The document describes the key components and structures of animal cells. It discusses the constituents of cells, including water, ions, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. It then describes the main organelles found in animal cells, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes and peroxisomes. It explains the functions of these organelles and how they work together to keep the cell alive.
structure of human cell: human cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life which having a cytoplasmic region, nucleus and a plasma membrane . the word cell is coined by the scientist Robert Hook in the year of 1665 . cell organelles and their functions . function of the cell and each organelles functions
Cytoplasm. Within cells, the cytoplasm is made up of a jelly-like fluid (called the cytosol) and other structures that surround the nucleus. Scientists concluded that the average human body contains approximately 37.2 trillion cells
structure of human cell: human cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life which having a cytoplasmic region, nucleus and a plasma membrane . the word cell is coined by the scientist Robert Hook in the year of 1665 . cell organelles and their functions . function of the cell and each organelles functions
Cytoplasm. Within cells, the cytoplasm is made up of a jelly-like fluid (called the cytosol) and other structures that surround the nucleus. Scientists concluded that the average human body contains approximately 37.2 trillion cells
Animal cells are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Unlike the eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi, animal cells do not have a cell wall. This feature was lost in the distant past by the single-celled organisms that gave rise to the kingdom Animalia. Most cells, both animal and plant, range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and are thus visible only with the aid of a microscope.
All living organisms are made of cells and cellular products. The cell is the smallest structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms. It can capable of biosynthesis, replication and energy transformation. All cellular organelles carry out specific functions that are necessary for the normal functioning of the cell. Animal cells work together and function interdependently. Human cells vary in size, shape, and function. Most animal cells are so small they can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. Based on function, there are more than 200 different kinds of animal cells that help each system contribute to the homeostasis of the entire body. Despite their many differences, human cells have several similar structural features: a cell membrane, a nucleus, and cytoplasm and cell organelles.
Biochemistry serves as a fundamental discipline in the life sciences, exploring the chemical processes and biomolecules that underlie biological systems. It bridges the gap between biology and chemistry, investigating the molecular basis of life. Biochemistry delves into the study of macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the intricate interactions and reactions that occur within cells. It encompasses vital topics such as metabolism, energy production, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. The field examines DNA, RNA, and gene expression to unravel the genetic information and molecular mechanisms that govern living organisms. Additionally, biochemistry explores the molecular structures, chemical bonds, and synthesis of biomolecules, as well as the diverse biochemical pathways and cellular functions they regulate. It also encompasses aspects of molecular genetics, protein synthesis, enzyme kinetics, biochemical regulation, and cell signaling. Biochemistry finds applications in various areas including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, genetic engineering, and the study of metabolic diseases. It plays a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of life at the molecular level and holds significant implications for numerous scientific and medical advancements.
Anatomy of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells with differencesHassanLatif15
A complete comprehensive details of functions and functional anatomy of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells according to microbiology, biotechnology and pharmacy medicine
La celula: la teoría celular, estructura y función. La división celularJosué Moreno Marquina
Teoría celular, cell theory
Estructura celular: membrana, citoplasma y núcleo. Membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
Orgánulos celulares, organelles.
Mitosis y meiosis
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Animal cells are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Unlike the eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi, animal cells do not have a cell wall. This feature was lost in the distant past by the single-celled organisms that gave rise to the kingdom Animalia. Most cells, both animal and plant, range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and are thus visible only with the aid of a microscope.
All living organisms are made of cells and cellular products. The cell is the smallest structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms. It can capable of biosynthesis, replication and energy transformation. All cellular organelles carry out specific functions that are necessary for the normal functioning of the cell. Animal cells work together and function interdependently. Human cells vary in size, shape, and function. Most animal cells are so small they can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. Based on function, there are more than 200 different kinds of animal cells that help each system contribute to the homeostasis of the entire body. Despite their many differences, human cells have several similar structural features: a cell membrane, a nucleus, and cytoplasm and cell organelles.
