Causes And Effect Of Insulin Resistance Essay

Causes And Effect Of Insulin Resistance Essay
Causes of the condition Although in recent years the onset seems to be seen younger and younger
type 2 diabetes normally appears in adults. Type 2 is the most common form of diabetes with over
90% of people with a diabetic diagnosis suffering from this kind (Lewis et al., 2014, p. 1221) Many
people are often diagnosed during routine testing because the onset is slow and without
complications individuals may go on for years without it being detected (Lewis et al., 2014, p.
1222). With type 2, insulin is still being made by the body and it is either just not enough to support
the individual 's needs or not being processed effectively (Lewis et al., 2014, p. 1221).
There are four main ways that insulin problems are seen to have and effect, the first of which being
insulin resistance. Insulin resistance occurs when there is plenty of insulin but it is not responded to
by the body tissues that have built up an immunity to it. Another problem eventually producing type
2 diabetes is when there is a problem with a person 's β–cells. When β–cells are not working or there
are not enough the pancreas cannot produce the needed amount of insulin. While not the most
prevalent factor the condition may also be associated with the liver haphazardly producing glucose
instead of at a normal even rate. Hormone production shifting in regularity may also contribute to
the onset of type 2 diabetes. Certain hormones are thought to also aid in glucose and fat breakdown
and without this functioning
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Effects Of Being Obese During Pregnancy?
What are some of the effects and risks of being obese during pregnancy?
Obesity is a serious medical and social issue, the relevance of which is determined, in the first place,
by a high prevalence of obese pregnant women. The frequency of obesity among pregnant women in
western Europe and the US ranges from 6 to 28% (Matias et al., 2013). Obesity accompanying
pregnancy is considered as a significant risk factor.
According to separate prospective studies, obesity is associated with the changes in the pregnant
body. Increased insulin, androgen and leptin adversely affect the functioning of the reproductive
system during pregnancy (Shub et al., 2013). Analysis of several studies has shown that the
incidence of health issues in pregnant women with disorders of lipid metabolism is in four times
higher than in the group of pregnant women with normal weight (Matias et al., 2013). Placental
insufficiency is another major problem. According to Shub et al. (2013), its frequency among the
obese mothers–to–be is rather high. Furthermore, obesity, which is characterized by insulin
resistance, increases the risk of diabetes. Preterm labor along with urinary infections is another
common risk (University of Rochester Medical Center, 2011).
Leddy et al. (2008) argue that obesity affects maternal fetal body weight. Thus, very often children
are born weighing more than 4,000 gram. According to some reports, the risk of birth defects is 1.6
times higher than in women with normal body weight

Insulin Resistance Research Paper
How to Reverse Insulin Resistance?
By Patrick Kimberly
Dec 29, 2011
Insulin resistance is a health condition that the body is not able to respond to insulin. It will promote
the pancreas to make more insulin and release it into the bloodstream. As a result, the sugar level in
the blood remains higher than normal blood sugar levels. If they are left untreated, this can lead to
diabetes. To avoid developing diabetes you need to start trying to reverse insulin resistance by
making changes in diet and lifestyle.
This are some very easy, reliable and simple points you can follow at home to cure insulin
resistance.
1. Divide your meals. After your morning exercise, take a cup lime juice and skip coffee. If it is a
must for you, you can add 2–3

The Importance Of Insulin Resistance And Nutrition
Balakumar, M., Raji, L., Prabhu, D., Sathishkumar, C., Prabu, P., Mohan, V., & Balasubramanyam,
M. (2016). High–fructose diet is as detrimental as high–fat diet in the induction of insulin resistance
and diabetes mediated by hepatic/pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The authority of
this scholarly journal is proven by the mere fact that it was approved by the Biology–Cytology and
Histology Council and has been included in Carroll's very own research database. Currency of the
journal is also verified by numerous molecular and cellular biochemistry labs in the state of New
York during the year 2016. Journal's relevancy is co–related to its accuracy to provide the
purposeful research on how a certain diet can affect ones ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The accuracy of this article is shown by their citation to the original research. The relevancy is
demonstrated by the straight to point research. The purpose of this journal is to further assist the new
findings on pre–diabetes and its effects on kids. Bakalar, N. (2015, February 11). Reducing Blood
Pressure Lowers Risk of Diabetes Complications. Well Magazine, p. D4. The currency is verified by
Dr. Kazem Rahimi and the Oxford School of Medicine. The news article is published in the year of
2015 which makes the journal highly credible for modern day research category. The authority of
NY Times and is subsidiary Well Magzine is validated by the years of operation by the media in the
city of New York. The accuracy of this article is shown by their citation to the original research. The
relevancy is demonstrated by the straight to point research. The purpose of this journal is to further
assist the new findings on diabetes and the blood pressure relation to diabetes. Powers, M. (2016,
November 15). What the Doctor Ordered: A Healthy Dose of Diabetes Education. Retrieved
November 17, 2016, from http://health.usnews.com/health–care/for–better/articles/2016–11–
15/what–the–doctor–ordered–a–healthy–dose–of–diabetes–education The currency is verified by
dieticians and diabetes instructors listed in the web article. The web article is

Maternal Obesity Induce Offspring with Risk of...
Maternal obesity induce offspring with risk of cardiovascular disease
Introduction:
The rate of obesity for the human population has shown to be increased expeditiously in the past
decades. It has continuously raised health concerns among the world, and is likely to remain in times
to come. This phenomenon is primarily due to the lifestyle changes resulting in high–energy intake
coupling with decreased physical activity (Cameron et al. 2003).
Obesity is identified by the high adipose tissue, resulting in the body mass index (BMI) equal to or
greater than 30kg/m. The high BMI is responsible for many cardiovascular diseases (CVD),
considered as a major contributing risk factor.
Figure 1. Prevalence of obesity at first prenatal visit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2006), potentially due to an increased maternal nutrient availability of lipid that alters fetal growth.
The outcome is mainly subjected to the high percentage of body fat rather than lean body mass. This
excess weight gain during birth predicts the potential of overweight during childhood, which
increases the risk of adolescent obesity. This finding is consistent with many cohort studies, which
also indicate a lower high–density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, high serum triglyceride and fatty
acid levels in offspring leading to the relative high body mass, resulting in a strong association
between maternal BMI and childhood BMI (Gaillard et al. 2014 & Cianni et al. 2005). However, the
outcome may partly be associated with lifestyle and genetic factors.
Diabetes
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are both classified as metabolic syndrome resulted from metabolic
dysregulation. Both the obese mothers and the fetuses have shown a higher serum insulin and
glucose concentration, which contribute to the high insulin resistance (Catalano et al. 2009 & Boney
et al. 2005). However, the high exposure to insulin during utero development encourages fat
deposition in the utero to serve as an the energy substrate for the utero, suggests a positive
correlation to adiposity, hence, expressing a close association between diabetes and obesity in
contributing to the development

