BS EDUCATION SEMSETER 2nd (From Sep 2023 to Jan 2024) Subject: Citizenship Teacher: Ms Sania Hayat (M.Phil.) Classes: Monday 11-12:30 ,Tuesday 8-9:30 These Are Final Term Presentation Slides ------------------------------------------- Institute of Education University Of Sargodha *

1. CITIZENSHIP AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
SUBMITTED TO :TCHR.SANIA HAYAT
SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP NO.3
GROUP MEMBERS :
 ABDUL QAHAR
 IRSAAMJAD
 BISSAM
 ZOHAIB HASSAN
 SAMEEN SHAHZAD
INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
SESSION: 2023-2027

2. TOPIC:
POVERTY
 CAUSES OF POVERTY AND MEASURES TO
REMOVE IT

3. CAUSES OF POVERTY:
1. POPULATION EXPLOSION:
Unequal distribution of resources among the rapidly
growing population has led to deprivation of basic
facilities causing widespread poverty.
2. SLOW ECONOMIC GROWTH:
Due to slow agricultural and industrial growth, the growth
rate of national income and per capita income has been
slow over the years. This has resulted in poverty and low
standard of living among the people.

4. 3. UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT:
Poverty in the rural and urban areas has also increased
due to unemployment and underemployment.
4. ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES:
Wide inequalities have been observed in the distribution
of income, assets, consumption expenditure, credit
facilities, agricultural landholdings etc.This has also led
to a high incidence of poverty.
5.INACCESSIBILITY TO INFRASTRUCTURAL
FACILITIES:
Due to lack of purchasing power infrastructural
facilities such as energy, transport, communication,
health and education are inaccessible to the poor.

5. 6. INFLATION:
Inflation refers to a continuous rise in the price level of
essential commodities especially the food items.
Growing demand for food and its insufficient supply
causes the prices to rise tremendously. This results in
low purchasing power making the poor still poorer. Food
crisis has led to malnutrition, hunger and starvation
among the people.
7. REGIONAL IMBALANCE:
Regional imbalance is also one of the causes of poverty.
States such as Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Sikkim, Assam
etc. lag behind in terms of economic development and
therefore have a high poverty ratio.

6. GENERAL MEASURES TO ERADICATE POVERTY:
1. CONTROL OF POPULATION:
Family welfare programme and population policies have
been introduced to keep a check over the population
growth.
2. AGRICULTURE:
Farmers are provided with cheap credit facilities to
purchase agricultural inputs. The Government also
announces Minimum Support Prices for selected crops to
ensure stable agricultural income.

7. 3. RURAL WORKS:
Employment opportunities are provided to the poor
through construction of rural roads, irrigation, rural
electrification etc.
4. RURAL INDUSTRALIZATION:
To promote employment in the rural areas, emphasis has
been laid on setting up of small scale cottage industries.
5. MINIMUM WAGES:
Minimum wages act was passed in 1948 to provide fair
wages to agricultural and industrial workers. It has been
revised from time to time.

8. 6. PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
To ensure food security, food grains are made available
to the poor people at highly subsidized rates through
ration shops under the public distribution system.
7. NATIONALIZATION OF BANKS:
To ensure financial inclusion, credit facilities are made
available to the poor people at low rates of interest. For
this purpose nationalization of banks was undertaken in
1969 and 1980.
8. PROGRESSIVE TAX MEASURES:
To reduce inequalities in the distribution of income,
progressive income tax system has been introduced.

9. 9. EDUCATION:
To increase the enrollment ratio, primary education has
been made free and compulsory for all. Free education
for girls, mid-day meal programs, sanitation and safe
drinking water etc. have also been provided.
10. AFFORDABLE HOUSING:
Slum rehabilitation programs and affordable housing
facilities are provided to the rural and urban poor.
11. HEALTH FACILITIES:
Primary health centers, government hospitals have been
established to provide medical treatment at subsidized
rates to the poor people.

10. 12. SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND SELF
EMPLOYMENT:
Skill development is considered one of the important
aspects for job creation in India. For this purpose
opportunities need to be provided for skill based training.