Biochemistry serves as a fundamental discipline in the life sciences, exploring the chemical processes and biomolecules that underlie biological systems. It bridges the gap between biology and chemistry, investigating the molecular basis of life. Biochemistry delves into the study of macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the intricate interactions and reactions that occur within cells. It encompasses vital topics such as metabolism, energy production, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. The field examines DNA, RNA, and gene expression to unravel the genetic information and molecular mechanisms that govern living organisms. Additionally, biochemistry explores the molecular structures, chemical bonds, and synthesis of biomolecules, as well as the diverse biochemical pathways and cellular functions they regulate. It also encompasses aspects of molecular genetics, protein synthesis, enzyme kinetics, biochemical regulation, and cell signaling. Biochemistry finds applications in various areas including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, genetic engineering, and the study of metabolic diseases. It plays a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of life at the molecular level and holds significant implications for numerous scientific and medical advancements.
Anatomy of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells with differencesHassanLatif15
A complete comprehensive details of functions and functional anatomy of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells according to microbiology, biotechnology and pharmacy medicine
La celula: la teoría celular, estructura y función. La división celularJosué Moreno Marquina
Teoría celular, cell theory
Estructura celular: membrana, citoplasma y núcleo. Membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
Orgánulos celulares, organelles.
Mitosis y meiosis
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
1. Discovery of cell In 1665 by Robert
HOOK
Constituents of cell
• Water – 70 -80%
• Ions - sodium, potassium,
phosphates
• Protein - 10-20%
• Lipid - 2 %
• Carbohydrates -1%
2. Definition of Cell
• A cell is the smallest unit that is
capable of performing life functions.
• Structural & Functional unit of life
• Typical cell consist of 3 fundamental
structures
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
6. Nucleus
• Largest and most important cell
organelle
• Directs cell activities
• Contains genetic material – DNA
• It occupies 10% of total cell volume
• It is present in all cells except RBC
• Administrative center of cell
• Most of the cells are uninucleated
skeletal muscle cells multinucleated
8. Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
Separated from cytoplasm
• Made of two layers
• Outer layer continuous
with endoplasmic reticulum
• Nuclear pore-inner layer
has nuclear pores with 90
nm diameters
• Openings allow material to
enter and leave nucleus
9. Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Prominent ,dense
mass, store house of
mRNA
• Involved in synthesis
of protein, ribosome
10. • Gel like fluid portion contain many
enzymes like RNA polymerase ,DNA
polymerase, amino acid & lipid
metabolism
• Involved in vital metabolic reactions
• Contain genetic material in the form
of DNA
Nucleoplasm
11. Chromosomes
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions for
traits & characteristics
• Long DNA molecule
complexed with protein
to form chromatin &
further organised to
chromosomes
12. Functions
• It stores hereditary material DNA
• Control & co-ordinate activities of
cell organelle
• Responsible for growth, maturation &
reproduction
• control center of protein synthesis
13. Cytoplasm
semiliquid gel like mass
containing variety of
organelle
Occupying 55% of total
cell volume
Functions –
enz.regulation of
intermediately metabolism
storage of fat, CHO,
secretary vesicles
Responsible for size,
14. It is 2nd largest cell
organelle
Respiratory center of
cell
It is power house of cell
Spherical ,rod, oval
shaped
It contain their own
DNA
1.Mitochondria
15. Mitochondrial membrane
• Bounded by two membranes
• Outer is smooth & permeable to the most
of substances
• Inner is folded to form cristae it has
selective permeability it increases surface
area
• Internal chamber contain matrix
• ETC & component of oxidative
phosphorylation present on inner
16. • Matrix contain imp enzymes require
for the
1. energy metabolism of
CHO,lipid,amino acids like citric acid
cycle β-oxidation
2. urea & heme synthesis
• Also contain circular double stranded
DNA,RNA, ribosomes
17. 1. Involved in cellular metabolism
2. Energy production by oxidation of
foodstuff
3. TCA,B –oxidn ,urea synthesis, ketone
bodies production takes-place
4. Generation of reducing equivalent
5. principle producer of energy
6. Site of ETC & oxidative phosphorylation
Functions of mitochondria
18. 2.Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Network of interconnecting
flattened membrane bound
vesicles & tubules
•continuous from perinuclear
envelope to cell membrane
also connected with Golgi
•It is a site of protein & lipid
syn
19.
20. Two types
Smooth type :
-lacks ribosomes giving smooth
appearance
-involve in synthesis of TG,PL,sterols
Rough type :
-coated with ribosome's
–involve in protein synthesis
– granular appearance
21.
