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Cb lesson 5

This document discusses key topics related to measuring bank performance, including stock values and profitability ratios, measuring risks, operating efficiency, and the effects of bank size and location. It emphasizes that profitability and risk are important dimensions of performance for banks, as they must attract capital from the public. Various profitability ratios are introduced, such as return on equity, return on assets, net interest margin, and net noninterest margin, which are used to evaluate performance. The document also discusses how the value of a bank's stock is determined by expected dividends, risks, interest rates, and earnings growth. It provides examples of calculating stock values and profitability ratios.

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Bank Performance BFB2033 Week 6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Key Topics • • • • Stock Values and Profitability Ratios Measuring Credit, Liquidity, and Other Risks Measuring Operating Efficiency Size and Location Effects McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Why should banks be concerned about profitability and risk? • Profitability and risk are the most important dimensions of performance. Banks are private businesses that must attract capital from the public to fund their operations. • Bank stockholders, depositors, and bank examiners representing the regulatory community are all interested in the quality of bank performance. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Stock Values and profitability ratio • Performance refers to how adequately a firm meets the needs of its stockholders, employees, depositors, creditors and borrowing customers within the satisfaction of government regulators on operating policies, soundness of loans and investments and protecting public interest. • Performance must be directed towards specific objectives and normally tied to value of stock. • Management must pursue objective of maximizing the financial firm’s stock. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Who is likely to be interested in these dimensions of performance? • The individuals or groups likely to be interested in bank profitability and risk are: • • • • Other banks lending to a particular bank, large depositors, holders of long-term debt capital issued by banks, bank stockholders, and the regulatory community. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Name LD change % chan Vol Buy V Buy Sell Sell V High Ambank 7.5 0.01 0.13 1,725 697 7.49 7.5 1,071 7.5 BIMB 4.94 293 130 4.95 4.94 6 4.94 CIMB 7.64 0.09 1.19 33,764 31 7.63 7.54 744 7.64 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Importance of value of stock • If stock fails to rise in value commensurate with stockholder expectations current investors may seek to unload their shares and financial institutions may have difficulty in raising new capital to support future growth. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Value of a Bank’s Stock Rises When: • • • • Expected Dividends Increase Risk of the Bank Falls Market Interest Rates Decrease Combination of Expected Dividend Increase and Risk Decline McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Value of the Bank’s Stock ∞ E(Dt) P0 = ∑ t t =0 (1 + r) McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Example • Suppose that stockbrokers have projected that Yorktown Savings will pay a dividend of $3 per share on its common stock at the end of the year; a dividend of $4.50 per share is expected for the next year, and $ 5.50 per share in the following two year. The risk-adjusted cost of capital for banks in Yorktown’s risk class is 15 percent. If an investor holding Yorktown’s stock plans to hold that stock for only four years and hopes to sell it at a price of $60 per share, what should the value of the bank’s stock be in today’s market? P0 = $47.08 per share. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Profitability ratios : A surrogate for stock values • Behavior of stock price is best indicator of financial firm’s performance because it reflects market evaluation of firm. However not applicable to smaller institutions. • Therefore to assess these banks we need to look at profitability ratios. • Return on Assets = ( Net Income/ Total Assets ) Indicates managerial efficiency. It indicates how capable management has been in converting assets into net earnings. • Return on Equity = ( Net Income/Total Equity capital) Return on Equity is determined by dividing net income (minus preferred dividends) by average common stockholders equity to get the return on equity. Net benefit that stockholders have received from investing their capital in the financial firm. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Value of Bank’s Stock if Earnings Growth is Constant D1 P0 = r-g McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Example • Suppose that a bank is expected to pay an annual dividend of $4 per share on its stock in the current period and dividends are expected to grow 5 percent a year every year, and the minimum required return-to-equity capital based on the bank's perceived level of risk is 10 percent. Can you estimate the current value of the bank's stock? • In this constant dividend growth rate problem the current value of the bank's stock would be: • Po = D1 / (r – g) = $4 / (0.10 – 0.05) = $80. