These are notes of Mid term exam BS Education 3rd Semester UOS Sargodha 3rd Semester Feb 2024 to June 2024 Session 2023-2027

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English III
URCE 5103
BS Education 3rd
Regular 2023-27
Ms Mariam Batool
Summary : The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant's
Mathilde Loisel is “pretty and charming” but feels she has been born into a family of
unfavorable economic status. She was married off to a lowly clerk in the Ministry of Education,
who can afford to provide her only with a modest though not uncomfortable lifestyle. Mathilde
feels the burden of her poverty intensely. She regrets her lot in life and spends endless hours
imagining a more extravagant existence. While her husband expresses his pleasure at the
small, modest supper she has prepared for him, she dreams of an elaborate feast served on
fancy china and eaten in the company of wealthy friends. She possesses no fancy jewels or
clothing, yet these are the only things she lives for. Without them, she feels she is not
desirable. She has one wealthy friend, Madame Forestier, but refuses to visit her because of the
heartbreak it brings her.
One night, her husband returns home proudly bearing an invitation to a formal party hosted
by the Ministry of Education. He hopes that Mathilde will be thrilled with the chance to attend
an event of this sort, but she is instantly angry and begins to cry. Through her tears, she tells
him that she has nothing to wear and he ought to give the invitation to one of his friends
whose wife can afford better clothing. Her husband is upset by her reaction and asks how
much a suitable dress would cost. She thinks about it carefully and tells him that 400 francs
would be enough. Her husband quietly balks at the sum but agrees that she may have the
money.
As the day of the party approaches, Mathilde starts to behave oddly. She confesses that the
reason for her behavior is her lack of jewels. Monsieur Loisel suggests that she wear flowers,
but she refuses. He implores her to visit Madame Forestier and borrow something from her.
Madame Forestier agrees to lend Mathilde her jewels, and Mathilde selects a diamond
necklace. She is overcome with gratitude at Madame Forestier’s generosity.
At the party, Mathilde is the most beautiful woman in attendance, and everyone notices her.
She is intoxicated by the attention and has an overwhelming sense of self-satisfaction. At
4 a.m., she finally looks for Monsieur Loisel, who has been dozing for hours in a deserted room.
He cloaks her bare shoulders in a wrap and cautions her to wait inside, away from the cold
night air, while he fetches a cab. But she is ashamed at the shabbiness of her wrap and follows
Monsieur Loisel outside. They walk for a while before hailing a cab.
When they finally return home, Mathilde is saddened that the night has ended. As she removes
her wrap, she discovers that her necklace is no longer around her neck. In a panic, Monsieur
Loisel goes outside and retraces their steps. Terrified, she sits and waits for him. He returns
home much later in an even greater panic—he has not found the necklace. He instructs her to
write to Madame Forestier and say that she has broken the clasp of the necklace and is getting
it mended.

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They continue to look for the necklace. After a week, Monsieur Loisel says they have to see
about replacing it. They visit many jewelers, searching for a similar necklace, and finally find
one. It costs 40,000 francs, although the jeweler says he will give it to them for 36,000. The
Loisels spend a week scraping up money from all kinds of sources, mortgaging the rest of their
existence.
After three days, Monsieur Loisel purchases the necklace. When Mathilde returns the necklace,
in its case, to Madame Forestier, Madame Forestier is annoyed at how long it has taken to get
it back but does not open the case to inspect it. Mathilde is relieved.
The Loisels began to live a life of crippling poverty. They dismiss their servant and move into
an even smaller apartment. Monsieur Loisel works three jobs, and Mathilde spends all her time
doing the heavy housework. This misery lasts ten years, but at the end they have repaid their
financial debts. Mathilde’s extraordinary beauty is now gone: she looks just likes the other
women of poor households. They are both tired and irrevocably damaged from these years of
hardship.
One Sunday, while she is out for a walk, Mathilde spots Madame Forestier. Feeling emotional,
she approaches her and offers greetings. Madame Forestier does not recognize her, and when
Mathilde identifies herself, Madame Forestier cannot help but exclaim that she looks different.
Mathilde says that the change was on her account and explains to her the long saga of losing
the necklace, replacing it, and working for ten years to repay the debts. At the end of her story,
Madame Forestier clasps her hands and tells Mathilde the original necklace was just costume
jewelry and not worth anything.
Theme: The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant's
1. Deception and Desire: Explore how Mathilde's desire for a life beyond her means leads to
deception and ultimately, hardship.
2. Appearances vs. Reality: Analyze the contrast between the appearance of wealth Mathilde
craves and the harsh reality of her life.
3. The Power of Illusion: Discuss how Mathilde is fooled by the borrowed necklace and the
illusion of a better life it represents.
4. Social Class and Discontent: Examine how social class limitations fuel Mathilde's
dissatisfaction and her choices.
5. Folly of Materialism: Explore the negative consequences of prioritizing material possessions
over happiness and contentment.
6. Irony and Fate: Analyze the ironic twists of fate that lead Mathilde down a path of misfortune
due to her initial deception.
7. The Cost of Lies: Discuss how the lie about the necklace spirals into a series of consequences
that take a heavy toll on Mathilde's life.
8. Sacrifice and Selflessness: Consider the sacrifices made by Mathilde and her husband to
repay the debt, highlighting their contrasting characters.
9. Guilt and Redemption: Explore the themes of guilt that plague Mathilde and the possibility of
redemption through her hard work.