22. • RER – protein synthesis , SER – synthesis of
lipid, steroid hormone,cholestrol,TG
•Involved in modification & transport of protein
• Detoxification - involved in drug metabolism
•Neutralization of hormones & toxic substances
•Transport, modification, secretion of
Glycoprotein & lipoproteins
•Storage of calcium in muscles released during
contraction - relaxation
Functions
23. Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Closely associate
with ER
• Unique cluster of
membrane vesicle
• Network of
flattened smooth
membranous vesicles
24. Functions
• Involved in the membrane synthesis
particularly for formation of
peroxisomes, lysosomes
• Site of post-translational modifications
• modification of newly synthesized protein
& exportation
• Site of protein sorting, packaging,&
secretion-glycosylation of protein
25. Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Collectively called as
suicidal bag
• Spherical vesicle with
single membrane
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
26. pH of lysosomal matrix is acidic < 5 so
imp. in degradation & recycling
• It contain degradative enzymes like
Lipases (lipid)
Glucosidase (glycogen)
Ribonucleases ( RNA)
Cathapsins ( protein)
27. Functions
• Degradation of unwanted substances
inside cell
• Degradation of external harmful bacteria
• Function is varies according to its locality
• Kills & remove ineffective organisms &
foreign bodies
• Autolysis –
• Remove intracellular product of
metabolism from cell
28. Deficiency of lysosomal enzymes causes
diseases like glycogen/fat storage
disease
Example –
pompe’s disease
tay-sachs disease
29. Peroxisomes
•These are small organelle called microbodies
•Single membrane cellular organelle
•Spherical or oval in shape approx. 0.5 µ in
diameter
•Synthesized from budding of smooth ER
•It contain enzymes like catalase,peroxidase
•Largely present in the hepatic & renal cells
•It separates their content from cytosol
30. Functions
• Get rid of toxic substances from cell
• Catalase protects the cell from toxic
effects of H2O2
• Peroxisomes are involved in oxidation
of long chain fatty acids
• Involved in synthesis of plasmalogens
and glycolipid
• Regulate NAD/NADH ratio in cell
31. Nucleus – Managers office
Mitochondria – Power generating plant
Golgi – Post office
ER – Production unit
Lysosomes – Suicidal bags
Vacuoles – Lorries carrying waste
33. • All cells have a cell membrane
• Highly viscous, plastic structure
• Functions:
1. Controls what enters and exits
the cell to maintain an internal
balance called homeostasis
2.Provides protection and
support for the cell
picture of a real cell
membrane.
34. 4. Act as barrier between ICF & ECF
5.Selective permeability
6.Conduct action potential
7.Nutrients absorbed metabolic waste
excreted outside
8.Maintainance of size, shape, skeleton
9.Act as a receptor for various chemical
messages
36. Chemical composition - Lipid
Three major lipids
A)Glycerophospolipid / phospholipid
B)Glycosphingolipid
C)Sterols
It is composed of a lipid bilayer.
The most common molecule in the model is the phospho
Cholesterol fills up the gap at certain places
37. Lipid Bilayer -2 layers of
phospholipids
a.Phosphate head is polar
(water loving)
b.Fatty acid tails non-polar
(water fearing)
c.Proteins embedded in
membrane
Phospholipid
Polar heads
love water
& dissolve.
Non-polar
tails hide
from water
38. Chemical composition - Proteins
Major functional molecule of membrane
Consist of enzymes, pumps, channels, receptors,
antigens
Two types
Integral membrane protein
interact extensively with phospholipid
assymetrically arranged
Peripheral proteins
not interact with Phospholipid
Loosly attached to the surface
39. Complex carbohydrates are attached to protein or
lipid molecules.
polysaccharide region face outward on cellular
membrane.
Have highly branched, 3-D shapes; > 35,000
variations are found
Functions
Act as receptor sites to identify foreign substances
Bind to hormones, neurotransmitters & other
incoming chemical signal
Carbohydrates
40. Outside of cell
Inside of cell
(cytoplasm)
Lipid
Bilayer
Transport
Protein Phospholipids
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Structure of the Cell Membrane
Go to
Section:
41. Fluid Mosaic Model
fluid or flexible
lipid & protein molecules
are free to move
within membrane.
molecules or large sections of membrane can easily be
added or removed molecules
mosaic – design made of inlaid work
different types of proteins built into lipid
bilayer gives the appearance.