Cervical Cancer Awareness.pptx
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Cervical cancer is caused by HPV, a common virus spread through sexual contact. Each year in the US, there are over 12,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 4,200 deaths. Screening through regular Pap tests and HPV vaccination can prevent cervical cancer, but rates remain highest among women of color who are less likely to receive follow up care. HPV infection is very common and often clears without symptoms, but sometimes causes cancer years later if not addressed through screening and early detection. Prevention through vaccination, safe sex practices, limiting sexual partners, and routine medical checks can significantly reduce cervical cancer risk.
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Beyond Cervical Cancer: What You Need to Know About HPV.pptx
While HPV is the leading cause of cervical cancer, there are also several other HPV-related cancers. If you’ve had cervical cancer, it’s essential to understand your potential risk for these other cancers and what you can do. Join us and Dr. Keith Sigel, Associate Professor in the Division of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases at Mount Sinai, to learn more about the other cancers HPV can lead to and how you can take control of your health.
Human papilloma virus
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, more than 40 of which can be transmitted sexually and can affect the genitals, mouth, or throat. While many HPV infections cause no symptoms and resolve on their own, some HPV types can cause genital warts and cancers such as cervical, anal, and throat cancers. Regular screening is important for detecting cell changes that may develop due to HPV infection. There is currently no approved test or treatment for HPV in men, but vaccination is recommended for both boys and girls to help prevent HPV infection and related health problems.
Human papillomavirus
- HPV (human papillomavirus) is the most common sexually transmitted infection that can sometimes cause serious illnesses like genital warts and cervical cancer.
- HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact and condoms do not fully prevent transmission.
- While HPV often clears on its own, persistent infections can cause abnormal cell growth.
- There is an effective vaccine that protects against the HPV types that cause 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. The vaccine is recommended before sexual debut.
- Widespread HPV vaccination combined with screening programs has significantly reduced HPV infections and related cancers.
Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is a major health problem, especially in developing countries like India. It is caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Regular Pap screening can detect precancerous cell changes early when treatment is most effective. The HPV vaccine, when administered before sexual debut, can prevent HPV infection and thus most cervical cancers. Together, vaccination and screening can end cervical cancer as a major public health problem.
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This PowerPoint presentation summarizes information about HPV (human papillomavirus) and the HPV vaccine. It discusses what HPV is, how common it is, how the vaccine works to prevent infection from high-risk HPV types, who should receive the vaccine, and the link between HPV and certain cancers. It also notes potential signs and symptoms of HPV infection and addresses an opposing viewpoint that the vaccine is expensive and can cause side effects in some cases.
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Don't miss our upcoming webinars! Subscribe today!
In this webinar, Dr. Durand will review the changing landscape of HPV-related diseases and cancers. She will discuss methods of HPV prevention for current cancer patients and cancer survivors. Attendees will learn about the evidence for HPV vaccination in adults. Practical tips will be provided on how to access HPV vaccination.
View the YouTube video: https://youtu.be/wFgpmqOpzC4
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurvivorNet
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/survivornet_ca/
Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/survivornetwork
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Human papilloma virus
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, more than 40 of which can be transmitted sexually and can affect the genitals, mouth, or throat. While many HPV infections cause no symptoms and resolve on their own, some HPV types can cause genital warts and cancers such as cervical, anal, and throat cancers. Regular screening is important for detecting cell changes that may develop due to HPV infection. There is currently no approved test or treatment for HPV in men, but vaccination is recommended for both boys and girls to help prevent HPV infection and related health problems.
Human papillomavirus
- HPV (human papillomavirus) is the most common sexually transmitted infection that can sometimes cause serious illnesses like genital warts and cervical cancer.
- HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact and condoms do not fully prevent transmission.
- While HPV often clears on its own, persistent infections can cause abnormal cell growth.
- There is an effective vaccine that protects against the HPV types that cause 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. The vaccine is recommended before sexual debut.
- Widespread HPV vaccination combined with screening programs has significantly reduced HPV infections and related cancers.
Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is a major health problem, especially in developing countries like India. It is caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Regular Pap screening can detect precancerous cell changes early when treatment is most effective. The HPV vaccine, when administered before sexual debut, can prevent HPV infection and thus most cervical cancers. Together, vaccination and screening can end cervical cancer as a major public health problem.
