Cervical cancer
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Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women globally, with over 500,000 new cases occurring in 2012. Certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are the primary cause of cervical cancer. HPV works by degrading tumor suppressor proteins and disrupting cell cycle regulation through its E6 and E7 proteins. Regular Pap smear screening can detect pre-cancerous lesions and reduce cervical cancer deaths by up to 80% by allowing for early treatment. Risk factors for cervical cancer include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, low socioeconomic status, smoking, and HIV/AIDS.
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Cervical Carcinoma
This document summarizes information about cervical carcinoma, including:
- It is the third most common cancer in women and usually affects the squamocolumnar junction of the cervix.
- Major risk factors include high-risk HPV types, early age at first intercourse, multiple sex partners, increased parity, oral contraceptive use, smoking, and immunocompromised state.
- HPV infection leads to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia through the effects of viral proteins E6 and E7 on tumor suppressor genes and cell cycle regulators, increasing proliferation.
- Late stage clinical features include abnormal bleeding, discharge, pain, and organ complications. Diagnosis involves Pap smear screening and biopsy.
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This document discusses female genital tract pathology, focusing on disorders of the endometrium and myometrium. It describes the etiology, hormonal dependence, and morphological features of endometriosis and adenomyosis. Endometriosis is defined as endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus, while adenomyosis is defined as endometrial tissue within the myometrium. Both lesions undergo cyclical changes in response to hormones and can cause pelvic pain and infertility. The document discusses the key distinguishing morphological features of each condition.
Carcinoma of cervix pathology
This document discusses the pathology of cervical dysplasia and cancer. It begins by defining low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL). It then describes the WHO classification system for cervical tumors, including squamous lesions and precursors as well as various subtypes of squamous cell carcinoma. It further discusses diagnostic features and clinical implications of microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma and other rare subtypes. The document concludes by noting prognostic factors for squamous cell carcinoma and describing the WHO classification system for glandular tumors and precursors of the cervix.
Lecture 1 Pathology: Cervix pdf
This document discusses pathology of the female genital tract, focusing on cervicitis and carcinoma of the cervix. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis and progression of cervical carcinoma. Cervicitis is usually caused by bacterial or viral infections and presents with inflammation of the cervix. Cervical carcinoma is often associated with HPV infection and develops through premalignant stages of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Regular Pap smear screening can detect cervical lesions early and reduce mortality from cervical cancer. The document outlines screening guidelines and pathological features of various cervical lesions, cancers and their staging.
Pathology of Cervix
Cervical diseases include inflammation, metaplasia, polyps, and epithelial abnormalities. Acute and chronic cervicitis can result from infections like gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes. Squamous metaplasia in the transformation zone makes cells susceptible to HPV infection, where precursor lesions and cancers develop. HPV infection causes cytopathic changes seen in koilocytes. Integrated HPV DNA is seen in most cancers. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is graded based on dysplasia in epithelial layers. Cervical cancer screening through Pap smears and colposcopy, as well as HPV vaccination, have made cervical cancer highly preventable.
Vulvar cancer
Vulvar cancer accounts for about 4% of gynecologic cancers. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma, which typically affects women ages 65-75. Risk factors depend on whether the cancer is related to HPV infection or vulvar dystrophy. Treatment involves surgical excision, with laser ablation and wide local excision being main options. Topical imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil can also be used to treat preinvasive high-grade lesions. Long-term surveillance after treatment is important due to the risk of recurrence.
Cervical cancer, Anatomy and pathology
Cervical cancer arises from the transformation zone of the cervix. Risk factors include HPV infection, early age of first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and smoking. It typically spreads locally first through direct extension, then can metastasize via lymph nodes or hematogenously to distant sites like lungs and liver. Screening via Pap smears can detect pre-cancerous changes and has reduced cervical cancer rates in developed nations by 75% over 50 years. Vaccination against HPV also prevents infection and future cancer development. Treatment and prognosis depends on the stage, with early localized disease having the best outcomes.