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Key Profitability Ratios in Banking Net Income Return on Equity Capital (ROE) = Total Equity Capital Net Income Return on Assets (ROA) = Total Assets Net Interest Income Net Interest Margin = Total Assets Net Noninterest Income Net Noninterest Margin = Total Assets McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Problem • The following information is for Blue Sky National Bank: • Interest income $2,200 • Interest expense $1,400 • Total assets $45,000 • Securities losses or gains $21 • Earning assets $40,000 • Total liabilities $38,000 • Taxes paid $16 • Shares of Common Stock outstanding $5,000 • Noninterest income $800 • Noninterest expense $900 • Provision for loan losses $100 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Problem Please calculate: • ROE -------------• ROA • Net interest margin -------------• Earnings per share -------------• Net noninterest margin -------------• Net operating margin -------------- McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Solution • ROE = $605 . $45,000 - $38,000 = 0.0864or 8.64 percent • ROA = $605 $45,000 = 0. 0134 or 1.34 percent McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Solution • Net Interest = $2,200 - $1400 = $800 = 0.02 or 2 % Margin $40,000 $40,000 • Net Noninterest = $800 - $900 = -$100 = -0.0025 or -0.25% Margin $40,000 $40,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Key Profitability Ratios in Banking (cont.) Total Operating Revenues Total Operating Expenses Net Bank Operating Margin = Total Assets Earnings Per Share (EPS) = Net Income After Taxes Common Equity Shares Outstanding Total Interest Income Earnings Spread = Total Earning Assets McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e __ Total Interest Expense Total Interest Bearing Liability © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Solution • Earnings Per Share = $605 5,000 = $.121 per share • Net Operating = ($2,200 + $800) – ($1,400 + $900 + $100) Margin $45,000 = $600 $45,000 = 0.0133 or 1.33 percent McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
ROE • Suppose a bank reports that its net income for the current year is $51 million, its assets total $1,144 million, and its liabilities amount to $926 million. What is its return on equity capital? Is the ROE you have calculated good or bad? What information do you need to answer this last question? • The bank's return on equity capital should be: • ROE = Net Income = $51 million Total equity Capital $1,144 mill.-$926 mill. = 0.234 or 23.39 • I n order to evaluate the performance of the bank, you have to compare the ROE to the ROE of some major competitors or some industry average. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
ROA – indicates efficiency in generating income from its assets • A bank estimates that its total revenues will amount to $155 million and its total expenses (including taxes) will equal $107 million this year. Its liabilities total $4,960 million while its equity capital amounts to $52 million. What is the bank's return on assets? Is this ROA high or low? How could you find out? • The bank's return on assets would be: ROA = Net Income = $155 mill. - $107 mil = 0.0096 or 0.96 % Total Assets $4,960 mill. + $52 mill. • The size of this bank's ROA should be compared with the ROA's of other banks similar in size and location to determine if this bank's ROA is high or low. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Net interest and non-interest margins • The net interest margin (NIM) indicates how successful the bank has been in borrowing funds from the cheapest sources and in maintaining an adequate spread between its returns on loans and security investments and the cost of its borrowed funds • In contrast, the noninterest margin reflects the banks spread between its noninterest income (such as service fees on deposits) and its noninterest expenses (especially salaries and wages and overhead expenses). McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Net interest and non – interest margins • Suppose a banker tells you that his bank in the year just completed had total interest expenses on all borrowings of $12 million and noninterest expense of $5 million, while interest income from earning assets totaled $16 million and noninterest revenues added to a total of $2 million. Suppose further that assets amounted to $480 million. See if you can determine this bank's net interest and noninterest margins. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Solution • The bank's net interest and noninterest margins must be: • Net Interest Margin = $16 mill. - $12 mill. = 0.00833 480 mill. • Noninterest = $2 mill. - $5 mill. = -0.00625 Margin $480 mill. • The bank's earnings spread and earnings base are: Earnings = $16 mill. - $12 mill. Spread $480 mill * 0.85 $480 mill. * 0.75 = 0.0392 = 0.0333 = 0.005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e Reserved.
