CBD
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The document discusses the Central Business District (CBD) and its main functions. It summarizes that the CBD contains shops, offices, cultural and entertainment venues, and good transport access. It experiences problems like traffic congestion, pollution, lack of space, and urban decline. Attempted solutions to these problems include ring roads, public transport, laws against pollution, and redevelopment projects.
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Urban transport problems include traffic congestion, longer commuting times, inadequate public transportation, difficulties for non-motorized transport, loss of public space, high maintenance costs, environmental impacts, accidents, land consumption, freight distribution issues, and automobile dependency. As cities grow in size and economic activity, the transport systems struggle to manage the increasing complexity, which can disrupt urban areas if not effectively addressed. Common problems involve motorization outpacing infrastructure development, leading to congestion, pollution, and inefficient use of resources and space.
Remote sensing
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through analysis of sensor data without physical contact. It has its origins in aerial photography from tethered balloons in the 1840s. Modern remote sensing uses platforms like satellites carrying active sensors that emit energy or passive sensors that record natural energy like sunlight. Sensors collect data on environmental factors that is processed and can be applied to fields like agriculture, geology, oceanography and more.
Transport geography
This document discusses different modes of transport and factors to consider when choosing a mode. The five main modes of transport are rail, road, air, water, and pipeline. Each has advantages and disadvantages related to cost, speed, flexibility, and load capacity. Choosing the optimal mode depends on characteristics of the goods like nature, volume, and distance as well as other factors like value, timeliness, reliability, and security.
Geography of economic activities ( rubber )
The document discusses the geography of rubber cultivation. It notes that rubber trees are native to the Amazon and were introduced to India in 1902. Key conditions for rubber cultivation include temperatures between 21-35°C, annual rainfall of 175-300cm, and alluvial or laterite soils. Major labor is required to clear and prepare land, construct drains, plant cover crops, and tap the rubber trees. India's main rubber producing states are Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia are among the world's top exporters of natural rubber, while China, the US, and Japan import the most.
Urban geography (urbanization)
The document discusses urban geography and urbanization. It lists five characteristics of urban areas: large population, high density, non-agricultural activities, belonging to secondary or tertiary economic sectors, and better infrastructure. Ten factors that contribute to urbanization are identified: population increase, industrialization, occupational specialization, political factors, location of mineral deposits, port towns, religion, education and cultural centers, transportation and communication facilities, and migration. Problems caused by urbanization include economic, social, infrastructural, and administrative issues.
Determinants of diseases
The document discusses various biological, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental determinants of disease. It states that an individual's genetic makeup determined at conception can influence disease susceptibility. Lifestyle factors like smoking and alcoholism that develop through socialization also impact health. Socioeconomic conditions such as income, education, employment, and access to healthcare services are major determinants of population health. Environmental exposures both internal and external can also affect health.
Health education
This document discusses health education, defining it as a process of imparting health information to motivate people to adopt healthy practices. It outlines several key objectives of health education including informing people about diseases and prevention, motivating lifestyle changes, and guiding people to take action. Several approaches to health education are described, with educational approach seen as most effective for bringing long-lasting changes. Important principles like credibility, participation, reinforcement and feedback are covered.
Agricultural geography
The document discusses the seven distinct agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu: 1) North Eastern zone, 2) North Western zone, 3) Western zone, 4) Cauvery Delta zone, 5) Southern zone, 6) High Rainfall zone, 7) Hilly zone. Each zone is defined based on its geographical location, climate patterns like rainfall and temperature, soil types, and included districts. The zones vary in their climatic conditions like average rainfall, temperature ranges, and types of crops suitable for each region.
Solid waste management
This document discusses different types and management of solid waste. It defines solid waste and lists its various sources and types. The three main types discussed are household, industrial, and biomedical waste. It outlines the health and environmental impacts of improper solid waste management. Finally, it describes several methods of solid waste storage, collection, transport, recycling, and disposal including landfilling, incineration, composting, and burial.
Economic activities
Shipbuilding is an important industry that is concentrated in a few key regions around the world. The document discusses the history and current state of shipbuilding in several countries. It notes that Britain long led the industry but its dominance declined in the early 20th century as the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries developed their own shipbuilding capabilities. Today, South Korea is the world's largest shipbuilder, accounting for over a third of new ships constructed globally each year, followed by China. The document provides details on the shipbuilding centers and strengths of various nations.
Insolation and heat budget
The solar radiation that reaches Earth is the primary energy source that drives atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems and the hydrologic cycle. Most of the radiation emitted from the sun is in the visible spectrum. While some solar radiation is reflected or scattered by gases, particles, and surfaces like clouds, ice, and snow, most is absorbed by Earth and its atmosphere. This absorbed solar energy is then re-radiated as terrestrial radiation and helps maintain the planet's heat balance.
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CBD
- 1. The Central Business District Pavithra senthilkumar M.sc.,geography Mk university Madurai. (CBD)
- 2. Main functions of the CBD • Shops • Offices • Culture and entertainment • Transport
- 3. 1. Shops: • CBD at top of shopping hierarchy in a city. • Has widest range of shops and the largest department stores. • Shops mainly sell comparison goods and high order goods • Draw customer from a wide sphere of influence • Highest land costs in the centre .
- 5. 2. Offices: • Banks, building societies, solicitors, insurance companies and government offices occupy high rise office blocks or the upper floors above shops in the CBD
- 6. 3. Culture and entertainment: • Theatres, cinemas (although now increasingly out of town), clubs, bars and restaurants • Some cities have certain areas famous for nightlife e.g. London’s West End and Newcastle’s Quayside
- 7. Transport • CBD is usually very accessible. • The focus of roads • Usually train station and bus station nearby • Largest urban areas have underground systems • Trams are being reintroduced into some city centres
- 8. Problems and attempted solutions in the CBD • Traffic congestion • Pollution • Lack of space and the high cost of land • Urban decline
- 9. 1.Traffic congestion: • In UK towns grew and street patterns were established before widespread car ownership • Roads are often narrow • Grid lock
- 10. Attempted solutions: • Ring roads and bypasses • Urban motorways and flyovers • Public transport schemes like ‘park and ride’ • Multi-storey car parks • Pedestrianisation of high streets • Congestion charge
- 11. 2. Pollution • Water, air land and noise pollution are all common in CBDs. • Some illnesses such as asthma are exacerbated by urban living
- 12. Attempted solutions • Laws against the dumping of litter and sewage in rivers • Improved provision of litter bins and road sweeping (inc a relatively recent addition of different types of bins to encourage recycling) • Clean Air Acts • Vehicles which will run on cleaner fuels • Increased planting of trees and shrubs
- 13. 3. Lack of space and the high cost of land • Small retailers have been forced away • ‘Clone towns’
- 14. Attempted solutions • High rise buildings to increase floor space • Out-of-town shopping centres
- 15. 4. Urban decline: • As CBDs compete with out of town centres they experience decline, inc vacant properties, vandalism etc • Growth of internet etcmeans CBD may no longer be the attractive location it once was, especially for those such as offices who do not need to attract passing trade
- 16. Attempted solutions • Redevelopment of certain zones in CBD e.g. Covent Garden in London
- 17. CBD