Essay On Insulin Resistance
I grew up in Royal Oak Michigan and for most of my life I have struggled with being overweight
and having attention deficit disorder. This has led to a lot of problems for me to this day. it started
back in elementary school when I was about 8 years old, I was on a children's soccer team had a lot
of friends. The coach of this soccer team was my friends Camden B's dad, I did not really like him at
all and he knew I was overweight and he pushed me further I could possibly do because I was a lot
bigger than the other kids but he did not really care about it at all, Then this lead to me losing my
friend, and quitting the team having to make new friends was a problem for me because of me
overweight problems not a lot of people talked to me. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People assume that having insulin resistance is a result that I overeat, and eat all the wrong things all
the time and I constantly eat things I am not allowed to eat. The thing that the people don't realize is
that it can be caused by heredity and my body makes too much insulin. It is just my dumb luck just
like a skinny person trying to gain weight and losing instead of gaining the weight. People always
say that I could be doing this or that but they don't understand how hard and how much money it
takes to do all of these things they suggest. I do my best to watch what I eat continue to exercise for
a minimum of 30 mins each day also I eat the right foods and keep on going to my doctor's
appointments regularly. Since 2013 I was diagnosed with high blood pressure and was put on
medicine for it. I have to take 2 pills each day so I don't have a heart attack or stroke, anything bad
happen to me. To get off the high blood pressure medication I have to lose weight which is the key
problem at the moment it is the hardest thing in the world for me to do and I get constantly criticized
for it. My mother constantly tells me that I need to lose weight but she also struggles with this
problem also she really doesn't know how difficult it is for me because we are not the same person.
She has been working on this problem her whole

Diabetes Mellitus And Insulin Resistance
1.1 Diabetes mellitus and Insulin resistance
Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a metabolic disorder that is marked by hyperglycemia, high
blood glucose. In 2014, 29.1 million individuals in the United States, which is about 9.3% of the
population, have diabetes . Among all cases of diabetes, about 90% to 95% are Type 2 Diabetes
(T2D), the diabetes form generally results from defects in insulin action . Furthermore, other related
complications of diabetes will afflict patients with their cardinal, ocular, renal, and nervous system
dysfunction, mainly resulting from hyperglycemia .
1.1.1 History of Diabetes
Unfortunately, though recognition of diabetes has gradually been increasing over 200 years and
some progresses have been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the early stage in the history of diabetes research, diabetes was considered as a disease due
to deficiency of insulin produced by islet cells of Langerhans, which, we know nowadays, is shown
in most Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients and some Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) patients. Distinction
between T1D and T2D has first been made in 1936, based on their different pathogenesis .
Type 1 Diabetes usually onsets at very early age of patients, thus it is also named as "juvenile
diabetes", informally. The cause of T1D is hypothesized to be the destruction effect of autoimmune
selectively to insulin producing cells, which will lead to further metabolic changes linked to
hyperglycemia. Genetic disorder and environment factors may explain most case in T1D .
Even though the primary cause of T2D is unclear, continuous research on the metabolic syndrome
over several decades has improved awareness of the complex pathogenesis from which the
development and the outcome of T2D results. Originally, T2D is thought to develop most often in
middle–aged and older population, but in recent years, the upward trend in occurrence of T2D has
been shown in young population. Also, the relation between occurrence of T2D and overweight has
been affirmed . However, the complexity of T2D attributes most to multi–stage involved in the
course of disease development, as well as the interaction between various organs and tissues.
Despite the

What Are Insulin Resistance?
What Is Insulin Resistance?
Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas. It helps cells absorb glucose (sugar) from the blood to
use as energy. Your body digests foods that contain carbohydrates and releases them as glucose into
your blood. Insulin, which is released when you eat, helps the body maintain a healthy level of
circulating glucose by allowing glucose from the blood to go into the cells. This lowers blood sugar,
and the cells use the glucose for energy.
Some people may begin to have problems using insulin correctly. This is referred to as insulin
resistance. With insulin resistance, your pancreas produces insulin, but your cells are not using it as
well as they should. When insulin is not working the way it should, your cells do ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Classic diabetes symptoms include extreme thirst and frequent urination. You may eat normally, or
even more than you should, and still feel hungry if you have diabetes. Having Type 2 diabetes can
also lead to nerve problems that result in tingling sensations in the hands and feet. You may also feel
more tired than usual if you have diabetes that is not well controlled.
Evidence in Blood Tests
Without obvious symptoms, insulin resistance (and, thus, prediabetes and diabetes) is usually
detected through a blood draw. One way to diagnose prediabetes or diabetes is with an A1C test.
This test provides a number that gives you an idea of how your blood sugar has been averaging over
the last two to three months. You don't need to be fasting for this test. An A1c under 5.6 percent is
considered normal. An A1C between 5.7 and 6.4 percent is diagnostic for prediabetes. An A1C equal
to or above 6.5 percent is diagnostic for diabetes. Your doctor may choose to confirm this test on
another day.
In addition to the A1C test, other blood tests can check your blood glucose levels. A fasting blood
glucose test – taken after not eating or drinking for at least eight hours – will provide your fasting
blood sugar level. A high level may require a second test to confirm this reading a few days later. If
two tests show elevated levels of blood glucose in the bloodstream, you may