6. cancer of uterine cervix ifakara
Cancer of the uterine cervix is a major health problem in Tanzania, being the most common cancer in women. It is caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Risk factors include early onset of sexual activity, multiple partners, and smoking. Symptoms include abnormal bleeding and discharge. Diagnosis involves Pap smears, biopsies, and clinical exams. Staging looks at tumor size and spread. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and palliative care. Screening programs and the HPV vaccine can help prevent cervical cancer if widely implemented.
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This document summarizes information about cervical carcinoma, including:
- It is the third most common cancer in women and usually affects the squamocolumnar junction of the cervix.
- Major risk factors include high-risk HPV types, early age at first intercourse, multiple sex partners, increased parity, oral contraceptive use, smoking, and immunocompromised state.
- HPV infection leads to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia through the effects of viral proteins E6 and E7 on tumor suppressor genes and cell cycle regulators, increasing proliferation.
- Late stage clinical features include abnormal bleeding, discharge, pain, and organ complications. Diagnosis involves Pap smear screening and biopsy.
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This document discusses the pathology of cervical dysplasia and cancer. It begins by defining low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL). It then describes the WHO classification system for cervical tumors, including squamous lesions and precursors as well as various subtypes of squamous cell carcinoma. It further discusses diagnostic features and clinical implications of microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma and other rare subtypes. The document concludes by noting prognostic factors for squamous cell carcinoma and describing the WHO classification system for glandular tumors and precursors of the cervix.
Lecture 1 Pathology: Cervix pdf
This document discusses pathology of the female genital tract, focusing on cervicitis and carcinoma of the cervix. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis and progression of cervical carcinoma. Cervicitis is usually caused by bacterial or viral infections and presents with inflammation of the cervix. Cervical carcinoma is often associated with HPV infection and develops through premalignant stages of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Regular Pap smear screening can detect cervical lesions early and reduce mortality from cervical cancer. The document outlines screening guidelines and pathological features of various cervical lesions, cancers and their staging.
Pathology of Cervix
Cervical diseases include inflammation, metaplasia, polyps, and epithelial abnormalities. Acute and chronic cervicitis can result from infections like gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes. Squamous metaplasia in the transformation zone makes cells susceptible to HPV infection, where precursor lesions and cancers develop. HPV infection causes cytopathic changes seen in koilocytes. Integrated HPV DNA is seen in most cancers. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is graded based on dysplasia in epithelial layers. Cervical cancer screening through Pap smears and colposcopy, as well as HPV vaccination, have made cervical cancer highly preventable.
Vulvar cancer
Vulvar cancer accounts for about 4% of gynecologic cancers. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma, which typically affects women ages 65-75. Risk factors depend on whether the cancer is related to HPV infection or vulvar dystrophy. Treatment involves surgical excision, with laser ablation and wide local excision being main options. Topical imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil can also be used to treat preinvasive high-grade lesions. Long-term surveillance after treatment is important due to the risk of recurrence.
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Cervical cancer arises from the transformation zone of the cervix. Risk factors include HPV infection, early age of first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and smoking. It typically spreads locally first through direct extension, then can metastasize via lymph nodes or hematogenously to distant sites like lungs and liver. Screening via Pap smears can detect pre-cancerous changes and has reduced cervical cancer rates in developed nations by 75% over 50 years. Vaccination against HPV also prevents infection and future cancer development. Treatment and prognosis depends on the stage, with early localized disease having the best outcomes.
6. cancer of uterine cervix ifakara
Cancer of the uterine cervix is a major health problem in Tanzania, being the most common cancer in women. It is caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Risk factors include early onset of sexual activity, multiple partners, and smoking. Symptoms include abnormal bleeding and discharge. Diagnosis involves Pap smears, biopsies, and clinical exams. Staging looks at tumor size and spread. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and palliative care. Screening programs and the HPV vaccine can help prevent cervical cancer if widely implemented.
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy, histology, common lesions, screening, and cancer of the cervix. It begins with the basic anatomy and histology of the cervix. It then discusses benign lesions like cervicitis and precancerous conditions. The stages of invasive cervical carcinoma and screening via Pap smear and liquid based cytology are explained. Risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cervical cancer are summarized.