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10. The Human Condition: Analyze how "The Necklace" reflects universal human experiences of
desire, deception, and the challenges of social mobility.
The Happy Prince Summary by Oscar Wilde
This article depicts the happy prince summary. The story tells about a Prince. This story by Oscar
Wilde was published for the first time in May 1888. The happy prince summary throws light on
the society full of injustice and inequality. Moreover, people give importance to superficial beauty
and a life full of luxury and escapism. Furthermore, they lack compassion for each other. It also
reflects the ridiculous behavior of Mayor and Councilors. People have no worth for the sacrifice
made by others.
The Happy Prince Summary
This article is about the happy prince summary by Oscar Wilde. It explains the happy prince
summary in short. It gives information about a Prince who was happy in his life as he will never
allow the sorrows to enter his palace. He lived happily and died happily too. However, after his
death, he stood in the form of a statue on a pedestal. He could see the whole town standing
there.
He became a source of admiration for every passerby. These included the town councilors too.
The statue was covered in gold leaf with sapphires for eyes. Moreover, there was a ruby on his
sword-hilt. They wanted to foster artistic tastes. This revealed their greed for superficial beauty
and reputation.
Then, a swallow flies over the city on his way to Egypt. He had been delayed after falling in love
with a Reed and was attracted to her slender waist and gracefulness. However, When Reed
wouldn’t accompany his travels; the Swallow left alone, but ended up stopping under the statue
of the Happy Prince to rest.
This depicted swallow’s attraction to artificial beauty. Also, he was selfish to fulfill his aspirations
on the cost of his relationship.
In his journey, swallow stopped under the statue of Happy Prince to rest. To his surprise,
the Swallow realized that the Happy Prince has been crying. Both were introduced to each other.
It was full of superficial pleasures as he was unaware of the pain in his city.
The Swallow is surprised to learn that the Statue is not made of solid gold. However, he agrees to
help the Happy Prince when he describes his empathy for a seamstress sewing passion-flowers
on the satin gown of a lady in waiting. She lived in a poor house and cannot care for her sick son.
Thus, the Swallow agrees to deliver the ruby from the Prince’s sword hilt to that lady.
This depicts that the swallow in a happy prince summary was compassionate. He wanted to help
the needy and realized true happiness in it.
Heading forward to deliver the ruby, the Swallow sees “old Jews bargaining with each other.”After
delivering the ruby, the Swallow returns and describes feeling “quite warm” in spite of the cold,
because of his good deed. However, he was still willing to go to Egypt. He describes to the Happy
Prince what marvels await him there.