The Condition Of Obesity And Obesity
The condition of obesity occurs when an individuals has accrued bodily fat to the point where it has
a detrimental influence on their well–being. In the event that an individual's bodily fat is 20% more
elevated than normal, the person would be considered as being obese. In the event that the bodily
mass index, (BMI) is found in the range of 25 to 29.9, the person would be considered as
overweight. In the circumstance that the bodily mass index is more than 30, the person would be
considered as obese. People become obese due to the intake of too many calories. In the year 2000,
it had been assessed that over 30% of the United States' population was considered as obese. In
addition, individuals who have a sedentary lifestyle are at risk of obesity. The less movement that an
individual engages, the less potential of burning calories. In addition, insufficient sleep has
increased the risk of obesity. Furthermore, there are some hormone disruptors which cause the
metabolising of fructose in the liver. Finally, there are many who are obese due to their genetic
predisposition. There is a defective gene that is delineated ass FTO. This gene is the cause of 16.6%
of people having the quality of being obese (Medical News Today 2015). Research has
demonstrated that inflammation is caused by obesity. Inflammation is the one of the cause of type II
diabetes. It has not been directly established the manner by which inflammation is a causal attribute
of diabetes. Studies have

Socio Demographic Characteristics Of The Study...
Results Socio–demographic characteristics of the study participants
From a total of 249 study participants, 220(88.4%) were included in the study. Out of them
193(87.7%) were male and the mean (SD) age of the participants was 30.2(5.5) with a minimum and
maximum of 22 and 56 years, respectively. Regarding marital status, 3(1.4%) study participants
were divorced and they were merged with married category during analysis. Socio–demographic
data of the study participants are stratified by marital status and sex in Table 1.
Risky health characteristics of the study participants
The majority of study participants had consumed alcohol at least on one occasion during their
lifetime, 178(80.9%). Participants who consumed alcohol within seven days prior to data collection
were 96(43.6%). Participants who practiced risky alcohol consumption within seven days prior to
data collection were 8(3.6%). Approximately, a quarter of study participants were pre–hypertensive,
53(24%). The majority of the study participants had also low physical activity, 186(84.5%), Table 2.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components
MetS was found among 30(13.6%; 95%CI: 9.5–18.2) study participants. Of the total study
participants, 185(84.1%) had at least one abnormal component of MetS. Reduced HDL–c was the
most prevailing abnormal components of MetS, 151(68.6%). However, elevated FBG was the least,
19(8.6%), Table 3.
Associated factors of metabolic syndrome
In bi–variable logistic regression

Aspirin Essay
Effects of Low–Dose Aspirin on Lipid Profile
Hyperlipidemia is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by an excess of lipids in blood
stream, such as the increased serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TCH), low–
density lipoprotein (LDL) as well as decreased levels of high–density lipoprotein (HDL) (Graham et
al. 1996, Xu et al. 2001). Hyperlipidemia, as the major risk factor for the development of
cardiovascular diseases, is becoming a major health problem in the world (Forouzanfar et al. 2015).
To identify the effect of low dose aspirin on hyperlipidemia, thirty two male rats were divided into
four groups and set up on different feeding regimens for 12 week as shown in Table 1.
Group Fed High Fat Diet (HFD) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2014). To assess the effect of low–dose aspirin on the levels of glucose and insulin, homeostatic
model Assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA–IR) was computed from the fasting plasma glucose
and insulin levels using the formula, HOMA–IR=(fasting glucose level high fat [mg/dL]/fasting
insulin [uU/mL]) / 2430) (Cacho et al. 2008, Yida et al. 2015).
Although, we found that low dose aspirin had no effect observed on the regulation of glucose
metabolism, because there were no significance between subgroups (e.g., HFD vs HFDA) but
significance can be observed between control diet and a high fat diet as shown by OGTT curve, and
it seems the difference is not due to treatment with aspirin but as a result of feeding regimes (fig.
2a). Meanwhile, Area under curve indicated that AUC is significantly higher in HFD when
compared to HFDA (P ≤ 0.001), while group treated with the control diet (CD) show less
significance to group treated with control diet and low dose aspirin (CDA) (P ≤ 0.01) as shown in
figure 2b. Serum insulin level was higher in the HFD group when compared to the HFDA group (P≤
0.0040) and lower in CDA when compared to control group without Aspirin (P≤ 0.0015) (c.c. Figure
2c).
Together, the insulin resistance index (HOMA–IR) indicated that high fat diet induces insulin
resistance (P< 0.001). In addition, the group received HFD

The Process Of Aging :
The Process of Aging
April 6th 1944 in her home in Jacksonville, IL Mary Lee Elizabeth Smith was born. This is my
grandma. At 71 years old she is the youngest of 8 children. She herself had 6 kids before having a
tubal ligation at the age of 27, which resulted in two adhesions that had wrapped around her colon.
Other surgical procedures include getting her tonsils out at sixteen years old, the removal of a
benign "knot" from her neck, a cyst removal from under her arm and bunion removal. She currently
lives with congestive heart failure, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and arthritis.
She lives in her own home and gets around easily and unassisted. She does wear glasses and can be
a little hard of hearing at times but her comprehension is intact and she is very active. She does state
that she has shoulder, hip, leg, and foot pain as well as pain caused by arthritis, but for the most part
she tries not to let it interfere with her daily life. She had worked as a CNA for 30 years before
retiring, so there's a lot of wear and tear on her body.
Currently, my grandma is taking a few medications, including, Lovatatin 10mg/daily; Metoprolol at
100mg/ daily; amlodipine/besylate at 5mg/daily; Furosemide 40mg/daily; metformin HCL 1000mg
tabs two times daily with a meal; over the counter 81mg aspirin once a day and potassium gluconate
tablets once daily. She once had stated to me that she felt like a walking pharmacy. As far as
allergies, she had stated that she's allergic to the

Circadian Rhythms And Metabolic Health Essay
1. This paper is concerned about circadian rhythms and metabolic health, which can be affected by
the timing of food intake. Also, the paper is concerned about the affect it has on mice when
consuming a large meal before breakfast, and smaller meal for dinner compared to mice who only
consumed breakfast. This paper suggests that during inactive period, the consumption of high–fat
foods results in weight gain. What they are now concerned about is the timing, and size of the meal
being consumed to show if this has an effect on mice.
2. The researchers are trying to figure out if mice that consumed one meal a day (breakfast only),
and mice that consumed two meals a day (larger breakfast, smaller dinner) have an effect on obesity,
lipid metabolism, and circadian clock gene expression. They are also trying to find out if the timing
of these meals has an affect on metabolism, and weight gain. Researchers are trying to find out
which diet plan will help mice maintain a normal weight and prevent a surplus amount of adipose
tissue accumulation.
3. They conducted this experiment in a lab in Tokyo, Japan with six–week–old ICR mice that were
held at a temperature of 22.2 °C, humidity of 60.5%, and under 12h light/12h dark. The researchers
conducted experiments which used high–fat diet as free–feeding condition. Because insulin and
leptin levels are increased, and adiponectin levels are decreased they measured the levels of serum,
leptin, and adiponectin to test for metabolic syndrome.

The Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Insulin Resistance And...
The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
A Meta–Analysis
Dalal Mazraeh
Saint James School of Medicine
Preceptor: Maja Delibasic, M.D.
ABSTRACT
Sleep deprivation and sleep restriction leads to insulin resistance and the development of type 2
diabetes. To study whether shortened sleep and sleep deprivation affects insulin resistance and
glucose intolerance, we developed a meta–analysis of 7 studies that research this topic. The studies
included had 92,176 men and women participants with no previous diagnoses of diabetes, with
follow–up range of 2–15 years. Of the total participants, 3,206 cases of type 2 diabetes were
reported in the follow up period . In pooled analyses, sleep deprivation showed a significant
relationship to increased insulin resistance and development of type 2 diabetes. The follow–up
period also showed a progressive increase in diabetes. For short duration of sleep (≤5–6 h/night), the
RR was 1.66 (95% CI 1.54–1.78, P = 0.001 and heterogeneity P = 0.012). Sleep deprivation may be
a significant and an independent factor that may lead to insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and
symptomatic diabetes.
INTRODUCTION
It has been scientifically proven that sleep is a crucial biological task that our body performs to
maintain optimal functional capacity(Xu, Q. 2010). According to data collected by National sleep
foundation short sleep deprivation is linked with many side effects, such as, increased risk of

Breast Ovarian Syndrome : The Most Common Endocrine...
Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder abbreviated PCOS. The
medical condition was first identified by Irving Stein and Michael Leventhal in 1935. PCOS was
originally called Stein–Leventhal disease. Its name was later changed to polycystic ovarian
syndrome due to the common symptom of cystic ovaries present in many women with this
condition. Currently, it is the most common hormonal illness in women of reproductive age.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome has many related symptoms but the most common are: irregular
periods, amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, obesity, infertility, insulin resistance, and estrogen dominance.
Although, most of the people that have PCOS are obese not all patients are overweight. PCOS is
associated with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance.
Insulin resistance is a rather complicated phenomenon. First, it is important to note that insulin is a
very important hormone in the human body and too much or too little of it leads to problems. Insulin
governs appetite, satiety and blood sugar levels. It also appears to regulate fat accumulation on the
body. When a person eats, the pancreas releases insulin and this insulin then pushes glucose from
the consumed food into the cells. Any excess glucose is stored in the fat cells. When a person suffers
from insulin resistance however, glucose cannot enter the cells. After many attempts, insulin finally
manages to push some glucose into a few cells, but the excess is stored in fat

How Does The Undergo Muscle Insulin Resistance?
Abstract
Insulin resistance is directly linked to insulin signaling in target tissues, including skeletal muscle.
The purpose of this study is to determine if acylcarnitines undergo muscle insulin resistance. This
research establishes a connection between incomplete β–oxidation of muscle fatty acids to
development of insulin resistance and oxidative stress. C2C12 cells, primary mice muscle and
human myotubes were isolated to test insulin, inflammatory and antioxidant response. Acylcarnitine
treatment led to 20–30% decrease in insulin response in C2C12 cell cultures. Oxidative stress tripled
by short and long chain acylcarnitines but reversed with antioxidant treatment. β–oxidation of fatty
acids was significantly lower in insulin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The relationship between β–oxidation of fatty acids and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
is inversely proportional under normal conditions (6). In type II diabetes, a large amount of reducing
equivalents from β–oxidation enter the electron transport chain, diverting complex I where the core
ROS production site resides (7,8). An obesity–related disorder such as diabetes causes inflammatory
macrophages to invade white adipose tissue, causing inflammation and contributing to insulin
resistance (9).
From recent research, it is hypothesized that insulin signaling in the cell can be influenced by
acylcarnitines through a pro–inflammatory mechanism, causing insulin resistance (10). Although
there is no direct correlation between insulin signaling and acylcarnitines, it is the aim of this study
to determine the role of acylcarnitines in muscle insulin resistance. The behavior of acylcarnitines is
a necessary component for connecting inefficient β–oxidation, oxidative, glucose response and
inflammation.
Methods
For determination of oxidative stress and insulin response, C2C12 murine myoblasts, grown with
approximately 90% confluence, were induced for differentiation and placed into myotubes. Primary
muscle cells taken from mice were isolated for growth and differentiation. Human cells were
collected from 10 subjects consisting of 5 lean and 5 overweight females.

