTLY RECEIVE?
According to a recent report by the OECD and UN Capital
Development Fund (UNCDF), between 2012 and 2018, blended
finance investments have been increasing, however only 6% of
private finance mobilized by development finance interventions
(US$13.4 billion) went to LDCs.2
While 45 of the 47 LDCs have received blended finance, not all
LDCs receive equal levels of investment. In 2017-18, sub-Saharan
African LDCs received 70% of private finance mobilised by
development finance.2
Multilateral institutions - the IFC, the Multilateral Investment
Guarantee Agency (MIGA)8
and the International Development
Association (IDA) - are the most frequent investors in blended
finance deals in LDCs. While bilateral donors tend to invest
smaller amounts, they are increasingly engaging in blended
finance approaches in LDCs through their development finance
institutions. In 2017-18 France mobilized the highest amounts of
private finance, followed by the United States, Finland, United
Kingdom, Netherlands and Sweden.
Guarantees mobilised the most (46%) private finance in LDCs in
2017–2018. This is when a guarantor agrees to pay part, or the
entire value of a loan, equity, or other instrument in the event of
non-payment or loss of value and holds the potential to mitigate
the high risk that continues to act as a critical barrier to attracting
commercial investment in LDCs.
Energy, banking and financial services and industry, mining and
construction sectors account for over 63% of the total volume
of blended finance received by LDCs in 2017-18 as it is easier to
identify revenue-generating projects in these sectors that would
attract private investors.
In a 2019 report, it was found that the average size of a blended
finance deal in LDCs is US$6.1 million, which is significantly less
than average deals in lower middle-income countries ($27 million)
and upper middle-income countries ($60 million).9
HOW MIGHT BLENDED FINANCE SUPPORT LDCS TO
RECOVER FROM COVID-19?
The OECD Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable
Development has projected a US$700 billion drop in external
finance to developing countries as a result of the COVID-19
crisis.10
This risk is jeopardising the trajectory of finance for LDCs.
However, the pandemic also presents opportunities to leverage
blended finance initiatives that support economic recovery,
allowing the system to build forward better. Fundamentally, it is
critical that ODA – the most stable source of external finance to
developing countries over the past 60 years, even in the face
of economic crises – be protected and leveraged to align more
private finance in support of the SDGs in LDCs.
HOW CAN LDCS TAKE BETTER ADVANTAGE OF THE
OPPORTUNITIES OFFERED BY BLENDED FINANCE?
In this period of extreme uncertainty, blended finance can help
support LDCs’ continued economic activity, ensuring that the
progress to date is not erased and that businesses emerge in
good standing on the other side of the COVID-19 crisis.
For LDC authorities in charge of/supporting trade efforts10
:
• Create a portfolio of diverse bankable projects by
aggregating multiple projects to create a sufficient deal
size that will attract large investors. Private investors often
look for deals worth at least US$10-15 million and individual
investment opportunities in LDCs are often too small.
• Engage with your national investment promotion agency (IPA)
to improve the investment climate and identify investment
opportunities. You can find a list of IPAs in LDCs in Annex 1 of
a World Bank, OECD and UNCTAD report to the G20 Trade
and Investment Working Group.11
For private sector investors:
• When making financial decisions consider the long term
economic, social, and environmental gains. This may mean
introducing SDG dimensions into your investment decision-
making process such as those outlined in the Operating
Principles for Impact Management.12
• Clearly articulate risks and rewards to invest in impactful
projects in LDCs to help identify solutions to clear risks, as
some can be solved through reforms and others can be
solved through blended finance solutions
• Consider the technical assistance and guarantees provided
by the public sector that make investments less risky.
• Seek to partner and engage with domestic financial
institutions and other local actors as well as with international
actors who have local presence on the ground. This could
mean focusing on developing local capital and financial
markets, for example with local currency financing solutions.
• Factor in monitoring and evaluation activities from the start.
Agree on an M&E plan/system with all other actors involved
from the start to ensure impact is assessed and monitored
throughout.
For government partners deploying official development
assistance, other donors, federal ministries and development
finance institutions:
• Maintain and, where possible, increase ODA and Aid for
Trade funding to LDCs to enable more private finance to be
mobilised.
• Support LDCs to build a pipeline of bankable projects that
both accelerate the achievement of the SDGs and can attract
investors’ attention while also supporting the LDC’s national
development priorities. Agriculture, water and sanitation
projects are the least targeted, despite their crucial role in
LDCs’ economies.
• Encourage non-traditional partnerships in blended finance
such as with impact investors, non-DAC countries, private
individuals, philanthropists and foundations.
TRADE FUNDING INSIGHTS
i
$6.1m
$27.3m
$61m
UPPER-MIDDLE
INCOME COUNTRIES
LOWER-MIDDLE
INCOME COUNTRIES
LDCs
Average amount of blended finance
mobilised per transaction
Adapted from: OECD & UNCDF (2019). Blended Finance in the Least Developed
Countries https://bit.ly/2GNbDK2
3. Blended Finance
• Ensure evaluation metrics take into account how well blended
finance has contributed to market systems that are more
inclusive, sustainable and resilient, and how well it has enabled
large-scale and sustainable growth in private investment.
