Chapter No.1 From biochemistry, Introduction to biochemistry Topic covers following bits #introduction #defination of biochemistry #objectives of biochemistry #the cell #difference between animal cell and plant call #important organelles of cell #plasma membrane #nucleus #mitochondria #endoplasmic reticulum #ribosomes #lysosomes #golgi apparatus #metabolism

1. Introduction To Biochemistry
Presented By: Mrs.Nanaware Komal Sunil
Department: Pharmaceutical Chemistry

2. Introduction:
The term Biochemistry was introduced by Carl Neuberg in 1903

3. • Biochemistry broadly deals with the chemistry of life and living
processes.
• The scope of Biochemistry is as vast as life itself.
• Every aspect of life-birth ,growth, reproduction, aging and death,
involves Biochemistry.
• For that matter, every movement of life is packed with hundreds
of Biochemical reactions.
• Biochemistry is most rapidly developing and most innovative
subject in medicine.

4. Definition of Biochemistry
• Biochemistry:
• The study dealing with the chemistry of living organism in its
different phases of activity is called as Biochemistry.
• The study dealing with the chemistry of living system is known as
Biochemistry
• Objectives of Biochemistry:
• To study of living system and its working
• To study the catalytic activity of enzymes.
• To study the nature and working of biomolecules.
• To study of various deficiency diseases.
• To diagnosis of various metabolic disorders.

5. The cell
• The cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
• It may be also considered as the basic unit of biological
activity.
• There are two types of cell:
1.Animal cell
2.Plant cell

6. 1. Cell wall is present.
2. Cell wall is the outermost boundary of
cell.
3. Plastics are present.
4. Lysosomes usually absent.
5. Centrioles are absent.
6. Vacuoles is present.
7. Phagocytosis or pinocytosis is not
observed
8. Golgi apparatus is scattered in the
cytoplasm.
1. Cell wall is absent.
2. Plasma membrane is the outermost
boundary of the cell.
3. Plastids are absent.
4. Lysosomes are present.
5. Pair of centrioles is present.
6. Vacuoles are absent.
7. Phagocytosis or pinocytosis is
observed.
8. Golgi apparatus is present with specific
polarity.
Difference between Animal cell and plant cell
Animal Cell Plant cell

8. Important organelles of Cell
1. Plasma membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Mitochondria
4. Endoplasmic reticulum
5. Ribosomes
6. Lysosomes
7. Golgi apparatus

9. 1.Plasma membrane
• Plasma membrane is made up of thick layers.
• The outer layer is made up of proteins and polysaccharides.
• The middle layer consists of phospholipids and cholesterol level.
• And the inner layer contains only proteins.
• It is a semi-permeable.
Functions:
• Protect the inner part of cell.
• Serves as a selective barrier to the outside.

10. 2.Nucleus
• It is present in the center of the cell.
• It has a double layered nuclear membrane called nuclear envelope.
• The nucleolus is composed of two important nucleic acids, the
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Functions:
• It is involved in the synthesis of RNA.
• It is involved in the biogenesis of ribosomes.
• Co-ordinates the activities of other cell organelle.
• Transfer the hereditary/genetic characters.

11. 3. Mitochondria
• Within the cytoplasm, there are numerous double layered elongated
bodies called mitochondria
• The mitochondria are the centers for the cellular respiration and energy
metabolism.
• They are regarded as the power house of the cell.
• The mitochondria are composed of a double membrane system.
• The outer membrane is smooth and completely envelops the organelle
• The inner membrane is folded to form cristae, which occupy the larger
surface area.
• The internal chamber of mitochondria is referred to as matrix or mitosol.

12. Functions:
• It helps in cellular respiration.
• Generates and stores ATP so called as
power house of a cell .
• All enzymes involved in Kreb’s cycle
are present in it.
• Mitochondria are responsible for
conversion of chemical energy into
biological energy in the form of ATP.

13. 4.Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Within the cytoplasm of the cell is an extensive network of
membrane arranged in plates and tubules, collectively known as
the endoplasmic reticulum.
• It is the site for biochemical synthesis and intracellular transport of
molecules.
• The Endoplasmic reticulum is attached to the nuclear membrane of
the plasma membrane.
• On the membrane endoplasmic reticulum there are a small round
bodies present called ribosomes.
• It is the site for protein synthesis.

14. The endoplasmic reticulum with the
ribosomes is called the rough endoplasmic
reticulum, while the devoid of ribosomes
is called the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Functions:
• Give mechanical support, by forming
Skeletal network.
• Involves in the intracellular transport.
• Involves in the cellular metabolism.
• Rough ER is the site for protein
synthesis.
• Smooth ER is the site for steroid
synthesis.

15. 5.Ribosomes
• These are smallest granules either
attached to the outer membrane of
reticulum or scattered into the
cytoplasm.
• The size of the ribosomes is very small,
in the range of microns,hence are also
called as microsomes.
Function
• It is involved in protein synthesis.

16. 6.Lysosomes
• The small vesicular structure containing,hydrolytic enzymes within
cytoplasm are called lysosomes.
• It contains digestive enzymes.
• The hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosomes take part in the breakdown
reaction of fats, proteins, nucleic acid and other large molecules into
smaller molecules.

17. Functions
• They contain enzymes
involved in various degradative
reactions.
• It contains digestive enzymes.

18. 7.Golgi Apparatus
• The golgi apparatus (body) is Compact
and consists of parallel membrane
plates and tubules.
• It is the site for enzyme secretion.
• It Participates in the formation of
lysosomes.

19. Metabolism
• Diet provides all nutrients needed by biological system.
• These nutrients are required for growth.
• In other words, the chemical energy is transformed to biological
energy and this transformation itself is called metabolism.
• Metabolism consists of two parts:
1. Catabolism
2. Anabolism

20. 1. Catabolism:
• It is a degradative process concerned with the breakdown of complex
molecules to simpler ones along with release of energy.
2. Anabolism:
• Includes the biosynthetic reaction of formation of complex molecules
from simple ones and requiring energy.