Infertility, Insulin Resistance, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome...
Polycystic ovary syndrome is an endocrine disorder that affects at least 10% of women living in the
United States. Insulin Resistance plays a large part in fertility for women who have polycystic ovary
syndrome. Myo–Inositol improves fertility, and alleviates many of the symptoms associated with
polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance.
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a condition that affects many different parts of the body, not just the
ovaries. The list of ailments associated with polycystic ovary syndrome is long, ranging from skin
tags, dark skin patches, and hirsutism (male patterned hair growth) to liver disease, obesity, and
insulin resistance. The symptoms that contribute to infertility are irregular menstrual cycles, an ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Radiologic abnormalities on an ultrasound would show polycystic ovaries. Polycystic ovaries are
the formation of clusters of pearl–sized cysts containing immature eggs in the ovaries. In healthy
women, a follicle grows and at the time of ovulation, an egg is released into the Fallopian tube. In
women with polycystic ovary syndrome, the development of the follicle is arrested and the egg does
not burst forth. Therefore, the egg dies and the follicle becomes a cyst that remains in the ovary
(Banning 635–636).
A clinical feature of polycystic ovary syndrome is anovulation. Anovulation is the absence of
ovulation. Ovulation is the process in which the ovary releases an egg into the Fallopian tube. If an
egg is not present to meet the sperm in the Fallopian tube, then conception cannot take place. If a
woman is not ovulating then she is not able to conceive. Therefore, anovulation is the most common
cause of infertility (Raffone, Rizzo and Benedetto 275). Anovulation is a symptom of insulin
resistance.
Insulin resistance is when the body's cells do not respond to insulin. When this happens the level of
glucose in the blood increases. Insulin resistance may also cause more insulin to be produced as the
body tries to move glucose into cells (Sedwick 1). High insulin levels may cause the appetite to
increase and lead to imbalances in other hormones. Insulin resistance is considered an early form of
diabetes.
Insulin Resistance affects both men and

Prescription Orlistat Research Papers
Orlistat (also known as tetrahydrolipstatin) is a drug designed to treat obesity. It is marketed as a
prescription under the trade name Xenical by Roche in most countries, and is sold over–the–counter
as Alli by GlaxoSmithKline in the United Kingdom and the United States. Its primary function is
preventing the absorption of fats from the human diet by acting as a lipase inhibitor, thereby
reducing caloric intake. It is intended for use in conjunction with a healthcare provider–supervised
reduced–calorie diet. Orlistat (prescription and nonprescription) is used with an individualized low–
calorie, low–fat diet and exercise program to help people lose weight. Prescription Orlistat(CAS
NO:96829–58–2) is used in overweight people who may also have ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When lipase activity is blocked, triglycerides from the diet are not hydrolyzed into absorbable free
fatty acids, and are excreted undigested instead. Only trace amounts of this medicine are absorbed
systemically; the primary effect is local lipase inhibition within the GI tract after an oral dose. The
primary route of elimination is through the feces. Orlistat was also recently found to inhibit the
thioesterase domain of fatty acid synthase (FAS), an enzyme involved in the proliferation of cancer
cells but not normal cells. However, potential side effects of this medicine, such as inhibition of
other cellular off–targets or poor bioavailability, might hamper its application as an effective
antitumor agent. One profiling study undertook a chemical proteomics approach to look for new
cellular targets of Orlistat, including its off–targets. Orlistat also show potential activities
mycobacteria and Trypanosoma brucei parasite (See further reading). At the standard prescription
dose of 120 mg three times daily before meals, orlistat prevents approximately 30% of dietary fat
from being absorbed, and about 25% at the standard over–the–counter dose of 60 mg. Higher doses
do not produce more potent

Lipid-Induced Muscle Insulin Resistance Lab Report
Lipid–induced muscle insulin resistance plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. A
cellular mechanism of this lipid–induced muscle insulin resistance has yet to be discovered. The
Randle model proposes lipid oxidation raises mitochondrial [acetyl–CoA]/ [acetyl CoA] and
[NADH]/[NAD+] ratios. This is because acetyl–CoA and NADH are allosteric inhibitors of
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). PDH converts pyruvate into acetyl–CoA, thus linking the
processes of glycolysis and citric acid cycle. Acetyl–CoA derived from fatty acid produces citrate,
which inhibits the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase. Thus, increased fatty acid oxidation
reduces glycolytic flux and prevents muscular glucose uptake and leads to impairment ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
's proved hypothesis serves as genetic evidence against Randle's glucose–fatty acid cycle hypothesis
of muscle insulin resistance. Previous studies suggest that activation of PDH through the inhibition
of PDKS could be a crucial target for treatment of type 2 diabetes. These findings contribute to the
larger society by providing the cellular mechanisms that must be known to synthesize antidiabetic
therapies that activate PDH and enhance glucose oxidation in muscle. Despite the proved
hypothesis, a key issue remains. Previous studies also suggest that acetylcarnitines buffer the
mitochondrial acetyl–CoA pool and take away acetyl Co–A inhibition of PDH, resulting in increased
glucose tolerance; however, Rahimi et al. found that DKO mice had severe muscle insulin resistance
despite the two–fold increase of muscle acetylcarnitine content. Rahimi et al. has no biochemical
explanation to the outcome results. Data obtained from this study was exceptional. For each figure,
sample size was 4–6 mice per group, which is a decent sample size. All findings mentioned are
represented by a table of figure with adequate explanation. In general, future work should address
the issue of acetylcarnitines and acetyl–CoA in vivo to determine if these factors do contribute to
muscle insulin

Metabolic syndrome Essay examples
Running head: METABOLIC SYNDROME
Metabolic Syndrome
James Doucette
College of Western Idaho
Abstract Metabolic syndrome is an emerging diagnosis in the medical field that has effects on
patient care. Becoming familiar with it and having it become a common part of patient care will, if
used appropriately will increase the lives of those who have become affected with or are at risk of
becoming diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risks
factors of metabolic origin that are accompanied by the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and
type 2 diabetes. There are five major factors to look for; out of these five a person only needs three
to be diagnosis with metabolic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The underlying risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity and an atherogenic diet. The major
risk factors for cardiovascular disease in this syndrome are smoking, hypertension, increased LDL
cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol, aging and a family history of coronary events. The emerging
risk factors are increased triglycerides, small LDL particles, insulin resistance, a pro inflammatory
and prothrombotic state as well as glucose intolerance. The combination of these factors in one
person is a predictor of that person having a future cardiovascular event or the onset of type 2
diabetes (Meigs, 2010). With so many risk factors laying down a set of defined parameters can be
daunting. It is no wonder researchers often argue over set guidelines. However with more and more
people developing these problems, it is necessary to start somewhere. The World Health
Organization (WHO) was the first to attempt to standardize the criteria 1998. "WHO published
criteria to define the metabolic syndrome in an attempt to harmonize reporting of prevalence
through epidemiologic studies. The criteria included a measure of insulin resistance, by a
hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance
(IGT), or diabetes, obesity (BMI >30kg/m), hypertension (> 140/90 mm Hg), and
microalbuminemia" (Gallagher, LeRoith, Karnieli

