The document provides an overview of topics to study for compiler design and database management systems (DBMS) interviews and exams. For compiler design, it lists what a compiler is and the importance and applications of compiler design, as well as the typical syllabus and textbooks. For DBMS, it outlines important topics like data models, queries, normalization, and transactions. It also provides the typical weighting of topics for the GATE exam and a sample DBMS syllabus covering data models, queries in SQL and relational algebra, normalization forms, and transaction management.

1. compiler design

2. 1. What is a compiler design?
2. importance of compiler design
3. Why Students should learn compiler design?
4. Applications of compiler design
5. compiler design Syllabus.
6. Prescribed Text Books.

3. Topics while preparing for a Tech Interview
• Advantages of DBMS over the file system
• Data Abstraction
• 2 tier and 3 tier architecture
• DDL , DML and DCL commands(most important)
• ER Model ,study about entity, entity set , attributes(also types of attributes) and
relationship
• Types of keys - super key, candidate key , primary key , alternate key and foreign
key (most important)
• Relational algebra(various operators like select , project ,intersection , union ,
multiplication and division)
• Types of joins - inner join , left outer , right outer , full outer and natural join(most
important)

4. • Normalization - till third normal form and BCNF would be sufficient(most
important)
• ACID properties
• Difference between information and data, physical and logical data independence,
instance and schema , delete and truncate , primary key and unique key , shared
and exclusive lock (most important)

5. Topics while preparing for a GATE Exam
• ER-Model
• Relational Model: Relational algebra,tuple,calculus,SQL
• Integrity constraints,normal forms
• File organization,indexing (e.g. B and B+ trees)
• Transactions and concurrency control

6. Subject wise percentage in GATE
Course WEIGHTAGE
PERCENTAGE
Engineering Mathematics 6%
Discrete Mathematics & Graph
Theory
5%
Design & Analysis Algorithms 7%
Programming & Data Structure 12%
Digital Logic 9%
Computer Organization 3%
Theory of Computation 8%
Compiler Design 6%
Operating Systems 10%
DBMS 10%
Computer Networks 10%

7. Syllabus
Unit -1: Database system architecture
Introduction, The Three Levels of Architecture, (External Level, Conceptual Level, Internal Level), Mapping, The Database
Administrator, The Database Management Systems, Client/Server Architecture.
Unit -2: E-R Models
The E-R Models, The Relational Model, Relational Calculus, Introduction to Database Design, DatabaseDesign and Er
Diagrams, Entities Attributes, and Entity Sets, Relationship and Relationship Sets, Conceptual Design with the Er Models, The
Relational Model Integrity Constraints Over Relations, KeyConstraints, Foreign Key Constraints, General Constraints.
Unit 3: Relational Algebra
Relational Algebra, Selection and Projection, Set Operation, Renaming, Joins, Division, More Examples of Queries,
Relational Calculus, Tuple Relational Calculus, Domain Relational Calculus.
Queries, Constraints, Triggers: The Form of Basic SQL Query, Union, Intersect, and Except, Nested Queries, Aggregate
Operators, Null Values, Complex Integrity Constraints in SQL, Triggers and Active Database.

8. Syllabus( Cont..)
Unit 4: Normalization
Purpose of Normalization or schema refinement, concept of functional dependency, normal forms based on functional
dependency (1NF, 2NF and 3 NF), concept of surrogate key, Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF), Lossless join and dependency
preserving decomposition, Fourth normal form(4NF).
Unit 5: Transaction Management
Transaction, properties of transactions, transaction log, and transaction management with SQL using commit rollback and save
point. Concurrency control for lost updates, Uncommitted data, inconsistent retrievals and the Scheduler. Concurrency control
with locking methods: lock granularity, lock types, two phase locking for ensuring serializability, deadlocks, Concurrency control
with time stamp ordering: Wait/Die and Wound/Wait Schemes, Database Recovery management: Transaction recovery.

9. Text Books
1. Database Management Systems, 3rd Edition, Raghurama Krishnan,
Johannes Gehrke, TATA Mc Graw Hill.
2. Introduction to Database Systems, C J Date, Pearson.
3. Database Systems-The Complete Book, H G Molina, J D Ullman, J
Widom Pearson.