Solution Earnings Base = $480 mill. – ($480 mill. * 0.15) $480 mill. = 0.85 or 85 percent • • McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Breaking Down ROE R O E = N e t I n c o m e / T o t a l E q u it y C a p it a l ROA = N e t In c o m e / T o t a l A s s e ts x E q u it y M u lt ip lie r = T o t a l A s s e t s / E q u it y C a p it a l N e t P r o f it M a r g in = A s s e t U tiliz a t io n = x N e t I n c o m e /T o t a l O p e r a tin g R e v e n u e T o t a l O p e r a t in g R e v e n u e / T o t a l A s s e ts McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
ROE Depends On: • Equity Multiplier = Assets/Equity • Leverage or Financing Policies • Net Profit Margin= Net Income/Total Operating revenue • Effectiveness of Expense Management • Asset Utilization = Total operating revenue/Total Assets • Portfolio Management Policies McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Bank Risks • Credit Risk • Liquidity Risk • Market Risk • Interest Rate Risk • Operational Risk McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e • Legal and Compliance Risk • Reputation Risk • Strategic Risk • Capital Risk © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Credit Risk The Probability that Some of the Financial Firm’s Assets Will Decline in Value and Perhaps Become Worthless McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Credit Risk • Probability that some of the financial institution’s assets especially its loans will decline in value is known as credit risk. • 4 widely used indicators are: 1.Non performing assets/ total loans and leases. 2.Net charge offs (write offs) of loans/ total loans and leases 3.Annual provision of loan losses/ total loans and leases 4.Allowance for loan losses/ Total loans and leases 5.Non performing assets/ equity capital McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Liquidity Risk Probability the Financial Firm Will Not Have Sufficient Cash and Borrowing Capacity to Meet Deposit Withdrawals and Other Cash Needs McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Liquidity Risk Measures • Purchased Funds/Total Assets • Net Loans/Total Assets • Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets • Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Market Risk Probability of the Market Value of the Financial Firm’s Investment Portfolio Declining in Value Due to a Change in Interest Rates McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Market Risk Measures • Book-Value of Assets/ Market Value of Assets • Book-Value of Equity/ Market Value of Equity • Book-Value of Bonds/Market Value of Bonds • Market Value of Preferred Stock and Common Stock McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Interest Rate Risk The Danger that Shifting Interest Rates May Adversely Affect a Bank’s Net Income, the Value of its Assets or Equity McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Interest Rate Risk Measures • Interest Sensitive Assets/Interest Sensitive Liabilities • Uninsured Deposits/Total Deposits McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Operational Risk Uncertainty Regarding a Financial Firm’s Earnings Due to Failures in Computer Systems, Errors, Misconduct by Employees, Floods, Lightening Strikes and Similar Events or Risk of Loss Due to Unexpected Operating Expenses McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Legal and Compliance Risk Risk of Earnings Resulting from Actions Taken by the Legal System. This can Include Unenforceable Contracts, Lawsuits or Adverse Judgments. Compliance Risk Includes Violations of Rules and Regulations McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Reputation Risk This is Risk Due to Negative Publicity that can Dissuade Customers from Using the Services of the Financial Firm. It is the Risk Associated with Public Opinion. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Capital Risk Probability of the Value of the Bank’s Assets Declining Below the Level of its Total Liabilities. The Probability of the Bank’s Long Run Survival McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Capital Risk Measures • Stock Price/Earnings Per Share • Equity Capital/Total Assets • Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities • Equity Capital/Risk Assets McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Other Goals in Banking Total Operating Expenses Operating Efficiency Ratio = Total Operating Revenues Net Operating Income Employee Productivity Ratio = Number of Full Time-Equivalent Employees McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Measuring operating efficiency • Many firms recognize the need for greater efficiency in their operations. Means reducing op expenses and increasing productivity of employees through use of automated equipment and improved employee training. • Operating Efficiency Ratio A common means of measuring the operating efficiency for banks is a ratio that divides the total operating expense of the bank/total operating revenues. • Employee productivity ratio Net operating income/ number of full time employees McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Size and location effects • Size bias is evident in banking industry. Measured by assets, deposits or equity capital. Largest bank usually report highest non interest margins. Most profitable banks in terms of ROA were banks with more than 10 billion in assets. Local- CIMB, Maybank. • Location effects- Performance is influenced by whether it operates in a major financial centre, smaller city or rural area. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Calculate as many risk measures as you can from the following dataloans and leases book value = $936 • Net • • • • • • • • • • Total assets = $1324 mill Equity capital book value =$ 110 mill Deposits book value = $1150 mill Market value assets = $1443 mill Market value of equity cap = $130 mill Current stock price = $60 with annual per share earnings of $2.50 Uninsured deposits = $243 mill Money market borrowings = $132 mill Non performing loans = $43 mill Loans charged off = $21 mill McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
solution • • • • • • • • Net loans and leases/total assets = 936/1324 Equity capital/total assets = 130/1443 Uninsured deposits/total deposits = 243/1150 Stock price/EPS = 60/250 Non performing assets/net loans and leases 43/936 Charge offs of loans/total loans and leases= 21/936 Purchased funds /total liabilities = 243 +132/1324-110 Book value of assets/market value of assets = 1324/1443 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.

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byMathiasPoloPerucchin
 

Cb lesson 5

  • 1.
