The document discusses various types of sensors including motion sensors, force sensors, position sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, and light sensors. It provides examples of accelerometers, gyroscopes, strain gauges, flex sensors, temperature sensors, and optical sensors. It also discusses applications of sensors in areas like self-balancing robots, walking robots, and temperature control systems using PID control algorithms.
The document discusses various sensors used in robotics including motion sensors like accelerometers and gyroscopes, force/pressure sensors, position sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, light sensors, and novel sensors like the Kinect. It provides examples of applications for these sensors such as self-balancing robots, virtual reality, temperature control systems, and magnetic levitation trains. Diagrams and specifications are given for many common sensors.
Measurement while drilling (MWD) uses downhole sensors and telemetry systems to provide real-time drilling data. MWD tools use either positive pulse, negative pulse, or continuous wave systems to transmit sensor readings like gamma ray, resistivity, temperature, weight on bit, torque, and turbine RPM to the surface. These sensors help evaluate formation properties, monitor drilling parameters, and conduct directional surveying to steer the well.
The document describes the key components and functions of an oscilloscope. It discusses the cathode ray tube, electron gun, deflection systems, and fluorescent screen that are used to display waveforms. It also explains the controls on the oscilloscope panel for adjusting the voltage, timebase, intensity, focus, and triggering of the displayed signals. The document provides an example of taking measurements from a displayed waveform.
Experiment for diode and transistor testing using multimeter. Find the diode bad or good. Identify the terminals of a good diode. Find the hfe of a transistor. Identify the PNP or NPN type of transistor. Identify the diode for open or short circuited.
This document appears to be a student project report on analog signal processing. It includes an introduction discussing why analog signal processing is still important despite digitization trends. It then discusses some common issues with using operational amplifiers in analog circuits and advantages of using operational transconductance amplifiers instead. The report goes on to provide circuit diagrams and simulations of various analog filters and oscillators designed using OTAs.
This document is a work term report submitted by James Herriot to the University of Victoria in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report reviews portable vibration analyzers that were researched during a co-op term working for BC Ferries. It provides information on vibration analysis and different portable vibration analyzer models, finding that they vary in price and capabilities. FFT analyzers can perform more in-depth analysis but require more training than basic vibration meters. The report also defines key vibration analysis terms and concepts.
The Bacharach Tru Pointe is a portable, battery-powered refrigerant leak detector designed to quickly and accurately pinpoint the location of refrigerant leaks. It uses heated-diode sensor technology to instantly detect leaks without any warm-up period or manual sensitivity adjustments. The flexible probe allows for one-handed operation in tight spaces.
Counters are sequential circuits where the output value increases by one on each clock cycle and wraps around back to zero after reaching the maximum value. Ripple counters are asynchronous counters where the flip-flops are not connected to a common clock, but instead are triggered one after another by each previous flip-flop's output in a ripple effect. This causes the periods of each successive flip-flop to be multiples of the clock period, with the last flip-flop having the largest period of 2n for an n-bit ripple counter.
The document discusses various sensors used in robotics including motion sensors like accelerometers and gyroscopes, force/pressure sensors, position sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, light sensors, and novel sensors like the Kinect. It provides examples of applications for these sensors such as self-balancing robots, virtual reality, temperature control systems, and magnetic levitation trains. Diagrams and specifications are given for many common sensors.
Measurement while drilling (MWD) uses downhole sensors and telemetry systems to provide real-time drilling data. MWD tools use either positive pulse, negative pulse, or continuous wave systems to transmit sensor readings like gamma ray, resistivity, temperature, weight on bit, torque, and turbine RPM to the surface. These sensors help evaluate formation properties, monitor drilling parameters, and conduct directional surveying to steer the well.
The document describes the key components and functions of an oscilloscope. It discusses the cathode ray tube, electron gun, deflection systems, and fluorescent screen that are used to display waveforms. It also explains the controls on the oscilloscope panel for adjusting the voltage, timebase, intensity, focus, and triggering of the displayed signals. The document provides an example of taking measurements from a displayed waveform.
Experiment for diode and transistor testing using multimeter. Find the diode bad or good. Identify the terminals of a good diode. Find the hfe of a transistor. Identify the PNP or NPN type of transistor. Identify the diode for open or short circuited.
This document appears to be a student project report on analog signal processing. It includes an introduction discussing why analog signal processing is still important despite digitization trends. It then discusses some common issues with using operational amplifiers in analog circuits and advantages of using operational transconductance amplifiers instead. The report goes on to provide circuit diagrams and simulations of various analog filters and oscillators designed using OTAs.
This document is a work term report submitted by James Herriot to the University of Victoria in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report reviews portable vibration analyzers that were researched during a co-op term working for BC Ferries. It provides information on vibration analysis and different portable vibration analyzer models, finding that they vary in price and capabilities. FFT analyzers can perform more in-depth analysis but require more training than basic vibration meters. The report also defines key vibration analysis terms and concepts.
The Bacharach Tru Pointe is a portable, battery-powered refrigerant leak detector designed to quickly and accurately pinpoint the location of refrigerant leaks. It uses heated-diode sensor technology to instantly detect leaks without any warm-up period or manual sensitivity adjustments. The flexible probe allows for one-handed operation in tight spaces.