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This PowerPoint presentation summarizes information about HPV (human papillomavirus) and the HPV vaccine. It discusses what HPV is, how common it is, how the vaccine works to prevent infection from high-risk HPV types, who should receive the vaccine, and the link between HPV and certain cancers. It also notes potential signs and symptoms of HPV infection and addresses an opposing viewpoint that the vaccine is expensive and can cause side effects in some cases.
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Don't miss our upcoming webinars! Subscribe today!
In this webinar, Dr. Durand will review the changing landscape of HPV-related diseases and cancers. She will discuss methods of HPV prevention for current cancer patients and cancer survivors. Attendees will learn about the evidence for HPV vaccination in adults. Practical tips will be provided on how to access HPV vaccination.
View the YouTube video: https://youtu.be/wFgpmqOpzC4
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurvivorNet
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/survivornet_ca/
Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/survivornetwork
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This document summarizes gynecologic cancer screening recommendations presented by Dr. Ashley Haggerty. It discusses screening guidelines for cervical cancer using Pap tests and HPV testing, noting a shift to less frequent screening. It also covers HPV vaccination and notes its effectiveness in preventing cervical cancer. For ovarian cancer, the document indicates screening is not currently recommended due to lack of evidence showing reduced mortality. It concludes by discussing debates around annual pelvic exams.
Cervavac_Speaker_Set_1.pptx
This document discusses HPV, its link to cervical cancer, and CERVAVAC, an indigenous HPV vaccine developed in India. It provides background on HPV, noting it is the most common STI and can cause several cancers including cervical cancer. It explains how HPV evades the immune system and its lifecycle in the cervix. It classifies HPV types as high-risk or low-risk and notes that high-risk HPV 16 and 18 cause over 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. It discusses cervical cancer signs, symptoms and prevention methods like education, screening via Pap tests, and vaccination. It provides an overview of CERVAVAC, India's first indigenous HPV vaccine, and its goal of being affordable and
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HPV is a common virus that can cause cervical cancer. While most HPV infections go away on their own, persistent infections with high-risk HPV types like HPV 16 and HPV 18 can lead to cervical cell changes and cancer. HPV testing and genotyping can help determine which infections persist and guide screening and treatment, but are not needed for all women. HPV vaccination is still recommended even if a woman has been exposed to or infected with HPV.
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Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among South African women. It develops gradually over many years from normal cervical cells to pre-cancerous lesions and eventually cancer if not detected early. Getting regular Pap smears which detect abnormal cell changes in the cervix can prevent cervical cancer, as pre-cancerous lesions can be treated early before they develop into advanced cancer. Persistent HPV infection is the primary risk factor for cervical cancer. CANSA helps make Pap smears accessible to women throughout South Africa, including via mobile health units, and provides support to cancer patients.
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This document discusses prevention of breast and cervical cancer in women. It covers leading causes of death for women, risk factors, screening methods, symptoms, and preventive measures. The key points are:
1) Heart disease, cancer, and stroke are the top three leading causes of death for women. Cancer screening and treatments have improved survival rates to 66% for people diagnosed between 1966-2002.
2) Risk factors for cancer include age, family history, lifestyle factors like smoking, and genetic conditions. Screening methods include self-exams, clinical exams, mammography, and HPV testing to detect cancers early.
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Sources: http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
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Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women & the leading cancer among black South African women - 1 in 39 women in South Africa will be diagnosed with Cervical Cancer (NCR 2005).
Having regular Pap smears can detect abnormal cells in the cervix (mouth of the womb), that could develop into Cervical Cancer. We encourage all women to go for Pap smears at least every 3 years, from the age of 25, to detect abnormal cells early.
http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
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This document provides information about cervical cancer, HPV, and the cervical cancer vaccine. It discusses that cervical cancer is caused by HPV infection, and regular Pap tests are important for screening. HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that can cause cervical cancer and genital warts. The cervical cancer vaccine protects against the HPV types that cause most cervical cancers and genital warts. It is recommended for girls and women ages 9-26, as effectiveness decreases with increased sexual exposure prior to vaccination. The vaccine is given as a 3-dose series over 6 months, but regular Pap tests are still needed after vaccination.