    Bank Performance BFB2033 Week 6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin BankManagement and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 2.
    Key Topics • • • • Stock Valuesand Profitability Ratios Measuring Credit, Liquidity, and Other Risks Measuring Operating Efficiency Size and Location Effects McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 3.
    Why should banksbe concerned about profitability and risk? • Profitability and risk are the most important dimensions of performance. Banks are private businesses that must attract capital from the public to fund their operations. • Bank stockholders, depositors, and bank examiners representing the regulatory community are all interested in the quality of bank performance. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 4.
    Stock Values andprofitability ratio • Performance refers to how adequately a firm meets the needs of its stockholders, employees, depositors, creditors and borrowing customers within the satisfaction of government regulators on operating policies, soundness of loans and investments and protecting public interest. • Performance must be directed towards specific objectives and normally tied to value of stock. • Management must pursue objective of maximizing the financial firm’s stock. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 5.
    Who is likelyto be interested in these dimensions of performance? • The individuals or groups likely to be interested in bank profitability and risk are: • • • • Other banks lending to a particular bank, large depositors, holders of long-term debt capital issued by banks, bank stockholders, and the regulatory community. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 6.
    Name LD change% chan Vol Buy V Buy Sell Sell V High Ambank 7.5 0.01 0.13 1,725 697 7.49 7.5 1,071 7.5 BIMB 4.94 293 130 4.95 4.94 6 4.94 CIMB 7.64 0.09 1.19 33,764 31 7.63 7.54 744 7.64 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 7.
    Importance of valueof stock • If stock fails to rise in value commensurate with stockholder expectations current investors may seek to unload their shares and financial institutions may have difficulty in raising new capital to support future growth. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 8.
    Value of aBank’s Stock Rises When: • • • • Expected Dividends Increase Risk of the Bank Falls Market Interest Rates Decrease Combination of Expected Dividend Increase and Risk Decline McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 9.
    Value of theBank’s Stock ∞ E(Dt) P0 = ∑ t t =0 (1 + r) McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 10.
    Example • Suppose thatstockbrokers have projected that Yorktown Savings will pay a dividend of $3 per share on its common stock at the end of the year; a dividend of $4.50 per share is expected for the next year, and $ 5.50 per share in the following two year. The risk-adjusted cost of capital for banks in Yorktown’s risk class is 15 percent. If an investor holding Yorktown’s stock plans to hold that stock for only four years and hopes to sell it at a price of $60 per share, what should the value of the bank’s stock be in today’s market? P0 = $47.08 per share. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 11.
    Profitability ratios :A surrogate for stock values • Behavior of stock price is best indicator of financial firm’s performance because it reflects market evaluation of firm. However not applicable to smaller institutions. • Therefore to assess these banks we need to look at profitability ratios. • Return on Assets = ( Net Income/ Total Assets ) Indicates managerial efficiency. It indicates how capable management has been in converting assets into net earnings. • Return on Equity = ( Net Income/Total Equity capital) Return on Equity is determined by dividing net income (minus preferred dividends) by average common stockholders equity to get the return on equity. Net benefit that stockholders have received from investing their capital in the financial firm. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 12.
    Value of Bank’sStock if Earnings Growth is Constant D1 P0 = r-g McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 13.
    Example • Suppose thata bank is expected to pay an annual dividend of $4 per share on its stock in the current period and dividends are expected to grow 5 percent a year every year, and the minimum required return-to-equity capital based on the bank's perceived level of risk is 10 percent. Can you estimate the current value of the bank's stock? • In this constant dividend growth rate problem the current value of the bank's stock would be: • Po = D1 / (r – g) = $4 / (0.10 – 0.05) = $80. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 14.
    Key Profitability Ratiosin Banking Net Income Return on Equity Capital (ROE) = Total Equity Capital Net Income Return on Assets (ROA) = Total Assets Net Interest Income Net Interest Margin = Total Assets Net Noninterest Income Net Noninterest Margin = Total Assets McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 15.
    Problem • The followinginformation is for Blue Sky National Bank: • Interest income $2,200 • Interest expense $1,400 • Total assets $45,000 • Securities losses or gains $21 • Earning assets $40,000 • Total liabilities $38,000 • Taxes paid $16 • Shares of Common Stock outstanding $5,000 • Noninterest income $800 • Noninterest expense $900 • Provision for loan losses $100 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 16.
    Problem Please calculate: • ROE -------------•ROA • Net interest margin -------------• Earnings per share -------------• Net noninterest margin -------------• Net operating margin -------------- McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 17.