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CERVICAL CANCER , the 2nd most common cancer in India can be easily prevented with proper adequate screening and awareness.
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This document discusses uterine cancer, vulva and vagina cancer. It provides detailed information on:
1. Types of uterine cancers including endometrial carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and malignant mixed mullerian tumor. Risk factors, pathogenesis, classification and clinical presentations are described.
2. Gross and microscopic images of various uterine cancers like endometrial adenocarcinoma and leiomyosarcoma are shown along with summaries.
3. Vulvar cancer is defined and risk factors like HPV infection, aging, and conditions like VIN are explained. Clinical images show appearances of VIN lesions on the vulva.
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This document provides information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
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- Risk factors include family history, early menarche, nulliparity, late age of first childbirth, fibrocystic changes, hereditary factors like BRCA1/2 mutations, and lifestyle/environmental factors.
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Presentation for public awareness
Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and develops slowly over time. Screening through regular Pap tests can detect precancerous changes in the cervix so they can be treated before cancer develops. Most cervical cancers are preventable with vaccination against HPV and appropriate screening. Screening guidelines recommend annual Pap tests beginning at age 21 and can be less frequent or stop at age 70 if previous results have been normal. Abnormal results may require further tests like colposcopy and HPV testing and possible treatment of precancerous lesions.
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy, histology, common lesions, screening, and cancer of the cervix. It begins with the basic anatomy and histology of the cervix. It then discusses benign lesions like cervicitis and precancerous conditions. The stages of invasive cervical carcinoma and screening via Pap smear and liquid based cytology are explained. Risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cervical cancer are summarized.
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Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide and is caused primarily by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is very common and spreads through sexual contact. While most HPV infections cause no symptoms and go away on their own, persistent infections with high-risk HPV types can cause normal cervical cells to become precancerous and develop into cancer over time if not treated. Screening for HPV and abnormal cervical cells through Pap tests and HPV tests is important for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer.
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This document provides an overview of malignant breast tumors, including their increasing incidence, risk factors, prevention, and etiology. It discusses how breast cancer is more common in Western nations and increases with age. Genetic factors like mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, p53 and ATM genes account for hereditary cases. Hormonal influences like early menarche, late menopause, and hormone replacement therapy can also increase risk. Environmental factors such as diet, smoking, alcohol, and radiation exposure play a role in breast cancer development and incidence.
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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, affecting 1 in 9 women in the United States. It usually presents as a solitary, painless lump that is detected by self-examination. The incidence is highest in perimenopausal women and is rare before age 25. While the majority of breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinomas, other types include invasive lobular carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple. Risk factors include family history, early menarche, late first childbirth, and genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.
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Vaginal cancer is most commonly squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and occurs most often in the 6th and 7th decades of life. Surgical excision is the main treatment for vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). Topical therapies like 5-fluorouracil cream or imiquimod cream can also be used, especially for multifocal disease not involving the lower vagina. Without treatment, 3% of VAIN 1 and 7% of VAIN 2/3 can progress to invasive cancer. Clinical presentation of vaginal cancer may include vaginal discharge, bleeding, urinary or gastrointestinal symptoms depending on location and involvement of nearby organs. Pretreatment evaluation includes examination, imaging, and biopsy
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This document outlines the classification of breast tumours according to histopathology, grade, stage, receptor status, and DNA. It describes the WHO histological classification including epithelial and stromal tumours of the breast, as well as tumours of the male breast and nipple. Benign and malignant epithelial lesions are defined. Malignant lesions include carcinoma in situ (DCIS and LCIS) and invasive carcinoma. Molecular subtypes and specific tumour types such as lobular carcinoma are also detailed. The classification of stromal tumours, tumours of the male breast, and nipple are summarized.
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Adequate sex education is necessary to inculcate safe sexual practices to prevent HPV infection.