Counters are sequential circuits where the output value increases by one on each clock cycle and wraps around back to zero after reaching the maximum value. Ripple counters are asynchronous counters where the flip-flops are not connected to a common clock, but instead are triggered one after another by each previous flip-flop's output in a ripple effect. This causes the periods of each successive flip-flop to be multiples of the clock period, with the last flip-flop having the largest period of 2n for an n-bit ripple counter.
GCARD Roadmap identifies 6 key areas to focus on for better agricultural innovation and livelihoods: collective priorities, partnerships, investments, capacities, linkages, and impacts. GCARD 2 will focus on foresight, partnerships, and capacity development for impact. The session aims to identify gaps, expected outcomes, and commitments over the next two years. Smallholder farmers remain key, as they farm most of the land and food in developing areas. Sustainable agricultural intensification and a focus on the non-farm rural economy are important for improving livelihoods. Conditions like investment, institutions, and knowledge are needed for smallholder development.
Marion Guillou is the chair of the Board of Agreenium, a French public scientific cooperation body that conducts research and higher education in agriculture, food, animal health, and the environment. Agreenium uses foresight processes to anticipate challenges and opportunities through scenario building and collecting weak signals to imagine multiple futures in a complex world. Its Agrimonde and Agrimonde Terra foresight exercises explored sustainability and uncertainty in global food systems and land use to inform research priorities and programming at institutions like INRA. Foresight helps address interconnected global issues but requires considering alternative perspectives and acknowledging uncertainties in predicting the future.
The agenda of GCARD2 (.pdf). Up dated version of 25 october 2012.
Le programme de la GCARD2 (.pdf). Version actualisee du 25 octobre 2012
http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
Frontline Leader Forecast: Cloudy with the Chance of Failing!
Study shows little progress to frontline leadership development. How much does this mediocre leadership cost the economy? Much more than you might think!
1st day. Panel discussion on Innovation for Impact on Smallholder Farmers. Ra...GCARD Conferences
The document summarizes a panel discussion on innovation for smallholder farmers. It outlines challenges such as a lack of defined AR4D priorities around smallholders, insufficient resources and stakeholder involvement. Key messages stressed the need for a holistic, systems approach involving all stakeholders and farmer-centric outscaling of innovations. The GCARD road map proposed collective actions including inclusively defining priorities, ensuring equitable partnerships, increasing investments, developing institutional capacities, coordinating linkages and demonstrating value to society.
The document discusses equitable partnerships for agricultural research and development. It argues that truly inclusive partnerships are important to end hunger and promote sustainable agriculture. While inclusion can seem complex or expensive, the key is willingness to listen to diverse voices like smallholder farmers. Partnerships will be most effective when they respect local knowledge and ensure diverse groups help shape the research agenda.
The Global Leadership Forecast 2011 is the largest and most comprehensive study of its kind. Over 2,600 organizations across 74 countries provided perspectives on the current state of leadership in their organizations and future talent-related needs. The study is based on data from 1,897 HR professionals and 12,423 leaders.
Review the highlights here before participating in our Global Leadership Forecast for 2014.
We need to establish common interlinked platforms at global, regional and national levels for coherent dialogue and policy action, supported by research, related to climate change, agriculture, forestry, crisis response and food security. This session explores the nexus between climate change, agriculture and new needs in partnership. It draws on two CGIAR programs: “Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security” and “Forests, Trees and Agroforestry”
Visit GCARD2 site web for more information: http://gcardblog.wordpress.com/2012/
Nous avons besoins de mettre en place des plates formes d’interactions communes aux niveaux mondial, régional et national pour un dialogue et politique d’actions cohérents supportés par la recherche sur le changement climatique, l’agriculture, la foresterie, les crises et la sécurité alimentaire. Cette section examine les rapports entre le changement climatique, l’agriculture et les nouveaux besoins en partenariat. Il attire l’attention sur deux programmes du CGIAR : "Changement climatique, Agriculture et Sécurité alimentaire" et "Forêts, Arbres et Agroforesterie"
Visitez le site web du GCARD2 pour plus d'informations: http://gcardblog.wordpress.com/2012/
This workbook provides a guide to renovating residential landscapes in Scottsdale, Arizona. It outlines a 5-step process to help homeowners identify their existing landscape conditions, choose from seven designed landscape themes, put together a landscape plan, and implement the plan. The workbook also includes resources for additional information and incentives to share the cost of converting to low-water-use landscapes.
Oil palm composted biomass: preparation, utilization, handling and storageFiona9864
1) Oil palm composted biomass is produced by composting oil palm wastes like empty fruit bunches.
2) The composting process is carried out through various stages as microorganisms break down the organic material. Initially mesophilic bacteria dominate, followed by thermophilic bacteria that raise temperatures.
3) Fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes all play important roles at different stages of decomposition. The finished compost is stable and can be used as fertilizer to improve soil properties.
This article discusses how landscaping and gardening choices can significantly impact water usage in the Okanagan region of British Columbia. It notes that residential lawns and gardens account for about 24% of water usage in the Okanagan. The article promotes xeriscaping, a style of landscaping that reduces water needs by 30-100% through principles like proper plant selection, mulching, and efficient irrigation. Xeriscaping can save water while providing benefits like lower maintenance costs and protecting water quality. The article provides examples of xeriscaped gardens to visit and resources to learn more.