    Solution • ROE = $605 . $45,000- $38,000 = 0.0864or 8.64 percent • ROA = $605 $45,000 = 0. 0134 or 1.34 percent McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 18.
    Solution • Net Interest= $2,200 - $1400 = $800 = 0.02 or 2 % Margin $40,000 $40,000 • Net Noninterest = $800 - $900 = -$100 = -0.0025 or -0.25% Margin $40,000 $40,000 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 19.
    Key Profitability Ratiosin Banking (cont.) Total Operating Revenues Total Operating Expenses Net Bank Operating Margin = Total Assets Earnings Per Share (EPS) = Net Income After Taxes Common Equity Shares Outstanding Total Interest Income Earnings Spread = Total Earning Assets McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e __ Total Interest Expense Total Interest Bearing Liability © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 20.
    Solution • Earnings Per Share = $605 5,000 =$.121 per share • Net Operating = ($2,200 + $800) – ($1,400 + $900 + $100) Margin $45,000 = $600 $45,000 = 0.0133 or 1.33 percent McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 21.
    ROE • Suppose abank reports that its net income for the current year is $51 million, its assets total $1,144 million, and its liabilities amount to $926 million. What is its return on equity capital? Is the ROE you have calculated good or bad? What information do you need to answer this last question? • The bank's return on equity capital should be: • ROE = Net Income = $51 million Total equity Capital $1,144 mill.-$926 mill. = 0.234 or 23.39 • I n order to evaluate the performance of the bank, you have to compare the ROE to the ROE of some major competitors or some industry average. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 22.
    ROA – indicatesefficiency in generating income from its assets • A bank estimates that its total revenues will amount to $155 million and its total expenses (including taxes) will equal $107 million this year. Its liabilities total $4,960 million while its equity capital amounts to $52 million. What is the bank's return on assets? Is this ROA high or low? How could you find out? • The bank's return on assets would be: ROA = Net Income = $155 mill. - $107 mil = 0.0096 or 0.96 % Total Assets $4,960 mill. + $52 mill. • The size of this bank's ROA should be compared with the ROA's of other banks similar in size and location to determine if this bank's ROA is high or low. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 23.
    Net interest andnon-interest margins • The net interest margin (NIM) indicates how successful the bank has been in borrowing funds from the cheapest sources and in maintaining an adequate spread between its returns on loans and security investments and the cost of its borrowed funds • In contrast, the noninterest margin reflects the banks spread between its noninterest income (such as service fees on deposits) and its noninterest expenses (especially salaries and wages and overhead expenses). McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 24.
    Net interest andnon – interest margins • Suppose a banker tells you that his bank in the year just completed had total interest expenses on all borrowings of $12 million and noninterest expense of $5 million, while interest income from earning assets totaled $16 million and noninterest revenues added to a total of $2 million. Suppose further that assets amounted to $480 million. See if you can determine this bank's net interest and noninterest margins. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 25.
    Solution • The bank'snet interest and noninterest margins must be: • Net Interest Margin = $16 mill. - $12 mill. = 0.00833 480 mill. • Noninterest = $2 mill. - $5 mill. = -0.00625 Margin $480 mill. • The bank's earnings spread and earnings base are: Earnings = $16 mill. - $12 mill. Spread $480 mill * 0.85 $480 mill. * 0.75 = 0.0392 = 0.0333 = 0.005 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e Reserved.
  • 26.
    Solution Earnings Base =$480 mill. – ($480 mill. * 0.15) $480 mill. = 0.85 or 85 percent • • McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 27.
    Breaking Down ROE RO E = N e t I n c o m e / T o t a l E q u it y C a p it a l ROA = N e t In c o m e / T o t a l A s s e ts x E q u it y M u lt ip lie r = T o t a l A s s e t s / E q u it y C a p it a l N e t P r o f it M a r g in = A s s e t U tiliz a t io n = x N e t I n c o m e /T o t a l O p e r a tin g R e v e n u e T o t a l O p e r a t in g R e v e n u e / T o t a l A s s e ts McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 28.
    ROE Depends On: •Equity Multiplier = Assets/Equity • Leverage or Financing Policies • Net Profit Margin= Net Income/Total Operating revenue • Effectiveness of Expense Management • Asset Utilization = Total operating revenue/Total Assets • Portfolio Management Policies McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 29.
    Bank Risks • CreditRisk • Liquidity Risk • Market Risk • Interest Rate Risk • Operational Risk McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e • Legal and Compliance Risk • Reputation Risk • Strategic Risk • Capital Risk © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 30.