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This document discusses uterine cancer, vulva and vagina cancer. It provides detailed information on:
1. Types of uterine cancers including endometrial carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and malignant mixed mullerian tumor. Risk factors, pathogenesis, classification and clinical presentations are described.
2. Gross and microscopic images of various uterine cancers like endometrial adenocarcinoma and leiomyosarcoma are shown along with summaries.
3. Vulvar cancer is defined and risk factors like HPV infection, aging, and conditions like VIN are explained. Clinical images show appearances of VIN lesions on the vulva.
Pathology of uterine cervix 2018 Sufia Husain
Cervical cancer arises from pre-cancerous lesions called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) caused by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Regular pap screening allows for early detection of CIN/SIL to prevent the development of invasive cervical cancer. Risk factors for CIN/SIL and cervical cancer include early age of first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and HPV infection with high-risk strains such as HPV-16 and HPV-18. Most cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas that may be asymptomatic or present as an exophytic cervical mass.
uterus pathological lesions
1) Uterine tumors include endometrial polyps, hyperplasia, and carcinomas. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified based on complexity and presence of atypia, with complex hyperplasia with atypia carrying the highest risk of developing into carcinoma.
2) Endometrial carcinomas are classified into Type I (endometrioid) and Type II (non-endometrioid). Type I carcinomas are associated with estrogen excess and hyperplasia, while Type II carcinomas arise in an atrophic endometrium and have a poorer prognosis.
3) Leiomyomas are the most common benign uterine tumor, while leiomyosarcom
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This document provides an overview of cancer presented by Aditya Bhatt. It defines cancer as uncontrolled cell growth and discusses the properties of cancer cells, including immortality and rapid growth. The causes of cancer are described as chromosomal changes that can be caused by mutations from chemical carcinogens, physical carcinogens, viruses, and heredity. The types of cancer are outlined as carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas and leukemia. Risk factors are explored for different cancer types including social, psychological, dietary, viral and medical factors. The document concludes by previewing topics to be covered in part 2 such as colon cancer development and mutations in growth regulatory and tumor suppressor genes.
CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST
This document provides information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second most common cause of cancer death. It affects 1 in 9 women in the US.
- Risk factors include family history, early menarche, nulliparity, late age of first childbirth, fibrocystic changes, hereditary factors like BRCA1/2 mutations, and lifestyle/environmental factors.
- Breast cancer is classified as non-invasive (in situ) or invasive. Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type, accounting for 80% of cases. Other types include invasive lobular carcinoma and rare histological variants.
- Staging
Presentation for public awareness
Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and develops slowly over time. Screening through regular Pap tests can detect precancerous changes in the cervix so they can be treated before cancer develops. Most cervical cancers are preventable with vaccination against HPV and appropriate screening. Screening guidelines recommend annual Pap tests beginning at age 21 and can be less frequent or stop at age 70 if previous results have been normal. Abnormal results may require further tests like colposcopy and HPV testing and possible treatment of precancerous lesions.
Prognostic factors in carcinoma breast ppt
Carcinoma of the breast is the most common malignancy and leading cause of death in women. Several prognostic factors are used to determine the severity and risk of recurrence of breast cancer, including patient age, tumor size and characteristics, lymph node involvement, histologic grade, and biomarkers like hormone receptor status. Combining these factors can provide prognostic groups that help guide treatment decisions. The sentinel lymph node biopsy procedure also helps predict the involvement of other lymph nodes and prognosis.
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Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of breast cancers. Risk factors include Klinefelter syndrome, genetic mutations like BRCA2, and family history. Treatment typically involves mastectomy with lymph node dissection and tamoxifen therapy. Occult breast cancer presents as axillary lymph node metastases without a detectable primary tumor. Further workup with imaging and biopsy is needed. Standard treatment is axillary lymph node dissection along with mastectomy or radiation therapy to the breast. Prognosis depends on stage but can be similar to typical breast cancer outcomes with proper treatment.
Mission SAY No to Cervical Cancer With HPV Vaccination DR. SHARDA JAIN S...