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However, the Prince pleads him to stay and help a young playwright freezing in his garret. The
man wants to finish a play for the theater director but has become too cold. In the end, the
Swallow agrees to stay another night and plucks out one of the Prince’s sapphire eyes for
delivering it to the young man.
Swallow felt good to help the needy. Also, this incident in a happy prince summary indicated
Prince’s selfless concern and humanity for the people suffering from inequality and corruption.
The Swallow returns once more to say goodbye to the Happy Prince. However, the Prince begs
him to deliver his other sapphire eye to a little match-girl who has dropped her matches.
The Swallow agrees to his proposal. Also, he promises to remain by the Prince’s side forever, as he
cannot leave him alone and blind. Both, Prince and Swallow showed great acts of sacrifice.
The swallow told the Prince the tales of fantasy to comfort him as he was blind then. However, the
Prince feels that the knowledge of reality (injustice and inequality) was more valuable.
The Swallow flies over the city and reports of the rich making merry while beggars starving at
their gates. It included young boys trying to warm themselves under a bridge while a passing
Watchman tries to clear them out.
On hearing these tales, the Prince desires to distribute the fine gold leaf gilding him, to lessen
some of the unhappiness. The Swallow agrees and delivers sheets of gold leaf to the children.
The Prince grew dull and grey while the children’s faces grew rosier. Swallow died of cold. He was
considered shabby and thrown in the dust-heap along with Prince’s heart which broke after
Swallow’s death. People have not realized their worth. God deemed them to be the most
beautiful of his creations.
Themes in "The Happy Prince" with Brief Explanations:
1. Compassion vs. Ignorance: The prince's initial ignorance of his people's suffering contrasts
with his profound empathy after death.
2. True Beauty Lies Within: The story challenges superficial beauty, suggesting true beauty lies
in acts of compassion.
3. Sacrifice and Selflessness: Both the prince and the swallow demonstrate the power of
selflessness through their sacrifices.
4. The Price of Materialism: The prince's wealth becomes irrelevant, highlighting the limitations
of material possessions.
5. Empathy and Social Justice: The story criticizes a society indifferent to the suffering of others,
urging for empathy.
6. Power of Choice: The prince and swallow actively choose to help, emphasizing the importance
of individual action.
7. Redemption Through Suffering: Through sacrificing his riches, the prince seeks redemption
for his previous life.
8. Loyalty and Friendship: The unwavering bond between the prince and the swallow
exemplifies true friendship.
9. Blindness vs. Seeing Clearly: The prince's literal blindness is juxtaposed with his newfound
clarity about human suffering.
10. Mortality and the Meaning of Life: The story explores the impermanence of life and the
importance of leaving a positive impact.

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1. What is Rhetoric?
Rhetoric is the art of persuasive communication, employing various strategies and techniques
to influence an audience's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. It involves crafting messages
effectively to achieve a specific purpose, whether it's to inform, persuade, or entertain.
2. Rhetorical Strategies for Persuasion: Ethos, Logos, Pathos
• Ethos: Ethos appeals to the credibility, authority, or character of the speaker or source. It
aims to establish trust and credibility with the audience by demonstrating the speaker's
expertise, integrity, and goodwill.
• Logos: Logos appeals to reason and logic. It involves presenting factual evidence, logical
reasoning, and rational arguments to support a claim or persuade the audience. Logos
appeals to the intellect and aims to convince through reasoned discourse.
• Pathos: Pathos appeals to the emotions of the audience. It involves using language,
imagery, and storytelling to evoke feelings such as sympathy, empathy, fear, or
excitement. Pathos aims to connect with the audience on an emotional level and inspire
them to action or belief.
3. The Rhetorical Strategy of Identification
The rhetorical strategy of identification involves establishing a common ground or shared
identity with the audience. It seeks to align the speaker's values, beliefs, or experiences with
those of the audience to create a sense of unity and solidarity. By highlighting similarities and
shared experiences, the speaker can foster a sense of trust and connection with the audience,
making them more receptive to the speaker's message.
4. Why Do I Need to Think Rhetorically?
Thinking rhetorically allows individuals to communicate more effectively and persuasively in
various contexts, including public speaking, writing, and everyday conversations. By
understanding rhetorical strategies such as ethos, logos, and pathos, individuals can tailor their
messages to their audience's values, beliefs, and emotions, increasing the likelihood of
achieving their communication goals. Thinking rhetorically also enhances critical thinking skills,
enabling individuals to analyze and evaluate arguments more effectively.
5. The Rhetorical Triangle
The rhetorical triangle is a model that illustrates the three key elements of communication: the
speaker (ethos), the message (logos), and the audience (pathos). It emphasizes the
interrelationship between these elements and their importance in effective communication.
The speaker's credibility (ethos), the logical reasoning and evidence in the message (logos),
and the emotional appeal to the audience (pathos) all play crucial roles in persuasive
communication.