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Cervical cancer develops in the cervix and is caused primarily by certain strains of HPV. Regular Pap tests are important for screening and early detection of cervical cancer, as finding and treating precancerous cells or early-stage cancer greatly improves prognosis. An abnormal Pap test result may indicate infection, inflammation, or precancerous cells and requires follow up care such as HPV testing, repeat Pap tests, colposcopy, or cervical biopsy to determine the appropriate treatment or management approach.
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This presentation provides information about cervical cancer screening and prevention. It discusses that cervical cancer can be prevented through regular screening, which searches for diseases like cancer in asymptomatic people. Screening helps find pre-cancerous cell changes in the cervix that can then be treated before turning into cancer. The main cause of cervical cancer is infection with certain high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV) which is commonly spread through sexual activity. Regular Pap tests are important for finding cell changes early when cervical cancer is most treatable.
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What is cancer of cervix and how it occurs?
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Cancer of the cervix, also the mouth of uterus or the lower most part of womb (where baby grows), Is easily accessible for examination by the gynecologist per vaginal examination. Cancer of cervix is probably caused by high risk strains of the human papilloma-virus (16,18,31,45 etc), a common sexually transmitted infection. In more than 90 percent of the infections, HPV clears up on its own, but in 10 percent of cases either cancer or genital warts develops. Multiple sex partners increases risk of HPV infection and the more partners the current partner has had, the higher is the risk that he will transmit HPV. Sexual and reproductive factors, socio-economic factors (education and income), viruses e.g., herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other factors like smoking, diet, oral contraceptives are other important high risk cofactors in cervical carcinogenesis. Early age of marriage and early child bearing are contributing factor in our country.
The HPV virus causes cervix cancer was established by the research work of Nobel laureate Professor Herald Har Hassen, and this led to development of a vaccine for it . The HPV vaccine can prevent 70 percent of cancer cervix and current guildlines recommend immunization all girls is adolescent age groups i.e. before sexual exposure with 3 doses of HPV vaccine. During cancer development, the HPV viral particles get integrated with DNA of human nucleus resulting in mutation and rapid cancerous proliferation. This process cervical takes a few decades, for precancerous or cancerous changes to occur in cells.
What are the aims of cervical cancer screening and the available methods for it?
Screening aims are to detect cancer cervix the precancerous or early stages , when it is treatable. The Pap smear is the most widely available and effective method for this. Efforts are going on to develop an alternative cost effective method to suite low resource setting, to cater the vast population of developing poor countries. For this VILI /VIA/Low cost HPV DNA testing are being investigated in various research trials.
What is Pap smear? For a PAP smear of vaginal secretions and spreading on slide which is then ….. in the pathology laboratory and examined under the microscope by a trained pathologist to detect precancerous changes in the cells. It is well recognized , that widespread use of Pap smear can reduce cancer rate by more than 50 percent sd precancerous lesions are picked up and treated .
For Patient Related Queries, for Cervical Cancer Treatment call at 91-11-43066353
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This document discusses cervical cancer, its causes, prevention, and screening. Some key points:
- Cervical cancer is a major problem in India, with over 200 women dying from it daily.
- HPV infection is the main cause, with types 16 and 18 responsible for over 75% of cases.
- Screening through Pap smears and HPV testing can detect pre-cancerous lesions early and prevent cervical cancer by treating these lesions.
- Other prevention methods include the HPV vaccine.
- Colposcopy is used to examine the cervix in more detail if abnormal cells are found on screening.
Cervical cancer pp
Screening modalities like the Pap test and HPV test can help detect abnormal or precancerous cervical cells. The Pap test screens for cell changes and is recommended starting at age 21 and every 3 years. The HPV test screens specifically for the human papillomavirus, which can cause cell changes. For women over 30, both tests may be used. Certain groups like those without insurance can access free screening services. While screening is important, both false positives and false negatives can occur with the Pap test. Multiple organizations provide guidelines around cervical cancer screening.
Cervical cancer pp
Screening modalities like the Pap test and HPV test can help detect abnormal or precancerous cervical cells. The Pap test screens for cell changes and is recommended starting at age 21 and every 3 years. The HPV test screens specifically for the human papillomavirus, which can cause cell changes. For women over 30, both tests may be used. Certain groups like those without insurance can access free screening services. While screening is important, both false positives and false negatives can occur with the Pap test. Multiple organizations provide guidelines around cervical cancer screening.