GCARD2: Briefing paper North-South and South-South Collaborative ActionsGCARD Conferences
The Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) and the European Forum on Agricultural Research for Development (EFARD) through The European Alliance on Agricultural Knowledge for Development (AGRINATURA), joined forces in the implementation of the Platform for African-European Partnership on Agricultural Development (PAEPARD), established with funding from the European Union. Among the problems addressed by PAEPARD are: insufficient capacities of African agricultural knowledge organisations, at regional and national levels, on multi-stakeholder partnership for innovation systems; lack of effective linkages between research, extension and rural development.
Visit the conference site for more information: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
Le Forum pour le Recherche Agricole en Afrique (FARA) et le Forum Européen sur le Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (EFARD) à travers l’Alliance Européenne sur la Connaissance Agricole pour le Développement (AGRINATURA) ont joint leurs efforts dans la mise en place de la Plate forme pour le partenariat Afrique-Europe sur le Développement Agricole (PAEPARD), élaborée avec le financement de l’Union Européenne. Parmi les problèmes abordés par la PAERPARD on peut citer : la faible capacité des Organisations Africaines de Connaissance Agricole, aux niveaux régional et national, et sur le partenariat multi-acteurs pour les systèmes d’innovation ; le manque de relations effective entre la recherche, la vulgarisation et le développement rural.
Visitez le site web de la GCARD2 pour plus d'informations: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
F1. The state of foresight in food and agriculture and the roads towards impr...GCARD Conferences
This document discusses the state of foresight in food and agriculture and opportunities for improvement. It defines foresight as a process combining prospective, planning, and participative approaches. The document notes that improved foresight requires integrating diverse perspectives, data, and stakeholder views. It also requires mobilizing expert analyses and coordinating various national and international initiatives. The current state of foresight is analyzed based on an inventory, noting some gaps. Key challenges are identified around issues like food insecurity. The document concludes by proposing collective actions to advance foresight, such as further discussion and commitments during an upcoming conference.
Okanagan Waterwise: Assessment of Water Management and Global WarmingFiona9864
This document presents the findings of a study that used participatory integrated assessment and system dynamics modeling to explore water management and climate change in the Okanagan Basin of British Columbia. The study involved workshops where stakeholders collaborated to develop a system dynamics model of the basin's water system. The model explored scenarios of population growth, climate change, urban development patterns, and various adaptation strategies. The report details the workshop process, describes the system dynamics model developed, and presents results from different model scenarios examining issues like urban and agricultural water demand under climate change. The overarching goal was to facilitate shared learning among stakeholders about complex water management challenges in the Okanagan Basin.
C2.1. Innovation, institutional learning and networks for development in LACGCARD Conferences
This document discusses innovation, institutional learning, and networks for agricultural development in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It provides examples of experiences at different levels, including the INNOVAGRO network which involves stakeholders in national agricultural research systems across the hemisphere, sub-regional networks like PROCIS, and El Salvador's Family Agriculture Plan. Key lessons are that trust is important for partnerships and networks to work effectively, and local innovation networks are important given innovations often occur at the territorial level. The document concludes with proposals like promoting a global partnership for family farming development and implementing a hemispheric strategy to modernize agricultural research institutions in LAC.
GCARD2: Briefing paper Household Nutrition Security (WFP)GCARD Conferences
While the research agenda is growing, there remains limited concrete evidence on how agriculture–nutrition linkages work. A mapping exercise has been completed by DFID/LCIRAH outlining the research gaps. However more nutrition-relevant data from agricultural interventions needs to be generated, collected and shared, and nutritional indicators need to be included in evaluations. LCIRAH identify the need for greater understanding of the pathways from agricultural inputs and practices through value chains to effects on food environment, consumption and nutrition.
Visit the conference site for more information: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
Bien que les programmes de recherche se multiplient, il n'existe pas encore de preuves concrètes sur la façon dont les relations entre l’agriculture et la nutrition fonctionnent. Un état des lieux a été réalisé par DFID/LCIRAH montrant les lacunes de la recherche dans ce domaine. Cependant, d'importantes données nutritionnelles pertinentes doivent être générées, collectées et partagées ; et les indicateurs nutritionnels doivent être inclus dans les évaluations. LCIRAH identifie la nécessité pour une large compréhension des mécanismes depuis les intrants et pratiques agricoles, a travers les chaines de valeur et aux effets sur les aliments, la consommation et la nutrition.
Visitez le site de la GCARD2 pour plus d'informations: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
C3.2. Strengthening Capacity of National Agricultural Advisory Services Multi...GCARD Conferences
This document discusses capacity strengthening for national agricultural advisory services multi-stakeholder platforms in sub-Saharan Africa. It outlines that agriculture is the main activity but food insecurity remains a problem, putting pressure on extension services to modernize farming and increase incomes. Agricultural training institutions, employers, and professional platforms can provide capacity building, but challenges include the need for strong farmer organizations and population pressures reducing agricultural viability. Country fora can play an important role by lobbying for partnerships, identifying organizational needs, providing evidence for policy, and establishing foundations for professional growth.
Developing capacity for change to enhance the potential of investment into ag...GCARD Conferences
The document discusses developing capacity for agricultural innovation systems. It notes that investments in agricultural R&D are low and concentrated in high-income countries. The Tropical Agriculture Platform was launched by the G20 to address capacity gaps in low and middle-income tropical countries. The TAP framework proposes a dual pathway approach and 5-stage cycle for capacity development, focusing on strengthening individual, organizational and enabling environment capacities for planning, implementing, adapting and responding to innovation needs. The framework is meant to increase coordination and impact of capacity development initiatives for more effective agricultural innovation systems.