• Encourage rigorous governance and abidance to principles
in the use of Blended Finance. Take a look at the OECD’s
Blended Finance Principles13
, or the DFI Enhanced Principles
on Blended Concessional Finance for Private Sector Projects.14
READ MORE
1. OECD Development Matters (2020) How Blended Finance
can plug the SDG financing gap https://oecd-development-
matters.org/2020/01/22/how-blended-finance-can-plug-the-
sdg-financing-gap/
2. OECD & UNCDF (2020), Blended Finance in the Least
Developed Countries 2020: Supporting a Resilient COVID-19
Recovery http://www.oecd.org/dac/blended-finance-in-the-
least-developed-countries-57620d04-en.htm
3. Enhanced Integrated Framework (2021). Funding Insights
brief – Official Development Assistance https://enhancedif.
org/en/system/files/uploads/eif-trade-funding-insights-oda-
screen.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=6219
4. Devex (2018) What is Blended Finance? https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=5CewQ4d_zac
5. Blended Finance at IFC https://bit.ly/3bRGKzy
6. Convergence (2020) The State of Blended
Finance https://www.convergence.finance/
resource/1qEM02yBQxLftPVs4bWmMX/view
7. Convergence (2020) How To Mobilize Private Investment At
Scale In Blended Finance https://www.convergence.finance/
resource/3cpgfofIUn2QY8rFEV2IFt/view
8. IFC and MIGA’s investments in LDCs are also supported
through blended concessional finance from the IDA Private
Sector Window.
9. OECD & UNCDF (2019). Blended Finance in the Least
Developed Countries https://bit.ly/2GNbDK2
10. OECD (2021) Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable
Development 2021 https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/
development/global-outlook-on-financing-for-sustainable-
development-2021_e3c30a9a-en
11. World Bank, OECD, UNCTAD (2020). FDI Flows and
Investment Attraction Frameworks in Developing and Least
Developed Countries https://bit.ly/3pFxDHT
12. Operating Principles for Impact Management: https://www.
impactprinciples.org/
13. OECD DAC Blended Finance Principles https://www.oecd.
org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/blended-
finance-principles/guidance-and-principles/
14. DFI Working Group on Enhanced Blended Concessional
Finance for Private Sector Projects: https://www.ifc.org/wps/
wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_
site/bf/bf-details/bf-dfi
EXAMPLES OF BLENDED FINANCE INITIATIVES
SUPPORTING TRADE IN LDCS
Blended finance solutions come in many shapes and
sizes, from debt or equity funds, to projects, or companies.
These examples illustrate the diversity of blended finance
approaches already taking place.
The BUILD Fund
In December 2018, UNCDF partnered with impact
investing fund manager Bamboo Capital Partners to
launch the BUILD Fund - a blended finance vehicle to
connect larger flows of private capital to SDG-positive
investment opportunities in LDCs.
The Fund aims to benefit entrepreneurs launching
small and medium enterprises in LDCs that cannot
access the finance they need to grow their businesses.
The Fund is structured as a tiered, permanent capital
blended finance vehicle, with three layers of investment
at different risk-return levels.
Supporting agriculture in Bhutan
In 2015, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Global
Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), and the
IFC made an equity investment in Mountain Hazelnuts, a
private sector enterprise promoting hazelnut production
by contracting smallholders across Bhutan. IFC and
ADB each invested US$3 million of equity, which was
matched by a US$6 million investment by GASFP. The
de-risking support from GAFSP has been critical together
with IFC and ADB financing given the high-risk profile
inherent in the project.
While the overall expected financial return is in
the single digits, the project is expected to deliver
significant development impact on livelihoods and
income of smallholder farmers by linking tens of
thousands of farmers to markets, creating jobs and
developing skills, increasing women’s participation in
the job market. In addition, the project is expected to
contribute to restoring Bhutan’s eroded landscape,
mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, preserving
forests and reducing rural-urban migration.
Global Trade Finance Program’s COVID-19 response
COVID-19 has increased the cost of financial
transactions in LDCs, leading to a rapid depletion of
foreign reserves and shortage of cash. IFC’s Global
Trade Finance Program (GTFP) has made it possible
for financial institutions to continue providing trade
financing to companies that import and export goods. It
has done this by offering banks partial or full guarantees
to cover payment risk for trade related transactions.
In LDCs in particular, GTFP benefits from a blended
concessional finance structure: support from the IDA
Private Sector Window (PSW) de-risks transactions
in eligible countries thus allowing IFC and its partner
financial institutions to provide the necessary trade
finance to imports and exporters in the riskiest markets.
TRADE FUNDING INSIGHTS
i
We can help
The Enhanced Integrated Framework supports LDCs
to leverage official development assistance for trade
development.
Contact EIFpartnerships@wto.org
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partners and resources to support the Least Developed
Countries in using trade for poverty reduction, inclusive
growth and sustainable development.
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Development (UNCTAD)
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Organization (UNIDO)
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EIF’s briefs offer an overview of key trade-related issues and up-to-date analysis based
on the programme’s work with the world’s least developed countries, and offer expertise
on essential matters related to local, national, regional and global trade.