1. Cervical cancer is a major health issue in India, accounting for 23% of new cervical cancer cases and 25% of cervical cancer deaths worldwide.
2. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes cervical cancer, with vaccination providing 98-100% efficacy against HPV types.
3. Screening and vaccination can help prevent cervical cancer, but coverage in India remains low due to cost and lack of national programs.
Servikal Displazi -Pap Smear - Serviks Kanseri - www.jinekolojivegebelik.com
This document provides guidelines for managing abnormal Pap smears, cervical dysplasia, and cervical cancer. It discusses evaluating Pap test results using the Bethesda system and determining appropriate follow up. It also outlines treatment options for cervical dysplasia like cryotherapy, LEEP, and cone biopsy. For invasive cervical cancer, it describes staging and evaluating and treating the disease in consultation with a gynecologic oncologist.
14 djmcj 2017_v10_i1_maruf_paps-1
This study analyzed 558 pap smear tests conducted in Bangladesh and found that 92.4% showed inflammatory changes, 3% showed low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 0.7% showed high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. Pap smear screening identified pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions and can help reduce cervical cancer mortality when used for routine screening in developing countries. The study concluded that pap smears are an inexpensive and effective method for early detection of cervical cancer even in areas with limited resources.
Karyometry Identifies a Distinguishing Fallopian Tube Epithelium Phenotype in...
Karyometry Identifies a Distinguishing Fallopian Tube Epithelium Phenotype in...ANALYTICAL AND QUANTITATIVE CYTOPATHOLOGY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY
This study aimed to use karyometry to detect nuclear abnormalities in fallopian tube epithelium from women at high risk for ovarian cancer compared to low risk women. Karyometry involves high-resolution imaging and quantitative analysis of nuclear features too small to be seen by the human eye. The study found distinct deviations in nuclear features and signatures in fallopian tubes from high risk women carrying BRCA1/2 alterations compared to normal risk women. Specifically, measures of pixel optical density heterogeneity and very dark stained pixels showed a statistically significant shift, identifying an abnormal morphometric phenotype in high risk women. The results suggest karyometry may help detect early changes and improve ovarian cancer screening.Novel biomarkers in ovarian carcinoma
This document discusses novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma. It begins by describing commonly used biomarkers like CA125, which is elevated in 80-85% of advanced ovarian cancer cases but only 50% of stage I cases. The document then explores potential gene-based biomarkers like mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, and DNA mismatch repair genes. It also discusses epigenetic changes and gene expression profiles. Turning to protein-based biomarkers, the document outlines approaches like proteomic pattern diagnostics and the OVA1 panel of biomarkers. Overall, the document reviews a variety of emerging genetic, epigenetic and protein-based biomarkers for ovarian cancer diagnosis but notes that no single novel biomarker has yet proven clinically useful
Lobular carcinoma of breast
Lobular carcinoma of the breast begins in the lobules and has two types: lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). LCIS is a pre-malignant condition that has a high risk of developing into ILC. ILC is the second most common type of breast cancer and has distinct clinical and pathological features compared to invasive ductal carcinoma. Treatment involves hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery depending on the extent of disease. Prognosis depends on various factors but ILC generally has a lower proliferation rate and spreads in an uncommon pattern compared to other breast cancers.
Cervical cancer paper kau fa
This document summarizes a study on cervical cancer prevalence at King Abdulaziz University Hospital. The study aimed to estimate HPV prevalence in cervical cancer cases and identify the most common histological type. It found that 167 cases were identified, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most frequent at 83%. Adenocarcinoma represented 7.7% of cases. Few other studies in Saudi Arabia found HPV DNA in 31.6-89% of cervical cancer cases. The study concluded that cervical cancer frequency and histological types at KAUH were generally consistent with literature, though keratinizing and non-keratinizing types were similar prevalence locally.
Cervical cancer screening module 1
Cervical Cancer Screening Module 1 - from Massachusetts Medical Society.