4th day. Report from the Capacity Development SessionsGCARD Conferences
The document summarizes discussions from sessions at a capacity development event on various topics related to agricultural research for development. Session topics included public investments, public-private partnerships, North-South and South-South collective actions, institutional knowledge and learning, empowering women and youth, access to agricultural data and information, and knowledge advisory systems. Key recommendations from the sessions focused on collaboration, knowledge sharing, empowering underserved groups, enabling policies, and measuring outcomes.
The document describes the key components and functions of a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO). A CRO uses an electron gun to shoot electrons at a fluorescent screen, allowing voltage and time waveforms to be displayed. It has vertical and horizontal deflection plates that shape the electron beam according to input voltage signals. Key controls allow users to adjust settings like voltage and time scales, trigger modes, and focus of the electron beam trace.
This document discusses data acquisition systems for process measurement applications. It begins by explaining the basic architecture of a data acquisition system, including sensors, transducers, signal conditioning, analog-to-digital conversion, and software for post-processing. It then focuses on the National Instruments DAQ hardware and LabVIEW software platform, highlighting features such as plug-and-play connectivity, built-in signal conditioning modules, and high-speed data streaming. The document aims to help readers understand data acquisition system design and apply techniques for signal conditioning, analog and digital data acquisition, and utilizing NI hardware configuration features for data acquisition applications.
GCARD Roadmap identifies 6 key areas to focus on for better agricultural innovation and livelihoods: collective priorities, partnerships, investments, capacities, linkages, and impacts. GCARD 2 will focus on foresight, partnerships, and capacity development for impact. The session aims to identify gaps, expected outcomes, and commitments over the next two years. Smallholder farmers remain key, as they farm most of the land and food in developing areas. Sustainable agricultural intensification and a focus on the non-farm rural economy are important for improving livelihoods. Conditions like investment, institutions, and knowledge are needed for smallholder development.
Marion Guillou is the chair of the Board of Agreenium, a French public scientific cooperation body that conducts research and higher education in agriculture, food, animal health, and the environment. Agreenium uses foresight processes to anticipate challenges and opportunities through scenario building and collecting weak signals to imagine multiple futures in a complex world. Its Agrimonde and Agrimonde Terra foresight exercises explored sustainability and uncertainty in global food systems and land use to inform research priorities and programming at institutions like INRA. Foresight helps address interconnected global issues but requires considering alternative perspectives and acknowledging uncertainties in predicting the future.
The agenda of GCARD2 (.pdf). Up dated version of 25 october 2012.
Le programme de la GCARD2 (.pdf). Version actualisee du 25 octobre 2012
http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
Frontline Leader Forecast: Cloudy with the Chance of Failing!
Study shows little progress to frontline leadership development. How much does this mediocre leadership cost the economy? Much more than you might think!
1st day. Panel discussion on Innovation for Impact on Smallholder Farmers. Ra...GCARD Conferences
The document summarizes a panel discussion on innovation for smallholder farmers. It outlines challenges such as a lack of defined AR4D priorities around smallholders, insufficient resources and stakeholder involvement. Key messages stressed the need for a holistic, systems approach involving all stakeholders and farmer-centric outscaling of innovations. The GCARD road map proposed collective actions including inclusively defining priorities, ensuring equitable partnerships, increasing investments, developing institutional capacities, coordinating linkages and demonstrating value to society.
The document discusses equitable partnerships for agricultural research and development. It argues that truly inclusive partnerships are important to end hunger and promote sustainable agriculture. While inclusion can seem complex or expensive, the key is willingness to listen to diverse voices like smallholder farmers. Partnerships will be most effective when they respect local knowledge and ensure diverse groups help shape the research agenda.
The Global Leadership Forecast 2011 is the largest and most comprehensive study of its kind. Over 2,600 organizations across 74 countries provided perspectives on the current state of leadership in their organizations and future talent-related needs. The study is based on data from 1,897 HR professionals and 12,423 leaders.
Review the highlights here before participating in our Global Leadership Forecast for 2014.
We need to establish common interlinked platforms at global, regional and national levels for coherent dialogue and policy action, supported by research, related to climate change, agriculture, forestry, crisis response and food security. This session explores the nexus between climate change, agriculture and new needs in partnership. It draws on two CGIAR programs: “Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security” and “Forests, Trees and Agroforestry”
Visit GCARD2 site web for more information: http://gcardblog.wordpress.com/2012/
Nous avons besoins de mettre en place des plates formes d’interactions communes aux niveaux mondial, régional et national pour un dialogue et politique d’actions cohérents supportés par la recherche sur le changement climatique, l’agriculture, la foresterie, les crises et la sécurité alimentaire. Cette section examine les rapports entre le changement climatique, l’agriculture et les nouveaux besoins en partenariat. Il attire l’attention sur deux programmes du CGIAR : "Changement climatique, Agriculture et Sécurité alimentaire" et "Forêts, Arbres et Agroforesterie"
Visitez le site web du GCARD2 pour plus d'informations: http://gcardblog.wordpress.com/2012/
This workbook provides a guide to renovating residential landscapes in Scottsdale, Arizona. It outlines a 5-step process to help homeowners identify their existing landscape conditions, choose from seven designed landscape themes, put together a landscape plan, and implement the plan. The workbook also includes resources for additional information and incentives to share the cost of converting to low-water-use landscapes.