Mediating Role Of Inflammation, Insulin Resistance And...
Mediating role of inflammation, insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia on the association
between obesity and cognitive function in older persons
Introduction
The increasing proportion of older persons in many developed societies due to population ageing
has been accompanied by a concurrent increase in obesity in this age group [1] [2]. Obesity is
associated with lower cognitive performance in early and mid adult life [3]. Further, mid–life
obesity is linked to development of cognitive impairment in late life [4] [5]. On the other hand, the
relationship between obesity and cognitive performance among in older persons is debatable. Few
studies have demonstrated a positive association between obesity and cognitive performance in
older persons [6] [7], while others have showed no evidence for an association [8], or an inverse
association [9] [10] [11] [12]. Recent studies indicate obesity is associated with structural changes in
brain areas targeted by neurodegeneration, such as hippocampus, frontal lobes and thalamus, in
cognitively intact subjects [13] [14].
It has been proposed that the link between obesity and cognition is not a direct effect but mediated
through a number of factors that lead to neuropathological changes [15]. Inflammation, insulin
resistance and hypertriglyceridemia have been described as the most likely causal mechanisms that
mediate this possible association [3] [16]. It is widely accepted that obesity is associated with
chronic low–grade

Class Iv : Type 2 Diabetes
CLASS IV: THIAZOLIDINEDIONES
Type 2 diabetes is mainly associated with abnormalities in any of the following 3 basic
pathophysiologic abnormalities:
Impaired insulin secretion
Excessive hepatic glucose production
Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue.9
The thiazolidinediones are a unique class of agents that improve the third parameter, and are
therefore also called as the "Insulin sensitizers". Insulin resistance syndrome also called as
Syndrome X is caused by a variety of pathophysiologic abnormalities mainly obesity, glucose
intolerance or type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and accelerated cardiovascular disease.
All of these are basically associated with insulin resistance and compensatory ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The TZDs seem to also have advantages of prevention of cardiovascular complications of the
metabolic syndrome. They have effects on the following aspects of the metabolic syndrome:
Lowering blood pressure
Decreasing lipid abnormalities(diabetic dyslipidemia)
Reducing inflammatory mediators(like C reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase –9, leukocyte
counts)
Improving pro–coagulant properties such as abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis.10
Mechanism of action: The thiazolidinediones selectively form a ligand with the nuclear transcription
factor, peroxisome proliferator –activated receptor gamma subtype (PPAR) and thus play a role in
insulin resistance. Due to this unique action on insulin resistance, the TZDs can have a role in also
treating non diabetic patients with insulin resistance issues.
The PPAR receptor is expressed predominantly in the liver, heart, muscle and the vascular wall. The
PPAR gamma subtype receptor is expressed most abundantly in adipose tissue, pancreatic beta cells,
vascular endothelium and macrophages and is mainly targeted by the TZDs.
According to clinical studies, the TZDs mainly lower fasting and postprandial glucose
concentrations as well as free fatty acid concentrations. Most studies also indicated that there is a
decrease in insulin concentrations. The fact that the TZDs act as insulin sensitizers has been
confirmed by direct measurements in in vivo studies in humans.12
Treatment of non– diabetic

The Effect Of Exercise On Insulin Resistance
Insulin Resistance and Exercise in Adolescents
Amy Fish & Cyler Matlock
ESS 5336
11/25/14
Abstract
Objective: To examine studies on the effects of exercise on insulin resistance in the adolescent
population. Insulin resistance is a common trait in obese and overweight individuals. When the cell
resists insulin, glucose is unable to be converted into energy. This causes an excess of glucose in the
blood and is then stored as fat. Exercise has been found to decrease insulin resistance and decrease
blood glucose levels.
Design: We investigated four studies that examined the effects of exercise on insulin resistance.
Three of the studies observed long term effects, while only only one study tested the short term
effects.
Conclusion: From the four main studies that were examined, we can conclude that regular exercise
over 6 months significantly lowers insulin resistance levels in obese children, long–term
multidisciplinary therapy considerably lowers metabolic syndrome in obese patients, 13–weeks
aerobic training demonstrated dose–response benefits for insulin resistance and percent body fat,
and a single–bout of moderate intensity exercise improves insulin sensitivity and decreases insulin
levels in adolescents.
Introduction
The increasing epidemic of childhood obesity has caused the scientific community to look further
into the initiating factors causing this major public health concern. The National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey reported

Studies of Arizona Insulin Resistance (AIR) Registry
Arizona Insulin Resistance (AIR) Registry
All study participants were Mexican American from the Arizona Insulin Resistance (AIR) registry. A
description of the registry has been discussed elsewhere [25]. Briefly, of the 667 participants
enrolled in the study, 353 were distributed across 92 families from the AIR registry. The remaining
314 participants were found to be represented by single individuals. These 314 single, unrelated
individuals were considered for the analysis because they contribute to the evaluation of covariate
effects. The remaining 353 participants from 92 families generated 723 relative pairs that were
distributed across fourteen relative–pair categories (Table 1). Metabolic, anthropometric,
demographic and medical history information was obtained on the 667 individuals (aged 8–83 years
old) enrolled in the study (Table 2). All procedures were approved by the institutional review board
of Arizona State University and all subjects gave informed written consent before their participation.
Blood samples were obtained after a 12 hour fast for assessment of various phenotypes including
glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density
lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition, participants ≥ 12
years of age (n=641) underwent a 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT) where a solution
containing 1.75g/kg dextrose (up to 75 g) was ingested and venous blood

