The document summarizes key information about cells: 1. Cells are the basic structural and functional units that make up all living things. All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division. 2. Important early discoveries in cell biology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovering single-celled organisms under a microscope in 1673 and Robert Hooke observing "cells" in cork in 1665. 3. The cell theory, developed in the 1800s by scientists like Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, established that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

1. CELLS

2. Organelle
smaller?
More examples??
“
Cell
Tissue
Levels of
organisation
of the life
Organ
Organ
Muscle
cell
“
Muscle
“
“
System
Organism
Nucleus
bigger??
Heart
Circulatory
system
Human

3. Cell is the smallest unit of life,
the smallest structure that is classified as a
living thing,
and is often called the building block of life
- but I dont think this description is clear enough-

4. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit
of an organism
What does it mean?
All living things are
made up of one or more
cells.
All living cells come from
pre-existing cells by
division.
The activity of an organism
depends on
the total activity of individual cells.
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition
in organisms of similar species.

5. Anton van Leuwenhoek
1673 - Anton van Leuwenhoek used a
handmade microscope to observe
pond water & discovered
single-celled organisms
He called them “animalcules”
He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs,
and humans
Therefore, it was known that cells are
found in animals as well as plants

6. MICROSCOPIO
DE
LEEUWENHOEK
Tornillo
s
para
enfoque
Lente
Muestra
en
la punta
del
alfiler
Microbios que
Leeuwenhoek
observó (con un
aumento que
superaba el de los
primeros
microscopios con
lentes múltiples).

7. Discovery of Cells – Robert Hooke
1665 – English scientist, Robert Hooke,
discovered cells when he was looking
through one of the first microscopes
Looked at a thin slice of cork and
described what he saw as “tiny boxes or
honeycombs”
Named the boxes “cells” as they reminded
him of the cells in monasteries
Thought cells only existed in plants

8. Development of Cell Theory – 1800’s
1833 – Robert Brown

Observed the nucleus in the epidermis of an orchid

9. Schleiden and Schwann
1838 - Matthias Schleiden, a German
professor of botany, identified the first
plant cells and concluded that all parts
of a plant is made of cells
1839 – Theodor Schwann, a German
zoologist and a close friend of
Schleiden, stated that all animal
tissues are composed of cells.

10. Rudolf
Virchow
1855 – Rudolf Virchow, German
doctor
Proved that cells come from other
cells, not from non-living matter
“Omnis cellula e cellula”

11. The Complete Cell Theory
Putting it all together:
The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now
complete:
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden &
Schwann, 1838-39)
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living
things (Schleiden & Schwann, 1838-39)
3. All cells come from preexisting cells (Virchow, 1858)

12. ¿Por qué las células suelen ser pequeñas?


El cubo de 4 cm de arista,
los ocho cubos de 2 cm de
arista y los 64 cubos de 1
cm de arista tienen todos
el mismo volumen. Pero al
dividir el volumen en
porciones, la superficie
total aumenta.
Al ser las células pequeñas
tienen mayor superficie
(aumentando la eficacia de
entrada y salida de
materiales).

15. Cells have lots of
different functions but
they are often
specialised to do a
particular job.
For this reason each
type of cell has
special characteristics
that make it well
adapted at carrying
out its functions.

18. We are going to study in detail just
a few of the organelles in animal cells:
* mitochondria
* nucleus and DNA
* ribosomes
* ER + Golgi apparatus

19. mitochondria role:
cellular respiration

20. GLÚCIDOS:
estructura
°#Lèô‚#†_LÙ#¨éxŸÚ³.7G®#*jÝW±#5
C6H12O6

21. 1.- MONOSACÁRIDOS
glucosa, fructosa y galactosa
No requieren digestión pues son pequeñas moléculas.
De fórmula C6H12O6
PO
S
LI
A
CÁ
S
O
D
RI
as simbolizaremos como
3.
Se disuelven en agua y tienen sabor dulce
GLÚCIDOS:
estructura
2.- DISACÁRIDOS
sacarosa y lactosa, uniones de dos monosacáridos
Requieren digestión hasta monosacáridos para poder entrar en las célul
Se disuelven en agua y tienen sabor dulce.
Las simbolizaremos como

22. Respiración
celular
+
+ Energía
La ecuación anterior
solo tiene sentido...
considerando el resultado aprovechable
por los seres vivos cuando realizan el proceso:
LA ENERGÍA

23. Nucleus role: containing DNA
DNA carries the information for making
all of the cell's proteins.
Ribosome role: producing proteins.
These proteins perform all of the functions
of a living organism

24. Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) is the master
molecule of every cell.
It control the making
of other molecules
(proteins)
Although it may look
complicated, the DNA in a
cell is just a sequence
made up of four different
parts called nucleotides.
Imagine a set of blocks
that has only four shapes,
or an alphabet that has
only four letters. DNA is a
long string of these blocks
or letters.

25. DNA carries the information for making all of the
cell's proteins.
These proteins carry out all of the functions of a living
organism
When the cell reproduces, it has to pass all of this information
-copy of DNA- to the daughter cells.
In DNA, each protein is encoded by a gene (a specific
sequence of DNA) that determines the order of amino acids
that must be put together to make a protein.

26. A protein is made of a long chain of chemicals called
amino acids
Depending on the sequence of amino acids,
trillions different proteins
20 types of amino acids in organisms
protein

27. Proteins have many functions:
Enzymes that speed up chemical reactions (such as digestive enzymes)
Structural proteins that are building materials (such as collagen and nail keratin)
Transporting proteins that carry substances (such as oxygen-carrying haemoglobin in blood)
Contraction proteins that cause muscles to compress (such as actin and myosin)
Hormones - chemical messengers between cells (including insulin, growth hormone etcetera)
Protective proteins - antibodies of the immune system, clotting -coagulantes- proteins in blood
The particular sequence of amino acids in the protein chain is
what makes one protein different from another. This sequence
is encoded in the DNA where one gene encodes -CODIFICAfor one protein.

28. The particular sequence of amino acids in the chain is what
makes one protein different from another. This sequence is
encoded in the DNA where one gene encodes for one protein.

29. (2)
Growing protein:
two amin oacids so far -hasta ahora: M-R
(1)
Ribosome
making a new protein.
A ribosome is made up of two round parts,
the smaller subunit and the bigger subunit
Instructions in DNA
(3)
The third amino acid is about to
join the two previous amino acids

30. Instructions in DNA

31. Endoplasmic reticullum
and
Golgi apparatus
roles:
packaging proteins inside lysosomes
OR
to be secreted outside the cell