Oil palm composted biomass: preparation, utilization, handling and storageFiona9864
1) Oil palm composted biomass is produced by composting oil palm wastes like empty fruit bunches.
2) The composting process is carried out through various stages as microorganisms break down the organic material. Initially mesophilic bacteria dominate, followed by thermophilic bacteria that raise temperatures.
3) Fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes all play important roles at different stages of decomposition. The finished compost is stable and can be used as fertilizer to improve soil properties.
This article discusses how landscaping and gardening choices can significantly impact water usage in the Okanagan region of British Columbia. It notes that residential lawns and gardens account for about 24% of water usage in the Okanagan. The article promotes xeriscaping, a style of landscaping that reduces water needs by 30-100% through principles like proper plant selection, mulching, and efficient irrigation. Xeriscaping can save water while providing benefits like lower maintenance costs and protecting water quality. The article provides examples of xeriscaped gardens to visit and resources to learn more.
GCARD2: Briefing paper North-South and South-South Collaborative ActionsGCARD Conferences
The Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) and the European Forum on Agricultural Research for Development (EFARD) through The European Alliance on Agricultural Knowledge for Development (AGRINATURA), joined forces in the implementation of the Platform for African-European Partnership on Agricultural Development (PAEPARD), established with funding from the European Union. Among the problems addressed by PAEPARD are: insufficient capacities of African agricultural knowledge organisations, at regional and national levels, on multi-stakeholder partnership for innovation systems; lack of effective linkages between research, extension and rural development.
Visit the conference site for more information: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
Le Forum pour le Recherche Agricole en Afrique (FARA) et le Forum Européen sur le Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (EFARD) à travers l’Alliance Européenne sur la Connaissance Agricole pour le Développement (AGRINATURA) ont joint leurs efforts dans la mise en place de la Plate forme pour le partenariat Afrique-Europe sur le Développement Agricole (PAEPARD), élaborée avec le financement de l’Union Européenne. Parmi les problèmes abordés par la PAERPARD on peut citer : la faible capacité des Organisations Africaines de Connaissance Agricole, aux niveaux régional et national, et sur le partenariat multi-acteurs pour les systèmes d’innovation ; le manque de relations effective entre la recherche, la vulgarisation et le développement rural.
Visitez le site web de la GCARD2 pour plus d'informations: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
F1. The state of foresight in food and agriculture and the roads towards impr...GCARD Conferences
This document discusses the state of foresight in food and agriculture and opportunities for improvement. It defines foresight as a process combining prospective, planning, and participative approaches. The document notes that improved foresight requires integrating diverse perspectives, data, and stakeholder views. It also requires mobilizing expert analyses and coordinating various national and international initiatives. The current state of foresight is analyzed based on an inventory, noting some gaps. Key challenges are identified around issues like food insecurity. The document concludes by proposing collective actions to advance foresight, such as further discussion and commitments during an upcoming conference.
Okanagan Waterwise: Assessment of Water Management and Global WarmingFiona9864
This document presents the findings of a study that used participatory integrated assessment and system dynamics modeling to explore water management and climate change in the Okanagan Basin of British Columbia. The study involved workshops where stakeholders collaborated to develop a system dynamics model of the basin's water system. The model explored scenarios of population growth, climate change, urban development patterns, and various adaptation strategies. The report details the workshop process, describes the system dynamics model developed, and presents results from different model scenarios examining issues like urban and agricultural water demand under climate change. The overarching goal was to facilitate shared learning among stakeholders about complex water management challenges in the Okanagan Basin.
C2.1. Innovation, institutional learning and networks for development in LACGCARD Conferences
This document discusses innovation, institutional learning, and networks for agricultural development in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It provides examples of experiences at different levels, including the INNOVAGRO network which involves stakeholders in national agricultural research systems across the hemisphere, sub-regional networks like PROCIS, and El Salvador's Family Agriculture Plan. Key lessons are that trust is important for partnerships and networks to work effectively, and local innovation networks are important given innovations often occur at the territorial level. The document concludes with proposals like promoting a global partnership for family farming development and implementing a hemispheric strategy to modernize agricultural research institutions in LAC.
GCARD2: Briefing paper Household Nutrition Security (WFP)GCARD Conferences
While the research agenda is growing, there remains limited concrete evidence on how agriculture–nutrition linkages work. A mapping exercise has been completed by DFID/LCIRAH outlining the research gaps. However more nutrition-relevant data from agricultural interventions needs to be generated, collected and shared, and nutritional indicators need to be included in evaluations. LCIRAH identify the need for greater understanding of the pathways from agricultural inputs and practices through value chains to effects on food environment, consumption and nutrition.
Visit the conference site for more information: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
Bien que les programmes de recherche se multiplient, il n'existe pas encore de preuves concrètes sur la façon dont les relations entre l’agriculture et la nutrition fonctionnent. Un état des lieux a été réalisé par DFID/LCIRAH montrant les lacunes de la recherche dans ce domaine. Cependant, d'importantes données nutritionnelles pertinentes doivent être générées, collectées et partagées ; et les indicateurs nutritionnels doivent être inclus dans les évaluations. LCIRAH identifie la nécessité pour une large compréhension des mécanismes depuis les intrants et pratiques agricoles, a travers les chaines de valeur et aux effets sur les aliments, la consommation et la nutrition.