Type 2 Diabetes Type 1
Obesity is one of the most leading factors associated with Type 2 Diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes, once
known as adult–onset diabetes, is a chronic condition that affects the way a person's body
metabolizes glucose; an important energy source for the body. Type 2 Diabetes results when the
body does not produce enough insulin or is unable to use the excess amounts of insulin sufficiently;
an issue known as insulin resistance. According to the Center for Disease Control, Type 2 Diabetes
is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for ninety to ninety–five percent of all diabetic
cases (CDC, 2014). Research from the CDC indicated that Type 2 Diabetes is caused by a mixture
of genetic and environmental influences. Obesity, an important risk factor, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
People with Type 2 Diabetes are unable to clear the body of excess glucose due to the presence of
fatty acids. The release of fatty acids into the body is associated with high amounts of fat mass. The
high amounts of fat, inhibit the insulin's ability to clear the glucose from the blood. The less muscle
mass a person has, the greater the chance one has of developing insulin resistance and Type 2
Diabetes. Lean muscle mass would contribute to a lesser release of fatty acids into the body,
preventing Type 2 Diabetes.
Obesity is one of the most leading factors associated with Type 2 Diabetes. Obesity, enhances the
effects of Type 2 Diabetes where it can lead to other conditions such as, liver disease and
pancreatitis. Excess levels of fat can change the way a person's body responds to insulin and the
extra fat mass increases inflammation throughout the body. All of which link to one

Proinflammatory Muscle Synthesis
TNF–α is secreted primarily from the myeloid cells and is a potent proinflammatory cytokine. This
cytokine results mainly in the release of the inflammatory cytokines, IL–1β, and IL–6 (Chen and
Goeddel 2002), and was the first WAT derived inflammatory cytokine involved in the initiation and
progression of insulin resistance (Hotamisligil, Shargill et al. 1993, Tilg and Moschen 2008).
Though it was originally believed that TNF–α was secreted by adipose tissue, a majority of it is
secreted by adipose tissue resident macrophages (Weisberg, McCann et al. 2003). In mice, it was
proven that those lacking TNF– α or its receptors, which are positively correlated markers, were
protected against insulin resistance (Kern, Saghizadeh et al. 1995, Uysal, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2000, Vozarova, Weyer et al. 2001). Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases less IL–6 when compared
to visceral adipose tissue. IL–6 has been associated with being marker for visceral adiposity (Fried,
Bunkin et al. 1998). Two different studies have given two different results to the role that IL–6 plays
in obesity and diabetes. The first study stated that higher IL–6 levels are present in those patients
with insulin resistance that is related to obesity (Bastard, Jardel et al. 2000, Vozarova, Weyer et al.
2001). However, the second study states that IL–6 levels do indeed correlate with fat mass and
adiposity, while not confirming that they correlate with insulin action or responsiveness (Kern,
Ranganathan et al. 2001). IL–6 has an anti–inflammatory effect during exercise and it can increase
the skeletal muscles level of glucose, which in turn leads to myogenesis, hypertrophy of muscles,
and AMPK–mediated fatty acid oxidation (Starkie, Ostrowski et al.

Insulin Resistance Lab Report
Predictors of insulin resistance (IR) usually suffer from poor sensitivity and high specificity when
applied to populations other than the original one, thereby limiting their diagnostic usefulness. In
order to better define the optimal cut–off values of several biochemical predictors of insulin
resistance we studied a cohort of non–diabetic subjects in whom we obtained a direct measurement
of insulin resistance and, additionally, performed an OGTT and also, measured triglycerides to
calculate several predictors of insulin resistance.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a cross–sectional study on 66 non–diabetic subjects. From all of them, we obtained a
direct measurement of insulin resistance using the Pancreatic Suppression Test (PST). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The local use of cut–off values obtained in foreign populations may be wrong due to the uniqueness
of a given population. The PST is the easiest and most affordable of the gold standard measurements
of insulin resistance. As such, its implementation is quite simple as it only requires 9 serum glucose
determinations. Endogenous insulin secretion is simply suppressed with octreotide, added to the
glucose–insulin

Clinical And Metabolic Features Of Non Hiv Related In...
We conducted a systematic review to summarize existing data on clinical and metabolic features of
non–HIV related lipodystrophy in patients with age at onset of lipodystrophy < 18 years. This in–
depth review of 1,141 patients with lipodystrophy is the largest pooled pediatric database, so far
reported in literature. We have suggested core and supportive clinical features of four major
lipodystrophies (CGL, AGL, FPL and APL) to help clinicians in diagnosis and management
decisions (Figure 3).
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy is a rare autosomal recessive disorder (38). Several CGL loci
have been previously identified, AGPAT2 (CGL type 1), BSCL2 (CGL type 2), CAV1, and PTRF
(CGL type 4), with the first two accounting for about 95% of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These patients can present with menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries.
However, reproductive data were available on a limited number of CGL patients.
In our review, the core clinical feature of CGL was generalized fat loss noted during first 3 years of
life and rarely during early adolescence (47). Supportive features included acromegaloid
appearance, hepatomegaly (because of hepatic steatosis) (48), protuberant abdomen (due to
organomegaly), and advanced bone age. Onset of DM was during early childhood through
adolescence, except in a group of 10 Brazilian CGL patients homozygous for a 1036 bp deletion in
the AGPAT2 gene (BSCL1 locus), as described by Gomes et al. (49) and a single patient in the NIH
lipodystrophy database (age at onset of DM 34 years). Gomes et al. reported mean age at onset of
DM as 25.67 ± 11.25 years in AGPAT2 group compared to 11.93 ± 8.29 years in BSCL2 (669insA
Seipin) group (p=0.007) (49). Diabetes mellitus in CGL was ketosis–resistant, with higher insulin
levels and higher insulin resistance reported in BSCL2 than in AGPAT2 patients (49).
Acquired generalized lipodystrophy was characterized by female predominance. Patients with AGL
had normal fat distribution at birth, however developed generalized loss of subcutaneous adipose
tissue during childhood or puberty. Preceding infectious illnesses including Neisseria meningitidis,
measles, varicella and mumps (3,50,51) were associated