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Cervavac_Speaker_Set_1.pptx
This document discusses HPV, its link to cervical cancer, and CERVAVAC, an indigenous HPV vaccine developed in India. It provides background on HPV, noting it is the most common STI and can cause several cancers including cervical cancer. It explains how HPV evades the immune system and its lifecycle in the cervix. It classifies HPV types as high-risk or low-risk and notes that high-risk HPV 16 and 18 cause over 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. It discusses cervical cancer signs, symptoms and prevention methods like education, screening via Pap tests, and vaccination. It provides an overview of CERVAVAC, India's first indigenous HPV vaccine, and its goal of being affordable and
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The United States Congress designated January as Cervical Health Awareness Month.
CANSA places the focus on Cervical Cancer during the month of September. Cervical Cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women.
Sources: http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
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Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women & the leading cancer among black South African women - 1 in 39 women in South Africa will be diagnosed with Cervical Cancer (NCR 2005).
Having regular Pap smears can detect abnormal cells in the cervix (mouth of the womb), that could develop into Cervical Cancer. We encourage all women to go for Pap smears at least every 3 years, from the age of 25, to detect abnormal cells early.
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Cervical cancer develops in the cervix and is caused primarily by certain strains of HPV. Regular Pap tests are important for screening and early detection of cervical cancer, as finding and treating precancerous cells or early-stage cancer greatly improves prognosis. An abnormal Pap test result may indicate infection, inflammation, or precancerous cells and requires follow up care such as HPV testing, repeat Pap tests, colposcopy, or cervical biopsy to determine the appropriate treatment or management approach.
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What is cancer of cervix and how it occurs?
What is cancer of cervix and how it occurs?
Cancer of the cervix, also the mouth of uterus or the lower most part of womb (where baby grows), Is easily accessible for examination by the gynecologist per vaginal examination. Cancer of cervix is probably caused by high risk strains of the human papilloma-virus (16,18,31,45 etc), a common sexually transmitted infection. In more than 90 percent of the infections, HPV clears up on its own, but in 10 percent of cases either cancer or genital warts develops. Multiple sex partners increases risk of HPV infection and the more partners the current partner has had, the higher is the risk that he will transmit HPV. Sexual and reproductive factors, socio-economic factors (education and income), viruses e.g., herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other factors like smoking, diet, oral contraceptives are other important high risk cofactors in cervical carcinogenesis. Early age of marriage and early child bearing are contributing factor in our country.
The HPV virus causes cervix cancer was established by the research work of Nobel laureate Professor Herald Har Hassen, and this led to development of a vaccine for it . The HPV vaccine can prevent 70 percent of cancer cervix and current guildlines recommend immunization all girls is adolescent age groups i.e. before sexual exposure with 3 doses of HPV vaccine. During cancer development, the HPV viral particles get integrated with DNA of human nucleus resulting in mutation and rapid cancerous proliferation. This process cervical takes a few decades, for precancerous or cancerous changes to occur in cells.
What are the aims of cervical cancer screening and the available methods for it?
Screening aims are to detect cancer cervix the precancerous or early stages , when it is treatable. The Pap smear is the most widely available and effective method for this. Efforts are going on to develop an alternative cost effective method to suite low resource setting, to cater the vast population of developing poor countries. For this VILI /VIA/Low cost HPV DNA testing are being investigated in various research trials.
What is Pap smear? For a PAP smear of vaginal secretions and spreading on slide which is then ….. in the pathology laboratory and examined under the microscope by a trained pathologist to detect precancerous changes in the cells. It is well recognized , that widespread use of Pap smear can reduce cancer rate by more than 50 percent sd precancerous lesions are picked up and treated .
For Patient Related Queries, for Cervical Cancer Treatment call at 91-11-43066353
screening_and_prevention protocols for_cervix.ppt
This document discusses cervical cancer, its causes, prevention, and screening. Some key points:
- Cervical cancer is a major problem in India, with over 200 women dying from it daily.
- HPV infection is the main cause, with types 16 and 18 responsible for over 75% of cases.
- Screening through Pap smears and HPV testing can detect pre-cancerous lesions early and prevent cervical cancer by treating these lesions.
- Other prevention methods include the HPV vaccine.
- Colposcopy is used to examine the cervix in more detail if abnormal cells are found on screening.