Visitez le site de la GCARD2 pour plus d'informations: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
C3.2. Strengthening Capacity of National Agricultural Advisory Services Multi...GCARD Conferences
This document discusses capacity strengthening for national agricultural advisory services multi-stakeholder platforms in sub-Saharan Africa. It outlines that agriculture is the main activity but food insecurity remains a problem, putting pressure on extension services to modernize farming and increase incomes. Agricultural training institutions, employers, and professional platforms can provide capacity building, but challenges include the need for strong farmer organizations and population pressures reducing agricultural viability. Country fora can play an important role by lobbying for partnerships, identifying organizational needs, providing evidence for policy, and establishing foundations for professional growth.
Developing capacity for change to enhance the potential of investment into ag...GCARD Conferences
The document discusses developing capacity for agricultural innovation systems. It notes that investments in agricultural R&D are low and concentrated in high-income countries. The Tropical Agriculture Platform was launched by the G20 to address capacity gaps in low and middle-income tropical countries. The TAP framework proposes a dual pathway approach and 5-stage cycle for capacity development, focusing on strengthening individual, organizational and enabling environment capacities for planning, implementing, adapting and responding to innovation needs. The framework is meant to increase coordination and impact of capacity development initiatives for more effective agricultural innovation systems.
4th day. Report from the Capacity Development SessionsGCARD Conferences
The document summarizes discussions from sessions at a capacity development event on various topics related to agricultural research for development. Session topics included public investments, public-private partnerships, North-South and South-South collective actions, institutional knowledge and learning, empowering women and youth, access to agricultural data and information, and knowledge advisory systems. Key recommendations from the sessions focused on collaboration, knowledge sharing, empowering underserved groups, enabling policies, and measuring outcomes.
The document describes the key components and functions of a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO). A CRO uses an electron gun to shoot electrons at a fluorescent screen, allowing voltage and time waveforms to be displayed. It has vertical and horizontal deflection plates that shape the electron beam according to input voltage signals. Key controls allow users to adjust settings like voltage and time scales, trigger modes, and focus of the electron beam trace.
This document discusses data acquisition systems for process measurement applications. It begins by explaining the basic architecture of a data acquisition system, including sensors, transducers, signal conditioning, analog-to-digital conversion, and software for post-processing. It then focuses on the National Instruments DAQ hardware and LabVIEW software platform, highlighting features such as plug-and-play connectivity, built-in signal conditioning modules, and high-speed data streaming. The document aims to help readers understand data acquisition system design and apply techniques for signal conditioning, analog and digital data acquisition, and utilizing NI hardware configuration features for data acquisition applications.
This document discusses signal conditioning, which involves processing sensor output signals to prepare them for the next stage of a measurement system. Common issues with raw sensor outputs are low amplitude, noise, and incorrect voltage/current form. Signal conditioning circuits are used to amplify, filter, convert, and isolate signals to meet requirements. Processes like amplification, filtering, attenuation, linearization, and bridge completion are described. Signal conditioning is necessary to convert sensor outputs into a form that can be accurately measured, processed, transmitted, and stored in digital systems.
This document discusses different types of mechanical sensors including displacement, proximity, motion, and other sensors. It describes key concepts like transducers, sensors and actuators. Specific sensor types are explained in detail such as potentiometers, inductive sensors, eddy current sensors, capacitive sensors, LVDTs, and encoders. Applications of sensors in various industrial machinery are also mentioned.
The document provides an introduction to various topics related to vector network analyzers (VNA) and antenna parameters. It discusses the types of devices that can be tested by VNAs including active, passive, and integrated components. It also covers transmission line basics, S-parameter definitions and measurements, and why S-parameters are commonly used. For antenna parameters, it defines reflection coefficient, bandwidth in terms of SWR and reflection coefficient, VSWR as a measure of impedance mismatch, and impedance matching between the transmission line and antenna.
The document describes a weather monitoring and control system for a greenhouse. Sensors measure parameters like temperature, humidity, light, and soil moisture. A microcontroller processes the sensor data and controls actuators like pumps, sprayers, and lights. The system aims to automatically control the greenhouse climate based on predefined thresholds to optimize plant growth and production.
Basics of transducers phys3360AEP3630.pptxTaushifulHoque
This document discusses various types of transducers:
- Transducers convert one form of energy into another and sensors/actuators are input/output transducers. Common sensors include light, temperature, force/pressure, position, speed, sound, and other physical quantity sensors.
- Examples of position sensors discussed include potentiometers, LVDTs, inductive proximity switches, and rotary encoders. Temperature sensors discussed include bimetallic switches, thermistors, PRTs, and thermocouples. Light sensors discussed are photoconductive cells, light level switches, photodiodes, phototransistors, and photovoltaic solar cells.
- Other transducer types briefly discussed
1. The document describes a final project to build an analog PID control circuit using op-amps. It includes objectives, a list of components, and detailed instructions on assembling the circuit and testing it.
2. Key steps include deriving the transfer functions for the proportional, derivative, and integral controllers. Tests are done to observe input-output waveforms for each section alone and for the combined PID controller.
3. Optional tests include modifying the derivative and integral sections, testing with different input signals, closed-loop simulations, and integrating the PID controller into a double integrator plant model.
The document provides information on various types of input and output devices used in industrial control systems. It discusses binary, digital and analog I/O devices and provides examples. It also describes different types of mechanical switches, sensors, and solid state devices like diodes, transistors, SCRs and triacs. Additionally, it summarizes different photoelectric sensing techniques such as opposed, retroreflective, and proximity modes as well as concepts like effective beam, ambient light receivers and modulated light sources.