Copyright © 2013. Massachusetts Medical Society, 860 Winter Street, Waltham Woods Corporate Center, Waltham, MA 02451-1411
Chapter 5 hereditary cancer syndrome next generation
This document provides an overview of hereditary cancers and genetic testing. It discusses:
- The difference between sporadic and hereditary cancers, with hereditary cancers making up 10% of cases and being caused by germline mutations passed down from a parent.
- Several hereditary cancer syndromes are described in detail, including BRCA1/2 associated with breast and ovarian cancer, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, and Lynch syndrome.
- Surveillance recommendations are provided for each syndrome to enable early cancer detection.
- The role of genetic testing is discussed to identify mutations that cause hereditary cancer syndromes and guide patient management.
Lynch syndrome
This document summarizes genetic changes in endometrial cancer and Lynch syndrome (HNPCC). It discusses two types of endometrial cancer (Type I and Type II), risk factors, molecular features, diagnosis of Lynch syndrome, cancer risks, pathogenesis, tests used for screening/diagnosis including immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability testing. Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition associated with mutations in mismatch repair genes that increases risks of colorectal, endometrial and other cancers.
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Use of Autoantibodies to detect the onset of breast cancer
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РREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT DISORDERS OF THE CERVIX.pdf
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Mission SAY No to Cervical Cancer With HPV Vaccination DR. SHARDA JAIN S...
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Servikal Displazi -Pap Smear - Serviks Kanseri - www.jinekolojivegebelik.com
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Chapter 5 hereditary cancer syndrome next generation
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Breast cancer myth and facts
This document debunks 25 common myths about breast cancer. Some key facts presented include:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and the leading cause of cancer death in women. The global burden will continue increasing to over 19 million new cases per year by 2025.
- While genetics play a role, lifestyle factors like obesity, lack of exercise, alcohol consumption, and reproductive/hormonal factors account for the majority of breast cancer cases.
- Regular self-exams and mammograms can help detect lumps early. Early detection does not guarantee a pain-free process but does increase chances of successful treatment.
- While not a complete cure, treatment which may include surgery
Neonatal thrombocytopenia
This document discusses neonatal thrombocytopenia, defined as a platelet count below 150,000/cu.mm in newborns. It can be mild, moderate, or severe. Incidence is 1-5% in healthy newborns and higher in preterm/sick infants. Causes include placental insufficiency, infection, maternal conditions, and genetic disorders. Thrombocytopenia is classified as early onset (<72 hours) or late onset (>72 hours) based on time of presentation. Evaluation involves blood tests and smears to identify the cause and guide management, which may include platelet transfusions for severe cases.
Diseases of blood vessels
This document discusses diseases of blood vessels including Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis, aneurysms, and tumors of blood vessels. Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis involves calcium deposition in the media of large and medium arteries. Aneurysms are abnormal dilations of blood vessels that can be classified based on composition, shape, location, and pathogenesis. Common types include atherosclerotic, syphilitic, dissecting, and berry aneurysms. Tumors of blood vessels include benign hemangiomas as well as intermediate and malignant tumors such as hemangioendotheliomas and angiosarcomas.
Ischaemic Heart Disease(IHD)
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is caused by an imbalance between the heart muscle's supply and demand for oxygenated blood. IHD is commonly caused by coronary atherosclerosis which leads to the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries and reduces blood flow. This can result in ischemia, infarction, and complications such as angina, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. MI occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures, causing a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries and leads to cell death in the heart muscle. Diagnosis of MI involves clinical features, electrocardiogram changes, and elevated cardiac enzyme markers in the
Lung pathology
The document summarizes information about lung cancer including:
1. Lung cancer is the most common and deadly cancer, caused primarily by tobacco smoking, and is more prevalent in developed countries due to past tobacco exposure.
2. Genetic alterations in genes like EGFR, mutations in which predict response to targeted therapies, as well as histology comprehend lung cancer pathogenesis.
3. Classification systems organize lung tumors into types like adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma to guide diagnosis, treatment and study.