    Credit Risk The Probabilitythat Some of the Financial Firm’s Assets Will Decline in Value and Perhaps Become Worthless McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 31.
    Credit Risk • Probabilitythat some of the financial institution’s assets especially its loans will decline in value is known as credit risk. • 4 widely used indicators are: 1.Non performing assets/ total loans and leases. 2.Net charge offs (write offs) of loans/ total loans and leases 3.Annual provision of loan losses/ total loans and leases 4.Allowance for loan losses/ Total loans and leases 5.Non performing assets/ equity capital McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 32.
    Liquidity Risk Probability theFinancial Firm Will Not Have Sufficient Cash and Borrowing Capacity to Meet Deposit Withdrawals and Other Cash Needs McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 33.
    Liquidity Risk Measures •Purchased Funds/Total Assets • Net Loans/Total Assets • Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets • Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 34.
    Market Risk Probability ofthe Market Value of the Financial Firm’s Investment Portfolio Declining in Value Due to a Change in Interest Rates McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 35.
    Market Risk Measures •Book-Value of Assets/ Market Value of Assets • Book-Value of Equity/ Market Value of Equity • Book-Value of Bonds/Market Value of Bonds • Market Value of Preferred Stock and Common Stock McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 36.
    Interest Rate Risk TheDanger that Shifting Interest Rates May Adversely Affect a Bank’s Net Income, the Value of its Assets or Equity McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 37.
    Interest Rate RiskMeasures • Interest Sensitive Assets/Interest Sensitive Liabilities • Uninsured Deposits/Total Deposits McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 38.
    Operational Risk Uncertainty Regardinga Financial Firm’s Earnings Due to Failures in Computer Systems, Errors, Misconduct by Employees, Floods, Lightening Strikes and Similar Events or Risk of Loss Due to Unexpected Operating Expenses McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 39.
    Legal and ComplianceRisk Risk of Earnings Resulting from Actions Taken by the Legal System. This can Include Unenforceable Contracts, Lawsuits or Adverse Judgments. Compliance Risk Includes Violations of Rules and Regulations McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 40.
    Reputation Risk This isRisk Due to Negative Publicity that can Dissuade Customers from Using the Services of the Financial Firm. It is the Risk Associated with Public Opinion. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 41.
    Capital Risk Probability ofthe Value of the Bank’s Assets Declining Below the Level of its Total Liabilities. The Probability of the Bank’s Long Run Survival McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 42.
    Capital Risk Measures •Stock Price/Earnings Per Share • Equity Capital/Total Assets • Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities • Equity Capital/Risk Assets McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 43.
    Other Goals inBanking Total Operating Expenses Operating Efficiency Ratio = Total Operating Revenues Net Operating Income Employee Productivity Ratio = Number of Full Time-Equivalent Employees McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 44.
    Measuring operating efficiency • Manyfirms recognize the need for greater efficiency in their operations. Means reducing op expenses and increasing productivity of employees through use of automated equipment and improved employee training. • Operating Efficiency Ratio A common means of measuring the operating efficiency for banks is a ratio that divides the total operating expense of the bank/total operating revenues. • Employee productivity ratio Net operating income/ number of full time employees McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 45.
    Size and locationeffects • Size bias is evident in banking industry. Measured by assets, deposits or equity capital. Largest bank usually report highest non interest margins. Most profitable banks in terms of ROA were banks with more than 10 billion in assets. Local- CIMB, Maybank. • Location effects- Performance is influenced by whether it operates in a major financial centre, smaller city or rural area. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 46.
    Calculate as manyrisk measures as you can from the following dataloans and leases book value = $936 • Net • • • • • • • • • • Total assets = $1324 mill Equity capital book value =$ 110 mill Deposits book value = $1150 mill Market value assets = $1443 mill Market value of equity cap = $130 mill Current stock price = $60 with annual per share earnings of $2.50 Uninsured deposits = $243 mill Money market borrowings = $132 mill Non performing loans = $43 mill Loans charged off = $21 mill McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
  • 47.
    solution • • • • • • • • Net loans andleases/total assets = 936/1324 Equity capital/total assets = 130/1443 Uninsured deposits/total deposits = 243/1150 Stock price/EPS = 60/250 Non performing assets/net loans and leases 43/936 Charge offs of loans/total loans and leases= 21/936 Purchased funds /total liabilities = 243 +132/1324-110 Book value of assets/market value of assets = 1324/1443 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.