Introduction of cell and function

1. Presented by- Bhuvanesh baniya

2. Defination : A cell is the ng bodysmallest structural and
functional unit of the livi.
Human body may have as many as 37.2 trillion cell, but this
is not a final number.
Average diameter of cell is approximately 10 micro meter.
Cell discovered by Robert hook,
Nucleus is discovered by Robert brown and tissue
discovered by Xavier Bichat.

4. Study of cell cytology,
study of tissue called histology.
Cell is the smallest unit of human
body and
functional unit of biological system
• .

5. Centriole- Centriole responsible in
heredity and They help determine the
locations of the nucleus and other
organelles within the cell.

6. Plasmodesma- minute holes in the cell walls, plants
have evolved cytoplasm bridges, called
plasmodesmata.
linking the fluid cytoplasm between adjacent cells.

8. Tonoplast- a membrane which bounds
the vacuole of a plant cell. regulating
the movements of ions around the cell

10. Peroxisome
• In addition to providing a compartment for
oxidation reactions.
• Peroxisome are involved in lipid biosynthesis
In animal cells.

12. Physical structure of the cell
• The cell along with fluids, enzymes and chemical
contain.
• Most cell comprise of cell membrane, cytoplasm,
nucleus.
• The cell membrane is the outer covering 7.5 to 10
nanometers thick, it is composed almost protein and
lipids.
• Cytoplasm consists of various organelles like
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes,
Golgi apparatus, ribosome, centrosomes.
• The nucleus consists of nuclear membrane, nucleolus
and network of chromatin (DNA).

13. Cell Membrane
• It is the outer envelope of the cell which is thin
and elastic. It is only 5 to 10 nanometer thick and
composed almost entirely of protein and lipids
and small amount of carbohydrates.
• The approximate chemical composition is
protein 55%,
lipid 42% (phospholipids 25%, cholesterol 13%
other lipids 4%) and
carbohydrates 3%.
• Phospholipids bilayer molecules semipermiable
nature.

15. Basic structure of cell membrane
• The cell membrane consists of lipid bilayer.
• The lipid bilayer is mainly composed of
phospholipids molecules.
• Phospholipids molecule is highly non-polar (water
insoluble).
• The polar portion project to outer sides of the
membrane.

16. Transport mechanisms across the cell
Membrane
• Passive transport: it is always unsaturable, non- selective and
energy independent.
• Almost 90% substance pass-through this mechanism.
• (1)Diffusion- Diffusion is the movement of a substance from
an area of high concentration to low concentration.
• Diffusion happens in liquids and gases.
• Solute and solvent move
• (2)Osmosis- The diffusion of water from lower concentration
to higher concentration, depend on across a selectively semi
permeable cell membrane concentration gradient.
• Only solvent move.

19. Active transport
• Is the process in which specific carriers move
the molecules and ion against concentration,
electrical or pressure gradient.
• This process ion against so ATP(adenosine tri-
phosphate) required.
• Sodium and potassium ATPase enzyme is the
specific active transport carrier for Na+ and K+
across excitable cell membranes of the nerves
and muscles.

20. Facilated diffusion
• Facilated diffusion- is the movement of a
substance through a cell membrane. It is
saturable and energy independent.
• Example- glucose , some amino acid and
vitamin are transported by facilitated diffusion
at the rate faster than simple diffusion

21. Co-and counter- transport
• The Na+ ion and other solute move in the
same direction it is known as co-transport.
• Na+ ion in kidney example of co-transport.
• If the other solute move in the opposite
direction to the Na+ ion known as counter-
transport.

22. Vesicle mediated transport-This is a process
of the transport that involves entrapment of
substances in the pinched off segments of membranes
or sacs called vesicles.

23. • The substances many move from outside to the
interior of cell (endocytosis) or from the interior
of cell to outside (exocytosis).
• Endocytosis-
May be two types pinocytosis (cell drinking) and
phagocytosis (cell eating) is the movement of
particles into the cells.
• Exocytosis-
Reverse of endocytosis, each vesicle fuses with
the plasma membrane and contents pass out the
extracellular fluid. exocytose is responsible for
secretion of proteins including neurotransmitters,
some enzymes hormones and other molecules.

25. Nucleus
• Largest organelle of the cell
• It is the key structure of the living cell, it consists of chromosomal network
(chromatin) and nucleolus.
• Chromatin is the set of heriditary material consisting of deoxyribose nucleic acid
(DNA) in the form of genes. Road like particles called chromosomes become
distinct. Each human body cell in made up of 46 chromosomes. In the addition to
DNA, nucleus also consist of ribo nucleic acid (RNA).
• Most of the body cells contain single nucleus which is round or oval in shape ex-
skeletal muscle fibers are multinuclear and the floating red blood cell lack of
nucleus.
• Nucleoplasm consist chromosome they are made up of DNA and histone.
• Nucleus control cellular activity.
• Most of body cell having nucleus except RBC and platelets
• Skeletal muscle having more than 1 nucleus.
• Eukaryotic in nucleus present and prokaryotic in nucleus absent.

27. DNA
• DNA (polynucleotide) genetic information
store, DNA consist double helical structure
• Sugar- deoxyribose (Pento sugar) 5 carbon,
• Nitrogen base-
• Pyrimidine base- thymine & cytosine
• Purine Base- Adenine & guanine.
• Phosphate.

29. RNA
• RNA (Polynucleotide) RNA is single standard
structure
• Sugar- ribose
• Nitrogen base-
• Pyrimidine base- Uracil & cytosine
• Purine base- Adenine & guanine
• Phosphate.

