This document provides an overview of several cephalometric analyses used in orthodontics including Downs analysis, Steiner analysis, and Tweed's analysis. It describes the landmarks, reference planes, and angular and linear measurements used in each analysis. Downs analysis assesses skeletal patterns using angles like facial angle, angle of convexity, A-B plane, and mandibular plane angle. It also examines dental patterns such as occlusal plane cant, interincisal angle, and incisor positions. Steiner's analysis uses reference planes like SN and measurements of maxilla, mandible, and dental positions. Tweed's analysis uses the Frankfort plane and mandibular plane to form the diagnostic triangle for evaluating

1. 1
Dr.SURESH KUMAR.K
Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics
S.B. Patil intitute for Dental Sciences and
Research

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CONTENTS
DOWNS ANALYSIS
STEINERS ANALYSIS
TWEEDS ANALYSIS
WITS APPRAIASAL

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1899 -1966

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1947, variation in facial relationships:
their significance in treatment prognosis.
2 fold purpose: to appraise the pattern of
facial skeleton exclusive of teeth and the
relation of teeth and alveolar processes to
the facial skeleton.

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Downs noted that the position of
mandible could be used to determine
whether or not faces were balanced.
His observation were classified into 4
basic facial types.

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DOWNS ANALYSIS
CONTROL MATERIAL- 20 WHITE
SUBJECTS
AGE GROUP- 12 TO 17 YRS
MATERIAL USED- DENTAL CASTS,
MODELS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND
CEPHALOMETRIC AND INTRAORAL
RADIOGRAPHS

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SKELETAL PATTERN:
1. FACIAL ANGLE
2. ANGLE OF CONVEXITY
3. AB PLANE
4. MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE
5. Y AXIS

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N
Pog
FACIAL ANGLE

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USED TO MEASURE THE DEGREE OF
PROTRUSION OR RETRUSION OF LOWER
JAW.
MEAN READING- 87.8
RANGE - 82 TO 95

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N
A
Pog
ANGLE OF CONVEXITY

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USE: MEAURES THE DEGREE OF
MAXILLARY BASAL ARCH AT ITS
ANTERIOR LIMIT RELATIVE TO TOTAL
FACIAL PROFILE.
READ AS NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE
RANGE- -8. 5 TO +10 ;MEAN - O

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A
B
N
Pog
A-B PLANE

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IT MEASURES THE ANTERIOR LIMIT OF
APICAL BASES TO EACH OTHER RELATIVE
TO FACIAL LINE
USUALLY NEGATIVE IN VALUE
RANGE O TO 9; MEAN -4. .6

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MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE

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MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE
ACCORDING TO DOWNS- TANGENT TO
GONIAL ANGLE AND LOWEST POINT ON
SYMPHYSIS
HIGH ANGLE SUGGESTS
HYPERDIVERGENT FACIAL PATTERN
RANGE 17 TO 28,MEAN -2 1.9

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Y AXIS

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Y AXIS
INDICATES DEGREE OF DOWNWARD
REARWARD AND FORWARD POSITON OF
CHIN IN RELATION TO UPPER FACE.
GREATER HORIZONTAL PATTERN,
VERTICAL GROWTH PATTERN.
RANGE – 55 TO 66; MEAN 59.4

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DENTAL PATTERN:
1. CANT OF OCCLUSAL PLANE
2. INTER INCISAL ANGLE
3. INCISOR OCCLUSAL PLANE
ANGLE
4. INCISOR MANDIBULAR PLANE
ANGLE
5. PROTRUSION OF MAXILLARY
INCISORS.

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CANT OF OCCLUSAL PLANE
ORIGINALLY, DEFINED AS THE LINE
BISECTING THE OVERLAPPING CUSPS OF
FIRST MOLARS AND THE INCISAL
OVERBITE.
RANGE -1.5 TO + 14 ,MEAN- +9.3

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INTERINCISAL ANGLE
IT IS ESTABLISHED BY PASSING A LINE
THROUGH THE APEX OF ROOT OF
MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR CENTRAL
INCISORS.
MEAN – 135.4; RANGE - 130– 150

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INCISOR OCCLUSAL PLANE ANGLE
THIS RELATES THE LOWER
INCISORS TO THEIR FUNCTIONING
SURFCE ON OCCLUSAL PLANE.
RANGE - +3.5 TO + 20 MEAN – 14.5

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INCISOR MANDIBULAR PLANE
ANGLE

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INCISOR MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE
ANGLE IS POSITIVE WHEN THE
INCISORS ARE TIPPED FORWARD
ON THE DENTURE BASE.
MEAN - - 8. 5 TO +7 MEAN 1.4

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PROTRUSION OF MAXILLARY
INCISORS
INDICATES AMOUNT OF
MAXILLARY DENTAL
PROTRUSION.
MEAN- +2.7

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1869 - 1989

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INTRODUCED IN THE YEAR – 1953
COMPOSITE ANALYSIS.
MAX CLINICAL INFORMATION
FROM MIN VALUES

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REFERENCE PLANE – SN PLANE
COLOR CODING.
SERIAL RADIOGRAPHS.