This document provides an overview of various types of transducers. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another. It then classifies transducers based on their sensing and transduction elements. Several common transducers are described in detail, including strain gauges, LVDTs, hotwire anemometers, resistance thermometers, thermocouples, and synchros. Examples and applications are given for each. The document also discusses performance characteristics and includes sample problems related to transducers.
Chapter5 sensors of robots automation latestAdib Ezio
This chapter discusses sensors used in robot automation. It describes different types of sensors including velocity, acceleration, and position sensors. Velocity sensors measure medium to low frequencies and act as low-pass filters. Acceleration sensors measure the highest frequencies using piezoelectric, strain gage, or servo accelerometers. Position sensors include potentiometers, resolvers, optical encoders, and linear variable differential transformers (LVDT). The chapter concludes by discussing applications of robot sensors in industries like using contact sensors to detect welding seams or non-contact through-the-arc sensors to detect welding parameters.
The document discusses the components and functions of an oscilloscope. It describes the cathode ray tube, electron gun, and deflection plates that are used to display signal waveforms on screen. It explains how the front panel controls like timebase, volts/div, and focus are used to measure and analyze signals. Applications of oscilloscopes mentioned include measuring voltage, displaying waveforms, and determining frequency and time intervals of signals.
Sensors-and-Actuators-working principle and types of sensorsRameshBabu920476
The document provides an overview of a presentation on sensors and actuators for a robotics club. It discusses:
1. The comparison between transducers, sensors, and actuators.
2. Descriptions and classifications of different sensor types including active vs passive sensors.
3. How actuators work and examples like motors.
4. The computer process control system and concepts like analog to digital conversion, sampling, quantization, and encoding.
The document describes various types of clipping circuits used for non-linear wave shaping. It discusses positive clipping, negative clipping, and slicing circuits. Positive clipping circuits clip the positive portions of a signal that exceed a reference voltage. Negative clipping circuits clip the negative portions above a reference level. A slicing circuit clips both positive and negative portions. The document provides circuit diagrams and expected input and output waveforms for each type of clipping circuit using a diode and resistor. It aims to study these clipping circuits experimentally and verify the theoretical responses.
The document describes the cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) and how it can be used as a measuring instrument. It discusses the CRO's construction, including the electron gun and deflection plate system. It explains how a CRO can be used to measure voltage, frequency, and phase by displaying signal waveforms and using calibrated controls. Key parts, controls, and connection points of the CRO are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of sensors. It begins by defining sensors and their basic components and applications. It then classifies sensors as primary or secondary, active or passive, and analog or digital. Various passive resistive sensors are described, including potentiometers, temperature dependent resistors, strain gauges, and photoconductors. Capacitive and inductive sensors are also introduced. Examples of applications like displacement, pressure, and proximity sensors are provided. Linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) are discussed as an example of an inductive displacement sensor.
This document provides an overview of sensors and signal processing. It discusses the key roles of sensors in production lines including alarming systems, reducing labor requirements, and ensuring product quality. The document defines sensors and transducers, and describes smart sensors that combine signal conditioning and microprocessors. It then covers the basic performance characteristics of sensors including static characteristics like range, sensitivity and resolution, and dynamic characteristics like response to different input signals. Finally, it describes different types of commonly used sensors such as strain gauges, potentiometers, and capacitive displacement sensors.
This is B.E Lab for 3rd Semester Computer Science Branch. Its involve semiconductor CRO and DSO. It consist of 10 experiment which is necessary to perform during semester.
This document discusses different types of sensors including temperature, accelerometer, light, magnetic field, ultrasonic, photogate, and CO2 gas sensors. It explains how sensors work by detecting a physical phenomenon and converting it into a usable output signal. Sensors are used in many applications to measure properties like temperature, pressure, sound, light, motion, and more. The document also covers sensor classifications and considerations for sensor system design.
1. The document discusses various electronic components used in circuits including resistors, capacitors, transistors, diodes, LEDs, infrared detectors, integrated circuits, motors, servos, bumper switches, limit switches, ultrasonic range finders, and light sensors.
2. Capacitors are used to store energy and release it later, while diodes allow current to flow in only one direction. Transistors are commonly used for signal amplification and switching.
3. Sensors like bumper switches, limit switches, ultrasonic range finders, and light sensors provide input that robots can use to detect obstacles, proximity, light levels and more.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. CENG4480_A1
Sensors
Sensing the real world
Sensors (v.1c) 2
3. Sensors
Motion (Orientation/inclination )sensors
Force/pressure/strain
Position
Temperature and humidity
Rotary position
Light and magnetic field sensors
Sensors (v.1c) 3
5. Accelerometer
Functions:
measure acceleration in one or more directions,
position can be deduced by integration.