Breast cancer
This document discusses the pathology and diagnosis of breast cancer. It begins with the anatomy of the normal breast and then describes breast cancer statistics globally and in the US. It outlines the etiology and risk factors for breast cancer including genetic, hormonal, environmental, and molecular factors. The document discusses different types of breast cancers like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and inflammatory breast cancer. It provides details on clinical presentation and various diagnostic methods for breast cancer including imaging tests like mammography and biopsy techniques. It concludes with an overview of specialized tests and factors that determine treatment outcomes.
Hypertension
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension as a blood pressure reading higher than 140/90 mmHg. It classifies hypertension and notes risks increase with each increment of 20/10 mmHg from 115/75 mmHg. The document outlines primary/essential hypertension which has unknown causes and secondary hypertension which has identifiable causes like renal or endocrine issues. It discusses the pathogenesis of hypertension involving the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sodium retention. The clinical effects of hypertension on the heart, nervous system, and kidneys are covered along with diagnostic tests and pathological findings.
Atherosclerosis
1. Atherosclerosis is a condition where arteries become narrowed and hardened due to plaque buildup in the artery wall.
2. Major risk factors include dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking, which can cause endothelial injury and initiate a response involving smooth muscle cell proliferation and monocyte infiltration.
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Cervical cancer
- 1. Pathology of Cervical Cancer Jyoti Priyadarshini Shrivastava Associate Professor G.R.Medical College,Gwalior
- 4. Facts and Figures 1. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women.(Globocan) 2. seventh overall common 3. 528,000 new cases in 2012. 4. Cervical cancer accounts for about 20% of all gynecologic cancers. 5. 7.5% of all female cancer deaths. 6. 87% cervical cancer deaths occur in the less developed regions 7. cancer is largely preventable through screening and treatment of premalignant lesions.
- 5. Epidemiologic Factors Sexual Behaviour Early age at first intercourse Greater no. of sexual partner Asssociated genital infectons Having 3 or more full-term pregnancies(parity) Giving birth before age 17 mother on drug DES (diethylstilbestrol) during pregnancy vaginal douching
- 6. Epidemiologic Factors Socio-economic factors Family history Lack of circumcision in males
- 8. Human Papilloma Virus Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family 170 types of HPV, 40 of which are typically transmitted through sexual contact and infect the anogenital region Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82 are carcinogenic cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and/or anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN)
- 9. HPV
- 12. Molecular mechanism HPV 16 and 18 E6----P53-----------proteolytic degradation E7----Rb gene………..Displace transcription factors Cell cycle regulation disrupted
- 13. Pathogenesis
- 14. Immunological Studies Circulating tumour specific antigens and antibodies identified in Sera.
- 15. Ultrastructural studies Cells in CIN / SIL show increased no. of mitochondria and free ribosomes
- 16. Papanicolaou Smears Cervical cancer screening test Detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous lesion Infections and abnormalities in the endocervix and endometrium The Pap test, when combined with a regular program of screening and appropriate follow-up, can reduce cervical cancer deaths by up to 80%
- 17. Pap smears
- 18. Bethesda Classification-2001 Atypical squamous cells Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) Atypical squamous cells – cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H) Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL or LSIL) High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL or HSIL) Squamous cell carcinoma Atypical Glandular Cells not otherwise specified (AGC- NOS) Atypical Glandular Cells, suspicious for AIS or cancer (AGC-neoplastic) Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)
- 19. Pap Smears
- 23. REFERENCES Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9th Edition Anderson's Pathology (10th Edition) Rosai and Ackerman's Surgical Pathology - 10th Edition Fact Sheets by Cancer - Globocan – IARC globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx Eun-Kyoung Yim and Jong-Sup Park, Cancer Res Treat. 2005 Dec; 37(6): 319–324.
Editor's Notes
- Age….advancing age,increased life expectancy
- Synergistic activation of proliferation by viral oncoprotein cell cycle dysregulation and estrogen receptor signaling, together with altered paracrine stromal-epithelial interactions, may conspire to support and promote neoplastic progression and cancer formation.
- The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM classification and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system for cervical cancer
- Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance …… Adenocarcinoma in situ
- Continous spectrum