31. • M-RNA – Carries the genetic code of amino
acid sequence.
• T-RNA – Decode the genetic message present
in M-RNA and act as anticodon.
• r-RNA – Present in ribose and responsible for
the assembly of protein form amino acid.
• DNA to DNA make known as DNA polymerase
replicating copying.

32. Synthesis of proteins
• The production of protein from the stored
information in the DNA involves 2 steps:
transcription and translation.
• Transcription- (DNA to RNA) is the process of
making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This
copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
• Translation- (RNA to protein) is the process of
translating the sequence of a messenger RNA
(mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids
during protein synthesis.

34. Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm is a thick solution (watery fluid) that fills
each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is
mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins.
• In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes material
inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.
• Cytoplasm 80% watery fluid present inside cell,
cytoplasm also consist many cellular organelles.

36. Endoplasmic reticulum
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the transportation
system of the eukaryotic cell,
It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits –
• (1) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) glandular-
synthesis of steroids and glycogen, not ribosomes
present.
• (2) smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Agranular,
ribosomes (protein) present.

38. Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus – temporary storage site of cell, Its
shape is like a network of threads. It contains large
amount of lipoproteins. Enzyme, ascorbic acid and
some other substance are stored here.
• Plasmosin- it is found in cytoplasm and it consist of
long protein molecules, especially dextro-
nucleoprotein.

40. Centrosome- cylindrical structure
called centrioles. Cell division in
important role play.

41. Vacuoles
• Vacuoles- found in cytoplasm of cell they are
covered by fatty material.
• Vacuoles are closed sacs, made of membranes
with inorganic or organic molecules inside,
such as enzymes.

43. • Lysosome- these are the sucide bags is a
membrane-bound cell organelle that contains
digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are involved
with various cell processes. They may be used
to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.

45. Mitochondria
• Mitochondria- also known as cell with in a
cell, semi autonomous
• cell respiration work show.
• Chemical energy produced by the
mitochondria adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

47. Cristae
• Cristae are sub-compartments of the inner
membrane of mitochondria
• cristae are essential to mitochondrial
function.
• wrinkled shape, providing a large amount of
surface area for chemical reactions.
• Responsible for the generation of ATP.

48. Matrix
• The mitochondrial matrix has several functions. It is
where the citric acid cycle takes place.
• This is an important step in cellular respiration,
which produces energy molecules called ATP.
• It contains the mitochondrial DNA in a structure
called a nucleoid.

49. Ribosome- are minute particles consisting of RNA and
proteins.
function to synthesize proteins. Proteins are needed
for many cellular functions such as repairing damage or
directing chemical processes.
Ribosome can be found in cytoplasm & mitochondria &
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

50. Cell cycle
Mainly 2 types
(1) Cell growth (interphase)
(2) Division (m phase)- work only dividation of cell
Interphase- it include the total period starting from the
birth of the cell. In this phase the cell metabolically
active. during this phase the cell prepares for next cell
division.
Interphase can be subdivided into G1, S and G2 sub
phases.
G1 phase- centrioles start to replicate (formation of 2
identical copies ).
S phase- DNA start replicating.
G2 phase- enzymes and other proteins synthesis.

51. G0 normal cell function, in this phase not cell division
G1 (cell growth)- pre DNA protein synthesis phase(8 to
more hr.) in this phase row material nitrogenous base
store.
S DNA (synthesis phase) in this phase DNA replication
and DNA synthesis & histones synthesis.
2n DNA convert into 4Nn DNA (6-8 hr)
G2 post DNA protein synthesis phase (2-5 hr.).
Gm (M phase) ( prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase) this phase Mitotic phase.
In this phase cell divide into 2 daughter cell.

53. Check point
• G1/S check point=
• This check point deciding for further phase
enter or not entry.
• If not further phase in enter so cell go into G0
phase and in G0 phase cell division not show.
• G2/M check point= deciding cell division,
deciding mitosis process.

54. Cell division

56. Cell division
• Cell division mean cell divide into two part,
• cell with also divide nucleus and cytoplasm.
• Nucleus and cytoplasm equal amount in separate.
• Chromosome + cytoplasm both amount in double and
divide known as cell division.
• Old cell (parent cell) to new cell (daughter cell).
• All living organism development depend on the cell
division.
• A small organism going into big size depend on cell division
because cell again and again divide and elongation and
differentiation show.
• So every living organism in elongation and differentiation
process done by cell division.

57. In body 3 type cell division
• 1) Labile cell – repeatedly divide cell so dead cell’s
layer made , example- skin
• Bone marrow- in RBC formation and antibody
production cell division to relate.
• 2) Stable cell- liver and pancreas,
• Not a time period in division show but self repair in cell
division show.
• 3) Permanent cell- heart cell and muscle cell, nerve
cell,
• only one time cell division show, not a repeatedly cell
division

58. Eukaryotic cell division
• 1) Karyokinesis- in nucleus division.
• 2) Cytokinesis- in cytoplasm division.

59. Cell division
• Takes place by any of the 2 methods.
• Mitosis-a type of cell division in which the
original parent cell splits into 2 daughter cell,
keeping chromosome number constant.
• Mitosis Cell division a process of making new
body cell in human body
• Meiosis- in this process formation of gametes in
this cell division phase.
• Meiosis Cell division create egg and sperm cells.

60. • Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, the
process that separates the duplicated genetic
material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell.
• Metaphase- chromosomes start moving
towards the centrosome.
• Anaphase- chromosome continue moving
toward centromers and finally accumulate
there.
• Telophase- The process that separates the
duplicated genetic material carried in the
nucleus of a parent cell into two identical
daughter cells.