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6. Questions to Help You Recognize and Utilize Ethos, Logos, and Pathos:
• : Is the speaker or source credible and trustworthy? What expertise, authority, or
moral character does the speaker possess?
• : Is the argument supported by factual evidence, logical reasoning, and rational
arguments? Are statistics, examples, or logical appeals used to support the claim?
• : What emotions are being appealed to in the message? Does the language,
imagery, or storytelling evoke feelings of sympathy, empathy, fear, or excitement?
7. Final Thoughts About Rhetoric
Rhetoric is a powerful tool for effective communication and persuasion. By understanding and
employing rhetorical strategies such as ethos, logos, and pathos, individuals can craft
messages that resonate with their audience and achieve their communication goals. Thinking
rhetorically allows individuals to communicate more persuasively, foster connections with their
audience, and make a meaningful impact in various personal, professional, and public contexts.
8 . The Elements of a Rhetoric
The elements of a rhetorical situation act like ingredients in a recipe, each playing a crucial role
in shaping how a message is crafted and understood.
1) Text: This is the communication itself, and it can take many forms. It could be a formal
essay, a casual conversation, a social media post, a painting in an art gallery, or even a
product label in a store. The format of the text is chosen strategically based on the
author's purpose and the intended audience.
2) Author (Rhetor): The creator of the text, whether it's an individual or a group, brings
their own unique perspective and experiences to the table. Their background,
knowledge, biases, and goals all influence the content and style of the message. For
instance, a scientist writing a research paper will likely use a different tone and
vocabulary than a teenager writing a text message to a friend.
3) Audience: The intended receiver(s) of the message. Understanding the audience is
crucial for effective communication. Consider their age, background, knowledge level,
cultural context, and even their potential biases. An author will tailor their message to
resonate with the audience and achieve their desired outcome.
4) Purposes: These are the specific goals the author wants to achieve with the text. There's
a wide range of purposes, some of the most common being:
o To Inform: Providing the audience with new knowledge or explaining a concept.
o To Persuade: Convincing the audience to adopt a certain viewpoint or take a
specific action.
o To Entertain: Engaging the audience and providing enjoyment.
o To Motivate: Inspiring the audience to take action or achieve a goal.
5) Setting (Context): The circumstances surrounding the communication provide crucial
context. This includes the historical period, the current social and cultural environment,
and even the physical location where the communication takes place. For example, a
political speech delivered during a time of economic crisis will likely have a different
tone and content than one delivered during peacetime.

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1. What is an Argument?
An argument is a reasoned and logical presentation of ideas or claims supported by evidence
and reasoning. It aims to persuade others to accept a particular perspective, position, or
conclusion. Arguments typically involve presenting a main claim (thesis) and supporting it with
evidence, analysis, and logical reasoning.
2. Importance of an Argument
Arguments are essential in academic and professional discourse as they facilitate critical
thinking, analysis, and persuasion. They allow individuals to articulate their ideas effectively,
engage in intellectual debates, and convince others of their viewpoints. Constructing strong
arguments fosters clarity of thought, encourages rigorous analysis of evidence, and promotes
effective communication skills.
3. Your Role and the Academic Argument
In academic contexts, your role in constructing an argument involves conducting research,
critically evaluating evidence, and presenting your findings in a coherent and persuasive
manner. As an academic, you're expected to engage with existing scholarship, formulate
original insights, and contribute to the ongoing conversation within your field.
4. How to Create an Academic Argument
To create an academic argument, follow these steps:
• Identify Your Topic: Choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of
study.
• Conduct Research: Gather relevant sources and evidence to support your argument.
• Formulate a Thesis Statement: Craft a clear and concise statement that presents your
main argument or claim.
• Outline Your Argument: Organize your ideas into a logical structure with an
introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Support Your Argument: Provide evidence, examples, and analysis to support your
thesis statement.
• Address Counterarguments: Anticipate and address potential objections or
counterarguments to strengthen your argument.
• Conclude Your Argument: Summarize your main points and restate your thesis in the
conclusion.
5. The Introduction and Thesis Statement
• Introduction: The introduction provides context for your argument and engages the
reader's interest. It should include background information, relevant context, and a clear
statement of the problem or issue you're addressing.
• Thesis Statement: The thesis statement is a concise summary of your main argument
or claim. It should be specific, debatable, and supported by evidence. The thesis
statement typically appears at the end of the introduction and guides the direction of
your argument.