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STEINERS
ANALYSIS
SKELETAL
ANALYSIS
DENTAL
ANALYSIS
SOFT TISSUE
ANALYSIS

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MAXILLA
MEAN - 82
SKELETALANALYSIS

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MANDIBLE
TO KNOW
WHETHER
MANDIBLE IS
PROTRUSIVE
OR
RETRUSIVE.

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEEN MAXILLA
AND MANDIBLE
IT GIVES AGENERAL IDEA OF
DISCREPENCY OF MAXILLA AND
MANDIBLE.
MEAN- 2

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A N B ANGLE.

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OCCLUSAL PLANE
DRAWN THROUGH THE REGION OF
OVERLAPPING CUSPS OF FIRST
PREMOLARS AND FIRST MOLARS.
MEAN- 14

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MANDIBULAR PLANE
MEAN – 32
EXCESSIVELY HIGH OR LOW
MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE
SUGGESTS UNFAVORABLE
GROWTH PATTERN.

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MAXILLARY INCISOR POSITION
4 mm IN FRONT OF
THE LINE
22 ANGLE
DENTALANALYSIS

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MANDIBULAR INCISOR POSITION
INDICATES RELATIVE AXIAL
INCLINATION OF THE TEETH.
4MM LINEARLY AND 22
ANGULATION

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INTER INCISAL ANGLE
RELATES RELATIVE PROTRUSION
OF UPPER INCISORS TO THAT OF
LOWER.
THE ANGLE IS 130

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LOWER INCISOR TO CHIN
IDEALLY, ACCORDING TO
HOLDAWAY THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN LABIAL SURFACE OF
LOWER INCISOR TO THE NB LINE
SHOULD BE EQUAL.

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SOFT TISSUE ANALYSIS
IT IS A GRAPHIC RECORD OF THE
VISUAL OBSERVATIONS MADE IN
CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF
PATIENT.

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MONONORMATIVE ANALYSIS
DEVELOPED BY CHARLES TWEED.
ALSO POPULARLY KNOWN AS
TWEEDS DIAGNOSTIC TRIANGLE.

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ITS MADE UP OF 3 PLANES AND 3
ANGLES
3 PLANES ARE-
FRANKFURT PLANE
MANDIBULAR PLANE
A LINE PASSING THROUGH THE
LONG AXIS OF LOWER CENTRAL
INCISOR.

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THE ANGLES
FMA:
RANGE – 20 TO 30
16 – 28 GOOD PROGNOSIS
28 - 35 FAIR
ABOVE 35 BAD

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FMIA: 65 -70
CLASS 1 – 65; CLASS 2- 70
IMPA: 85 TO 95; NORMAL - 90

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KESLING’S FORMULA:
IF FMA VALUE DECREASES BELOW 25
THE MANDIBULAR INCISORS ARE TO BE
PLACED LABIALLY BY +1 FOR EVERY
DEGRE DECREASE IN FMA VALUE.
+5 IS THE MAXIMUM LIMIT LABIALLY.
-8 IS FOR MAX LINGUAL POSITIONING
AT FMA OF 33.

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THE OBJECTIVES
1. TO DETERMINE THE POSITION THE
LOWER INCISOR SHOULD OCCUPY AT
THE END OF TREATMENT.
2. DR. TWEED ESTABLISHED A
PROGNOSIS ON THE TREATMENT
RESULT, BASED ON CONFIGURATION
OF TRIANGLE

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THE PURPOSE OF WITS APPRAISAL
IS TO IDENTIFY INSTANCES IN
WHICH THE ANB READING DOES
NOT ACCURATELY REFLECT THE
EXTENT OF ANTEROPOSTERIOR
JAW DYSPLASIA

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BIBILOGRAPHY
ORTHODONTIC CEPHALOMETRY
ATHANASIOS E ATHANASIOU
RADIOGRAPHIC CEPHALOMETRY-
ALEXANDER JACOBSON
SALZMANN-ROENTOGRAPHIC
CEPHALOMETRICS IN PRACTISE
OF ORTHODONTICS

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MOYERS-ANALYSIS OF FACIAL
SKELETONIN HANDBOOK OF
ORTHODONTICS
ENLOW HANDBOOK OF FACIAL
GROWTH
RAKOSI AN ATLAS AND MANUAL
OF CEPHALOMETRIC
RADIOGRAPHY

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Thank you..