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Screening modalities like the Pap test and HPV test can help detect abnormal or precancerous cervical cells. The Pap test screens for cell changes and is recommended starting at age 21 and every 3 years. The HPV test screens specifically for the human papillomavirus, which can cause cell changes. For women over 30, both tests may be used. Certain groups like those without insurance can access free screening services. While screening is important, both false positives and false negatives can occur with the Pap test. Multiple organizations provide guidelines around cervical cancer screening.
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Screening modalities like the Pap test and HPV test can help detect abnormal or precancerous cervical cells. The Pap test screens for cell changes and is recommended starting at age 21 and every 3 years. The HPV test screens specifically for the human papillomavirus, which can cause cell changes. For women over 30, both tests may be used. Certain groups like those without insurance can access free screening services. While screening is important, both false positives and false negatives can occur with the Pap test. Multiple organizations provide guidelines around cervical cancer screening.
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Educational Technology in the Health Sciences
Plenary presentation at the NTTC Inter-university Workshop, 18 June 2024, Manila Prince Hotel.
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
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Information and Communication Technology in Education
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
220711130100 udita Chakraborty Aims and objectives of national policy on inf...
Aims and objectives of national policy on information and communication technology(ICT) in school education in india
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Cervical Cancer Awareness.pptx
- 1. Cervical Cancer Awareness: HPV 101 Presentation Created By : Sharon Bond PhD, CNM, FACNM, Medical University of South Carolina
- 2. Why is this Important? • Too many deaths from cervical cancer –12,000 new diagnoses every year –4200 women die yearly • Highest among women of color – screened, but less likely to follow-up an abnormal Pap • ~ 100% preventable with vaccination, screening and early detection
- 3. Human Papillomavirus: HPV • Cervix cancer is caused by HPV • HPV common in men and women • HPV causes cervix, other genital and anal cancers in women • HPV causes penile, anal, some head/neck cancers in men • Sexual transmission: male- female, same sex; genital- genital; genital-mouth, anal- genital; microscopic breaks in skin • Vertical transmission-mother to fetus (rare)
- 4. Anyone Can Get HPV! • HPV is less likely to be cleared in women over 30. • Incidence of cervical rises in women 30 and older • Cervical cancer takes 10-20 years to develop. Women who are no longer sexually active should still have periodic Pap tests.
- 5. Where is the Cervix?
- 6. Risk factors for Cervical Cancer • Infection with HPV • Not getting regular Pap tests – begin testing at age 21 • Illnesses that weaken your immune system (HIV) • Smoking • Diet • Multiple sexual partners throughout one’s lifetime • Chlamydia (STIs) • Poverty • Family history • DES
- 7. HPV Infection • CDC: 6 million new infections/year in US; 75% in young people 15-24 • Most HPV goes away • Not all HPVs cause cancer • Most HPV causes no harm to most men and women • Some HPV infections linger and become cancer in men and women – we don’t know why
- 8. How Can People Check for HPV? • Women can be screened by a Pap test, HPV test, or pelvic exam (visual) • There are no FDA-approved ways to test men, diagnosis made by visual inspection
- 9. HPV-related Diseases • HPV infections cause external genital warts, abnormal Pap tests, vocal cord obstruction in young children and cancer in adults • Most get HPV when they start having sex but don’t know it!
- 10. Costs of HPV-related Diseases • HPV is expensive! • 500,000 cases genital warts each year • Evaluating abnormal Pap tests, treating warts, office visits, cost billions of dollars • Psychological fear, shame and discomfort
- 11. Age Matters!!!
- 12. How to Prevent Cervical Cancer (Stop HPV Infection!) • Vaccination of girls and boys ages 11-12 (9-26) • Abstinence • Waiting until older to have sex • Condoms • Limit # of lifetime sex partners • Regular check-ups • Don’t smoke
- 13. Time for Action! • Educate, educate! ACT!! • Knowledge is power – see the big picture • Health care providers • Churches, youth groups, parents/schools • Organizations: NCCC, Tamika’s Friends • Contact your legislators
- 14. Thank You! References & Resources • http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/index.html • http://www.cervicalcancerfreecoalition.org/partners/partner-states/south- carolina-3/ • http://www.nccc- online.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=122 • http://tamikaandfriends.org/