Orientation sensing : tilt sensor
Vibration sensing
Methods:
Mass spring method ADXL78 (from Analog Device )
Air pocket method (MX2125)
Sensors (v.1c) 5
6. ADXL78 (from Analog Device
http://www.analog.com/UploadedFiles/Data_Sheets/ADXL
)
Mass spring type (output acceleration in G)
Measure the capacitance to create output
Sensors (v.1c) 6
7. ADXL330 accelerometer for three (X,Y,Z ) directions
http://www.analog.com/UploadedFiles/Data_Sheets/ADXL330.pdf
3D
Sensors (v.1c) 7
8. 2D translational accelerometer
MX2125
Gas pocket type
When the sensor
moves, the
temperatures of
the 4 sensors are
used to evaluate
the 2D
accelerations
Sensors (v.1c) 8
11. Gyroscopes
Gyroscope
Measure rotational angle
Rate Gyroscope Gyroscope
measure the rate of rotation along 3-axes of X
(pitch), Y (roll), and Z (yaw).
Modern implementations are using
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
technologies.
Sensors (v.1c) 11
12. Gyroscope to measure Rational acceleration
ADXRS401
FEATURES
Complete rate gyroscope on a single chip Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
Z-axis (yaw-rate) response
APPLICATIONS
GPS navigation systems
Image stabilization
Inertial measurement units
Platform stabilization Sensors (v.1c) 12
13. Compass-- the Philips KMZ51
magnetic field sensor
50/60Hz (high) operation, a jitter of around
1.5°
Sensors (v.1c) 13
14. Rate gyroscope demo
Using Gyroscope compass for virtual reality application in an iphone
Sensors (v.1c) 14
15. Application of motion sensors
Self balancing robot
by Kelvin Ko Motion sensors:
http://hk.youtube.com/watch?v=2u-EO2FDFG0
gyroscope and
accelerometer
20cm
35cm
Sensors (v.1c)35cm 15
24. Application of force sensing resistance
sensors to balance a walking robot
Balancing Floor tilled left Floor tilled right
Neutral position upper leg bend right upper leg bend left
Four sensors under the foot
Sensors (v.1c) 24
26. The Nao robot uses force feedback at its feet
Sensors (v.1c) 26
27. Strain Gauge : Force sensors
Piezoelectric crystal: produces a voltage that is
proportional to force applied
Strain gauge: cemented on a rod. One end of the
rod is fixed, force is applied to the other end. The
resistance of the gauge will change with the force.
Sensors (v.1c) 27
28. Single element strain gauge
sensitive to temperature change.
Vb gauge
R Gauge=R+∆R rod
V0
R
R load
R R ∆R ∆R G ∆L
V0 = Vb − = Vb ≈ Vb = Vb
2 R 2 R + ∆R 4 R + 2 ∆R 4R 4 L
∆R ∆L
for =G and G = strain gauge factor, L = length of the gauge
R L
R = unstrained gauge resistance
Sensors (v.1c) 28
29. Four-element (Wheatstone
bridge) strain gauge sensor,
Four times more sensitive than single gauge system; not
sensitive to temperature change.
All gauges have unstrained resistance R.
t1 t2
Vb
b2=R-∆R t1=R+∆R rod
V0 b1 b2
t2=R+ ∆R b1=R-∆R load
R + ∆R R − ∆R 2∆ R ∆L
V0 = Vb − = Vb = Vb G
R + ∆R + R − ∆R R + ∆R + R − ∆R 2R L
Sensors (v.1c) 29
34. Infra-red Range detectors by SHARP (4 to 30cm)
An emitter sends out light pulses. A small
linear CCD array receives reflected light.
The distance corresponds to the triangle
formed.
Sensors (v.1c) 34
35. IR radar using the Sharp range
detector
Sensors (v.1c) 35
40. Temperature sensors
LM135/235/335 features(from NS)
Directly calibrated in °Kelvin
1°C initial accuracy available
Operates from 400 µA to 5 mA
Less than 1 Ohm dynamic impedance
Easily calibrated
Wide operating temperature range
200°C over range
Low cost
Sensors (v.1c) 40
44. TSL250, TSL251, TSL252
LIGHT-TO-VOLTAGE OPTICAL SENSORS
Light-to-voltage optical sensors, each combining a
photodiode and an amplifier (feedback resistor =
16 MW, 8 MW, and 2 MW respectively).
The output voltage is directly proportional to the
light intensity on the photodiode.
Sensors (v.1c) 44
52. Control example: Temperature control system
computer
Digital control Timer
Water tank circuit
Temp. Sample
Sensor Instrum. A/D
amp. &
Hold
CPU
Pulse Width
Heater modulation D/A
& solid state relay
Sensors (v.1c) 52
53. Temperature control method 1: ON-Off (bang-bang)
control (poor)
Easy to implement, bad control result -- contains overshoot
undershot. Algorithm for on-off-control:
Loop forever: If (Tfrom_sensor > Treq required temperature)
then (heater off )
else (heater on).
Overshoot
Treq
Steady state error
Undershoot
Temp
On-off control result
Time
Sensors (v.1c) 53
54. Temperature control method 2 : Proportional-integral-
differential (PID) temperature control (good)
Init. (set required temperature Treq)
Loop forever{
get temperature T from sensor, Tw
e=T - Treq
then Tw =e*G*{Kp+Kd*[d(e)/dt] +Ki*∫e dt }
Proportional, differential, integral
else
} //G,Kp,Kd,Ki can be adjusted by user
Tw Sensors (v.1c) 54
56. PID control using pulse width
modulation PWM
Tw (depends on e )
Time
Fixed period and fixed number of pulses
Temperature On-off control: oscillates and unstable
Treq
PID control result
of method 2
Time
Sensors (v.1c) 56
57. Summary
Studied the characteristics of various
sensors
and their applications
Sensors (v.1c) 57