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6. Body Paragraphs and Your Argument
• Body Paragraphs: The body paragraphs develop and support your thesis statement by
presenting evidence, analysis, and reasoning. Each paragraph should focus on a single
main point and include topic sentences, supporting evidence, and analysis that
reinforces your argument.
7. How to Develop Your Argument
• Provide Evidence: Support your argument with relevant evidence from credible
sources, such as scholarly articles, books, or empirical research.
• Analyze and Interpret Evidence: Analyze the significance of the evidence and explain
how it supports your argument. Consider how the evidence relates to your thesis
statement and the broader context of your argument.
• Address Counterarguments: Acknowledge and address potential counterarguments or
objections to your thesis statement. Anticipating and refuting counterarguments
strengthens your argument and demonstrates critical thinking.
The Process Used for Academic Writing
Big Picture: Academic writing is a structured process that involves several stages, from initial
research and gathering of data to sharing or publishing the final written work. It requires
critical thinking, analysis, and effective communication to produce scholarly output.
Types of Writings:
1) Descriptive Writing: Descriptive writing paints a vivid picture using sensory details to
convey an experience, scene, or emotion.
2) Narrative Writing: Narrative writing tells a story, often from a first-person perspective,
with a clear beginning, middle, and end.
3) Expository Writing: Expository writing explains, informs, or describes a topic in a clear
and concise manner, presenting facts, analysis, and evidence.
4) Persuasive Writing: Persuasive writing aims to convince the reader to adopt a
particular viewpoint or take a specific action through logical reasoning and emotional
appeals.
5) Argumentative Writing: Argumentative writing presents a claim or thesis and supports
it with evidence and reasoning, aiming to persuade the reader of its validity.
The Super Secret Writing Process for Academic Writing
Step 1: Research and Gather Data: Begin by conducting thorough research on your topic,
gathering relevant data, and evaluating credible sources. Take notes, highlight key points, and
gather evidence to support your arguments.
Step 2: Pre-writing Techniques:
• Brainstorm and List: Generate ideas by freely brainstorming and listing relevant
concepts, questions, or arguments related to your topic.
• Brainstorm and Group: Organize your ideas by grouping related concepts or
arguments together. This helps you identify common themes and patterns.
• Semantic Webs: Create visual diagrams or semantic webs to map out relationships
between different ideas and concepts.

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• Talking: Discuss your ideas with peers, mentors, or colleagues to gain new perspectives
and refine your thinking.
• Power Writing: Set a timer and write continuously without stopping to overcome
writer's block and generate ideas.
Step 3: First Draft - Sloppy Copy: Write a rough draft of your paper without worrying too
much about grammar, style, or structure. Focus on getting your ideas down on paper and
fleshing out your arguments.
Step 4: Revision: Revise your draft by reviewing and refining your arguments, organization,
and clarity. Ensure that your ideas flow logically and that each paragraph supports your thesis
statement. Consider adding or deleting content as needed to strengthen your argument.
Step 5: Editing: Edit your revised draft for grammar, punctuation, spelling, and style errors.
Pay attention to sentence structure, word choice, and overall coherence. Proofread carefully to
catch any mistakes or inconsistencies.
Step 6: Sharing or Publishing: Share your final draft with peers, mentors, or instructors for
feedback and suggestions. Consider submitting your work for publication in academic journals
or presenting it at conferences to contribute to scholarly discourse within your field.
How to Avoid Writer's Block:
• Break it Down: Divide your writing task into smaller, manageable steps and focus on
completing one step at a time.
• Set Goals: Set specific goals and deadlines for each stage of the writing process to stay
motivated and on track.
• Take Breaks: Take regular breaks to rest and recharge your mind. Physical activity,
meditation, or creative activities can help stimulate creativity and overcome writer's
block.
• Change Your Environment: Switching locations or working in a different environment
can help break through mental barriers and spark new ideas.
• Seek Support: Reach out to peers, mentors, or writing groups for support,
encouragement, and feedback. Collaborating with others can help generate new ideas
and perspectives.