Insulin Resistance In Horses
Each year about 340 horses die due to effects of insulin resistance. That is almost half the deaths
caused by horse racing. If a horse or pony suffering from Insulin Resistance and they eat high sugar
feed, and eat normal, unsoaked hay the large increase in sugar may cause death or lead to serious
life threatening conditions. In horses that don't suffer from Insulin Resistance and Cushing's it
wouldn't be as great a concern if they got out and ate feed and hay, but thus act becomes life
threatening and fatal for horses and ponies suffering from Insulin Resistance and Cushing's. Insulin
Resistance, Cushings, and Endocrinopathic Laminitis are all very complex diseases that many
experts are still gaining an understanding for. Glucose, insulin, and cortisol are major factors not
only in Insulin Resistance (IR) and Cushings (PPID) as individual diseases, but they also serve to
link the two diseases to Endocrinopathic Laminitis in addition to each other. Insulin Resistance and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The elevated levels of cortisol that occur as a result of PPID are believed to contribute to the
insensitivity of stimulation and the resistance of laminitis. When the cortisol is secreted by the
pituitary gland it interferes with the lamellar perfusing, causing a vasoconstrictive response in the
equine digital arteries to the catecholamines. Also a cortisol excess results in " protein catabolism in
the skin, connective tissue, bone and skeletal muscle, impaired wound healing, muscle atrophy
derived data are pointing to the fact that inflammation leads a pivotal role in laminitis" (Johnson).
Some experts also believe that stress can lead to a horse becoming laminitic because of the increased
cortisol secretion that occurs due to stress. Since Laminitis is so incredibly painful for the horses and
ponies affected it causes them to experience extreme stress, which in turn causes a dramatic spike in
cortisol levels

Infertility : Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Infertility: Polycystic ovary syndrome is probably the most common cause of anovulatory infertility
(11), associated with an increased risk of miscarriage after either spontaneous or assisted conception
(1) and the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in assisted conception (12).
A higher incidence of first trimester spontaneous abortions (25–73%) has been reported in women
with polycystic ovaries or PCOS (13). Abnormalities in LH secretion were found in 81% of women
with recurrent fetal loss, and higher androgen levels were observed in women who had recurrent
miscarriages, both with and without PCOS. Anovulatory infertility, due to arrested folliculogenesis
in PCOS, is frequently found in association with insulin resistance (IR) and obesity (14).
A series of intraovarian growth factors [insulin–like growth factors (IGF), AMH, growth
differentiation factor 9 (GDF–9) and inhibin] and extra–ovarian factors (GH, IGF–1 and insulin)
seem to act together in a process that triggers anovulation or early pregnancy loss through the
impairment of folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation, steroidogenesis and endometrial receptivity but
whether these abnormalities are the direct cause of anovulation and pregnancy loss, or the
consequence of deranged steroidogenesis has to be determined (15). Whereas underweight is
associated with poor fetal growth and increased pregnancy loss, overweight is more strongly
associated with diseases in pregnancy, pregnancy loss, stillbirth and

A Brief Note On Diabetes And Low Physical Activity
Diabetes is one of the most common non–communicable diseases in the world with currently 347
million people living with the condition and was the direct cause of approximately 1.5 million
deaths in 2012 (WHO). It is a condition that occurs when the body cannot provide enough insulin or
cannot use the insulin that is produced effectively. Insulin is what allows glucose to enter the body's
cells for energy so without it, too much glucose stays in the blood stream. The insulin is what
regulates blood sugar and without it, it can cause damage to the body. There are two types of
diabetes, Type 1 is caused when the pancreas cannot produce insulin and is less common in diabetic
patients. Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM) is caused when the body does not ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Legumes are an important component in a healthy diet especially in developing countries and play a
much less significant role in the diet of western countries. Within Britain it is baked beans that are
extremely popular, however there sweet tomato sauce is usually high in sugar, and in the Far East
soya beans are staple part of their diet (Lean, 2006). It is said that leguminous plants should be a key
component in a healthy diabetic diet to control and manage the patient's diabetes. Regular
consumption of legumes should occur as they have various properties that can contribute to
protecting from obesity, cardiovascular disease and of course NIDDM. It is said that a serving a day
of legumes (1/2 a cup) can have positive effects on health, this being the minimum that should be
consumed. Mirmiran et al (2014) claims that this food commodity is a supportive functional food
that should be permanent in a diabetic's diet because of their low glycaemic index, high fibre and
phytochemical content that will help reduce the risk of complications associated with spikes in
blood glucose. This is one of the main reasons why people with diabetes or pre–diabetes should
have a high legume diet. It has been shown that lower glycaemic index (GI) diet has been associated
with improved control over diabetes. The GI is a ranking of carbohydrate containing foods based on
their overall effect of blood glucose levels by their

Insulin Resistance In Severe Acne Vulgaris
Insulin Resistance in Severe Acne Vulgaris
Marcia Speights
University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
This report explains the research article entitled, Insulin Resistance in Severe Acne Vulgaris, which
may be accessed for free, full text, at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4565837/. A
study was given to a group of individuals who met the requirements needed to attain the best results
in order to see if there was any correlation between acne vulgaris and insulin resistance. There has
been much research in recent years suggesting that, while including all of the other factors involved
in causing acne, diet is one that has been a big subject due to inconsistent results. In this paper, the
study performed and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One can see how certain food may cause a more noticeable breakout of acne due how much they
alter a person's blood sugar levels and insulin levels. At the same time, one finding cannot simply be
applied to all individuals as every person is different. I believe that this article could be especially
important to those who suffer with acne vulgaris as it would help give them a better understanding
of the effects some foods may have on the. Acne does not only have an effect physically on
individuals, but it also affects them emotionally. There are many treatment options for people with
acne ranging from very basic over the counter topical treatments to more invasive and intense
treatments such as Isotretinoin. Along with medications that can be prescribed, the first thing that
any one person can do to help possibly reduce their acne is change their diet, or avoid foods that
would increase their likelihood of an increased breakout. There is much research going into whether
diet truly does have an effect, but more and more information is being collected to support this
hypothesis. I do not believe that food causes acne vulgaris; however, I strongly believe that it can
worsen the effects of already existent acne by such ways as increasing oil production of sebaceous
glands in our

Relationship between Poor Fetal Growth and the Subsequent...
Epidemiological and animal studies have shown a relationship between poor fetal growth with the
subsequent development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (Ravelli et al. 1976;
Hales & Ozanne 2003; Painter et al. 2008; Pembrey 2010). Such developmental programming has
been explained by the "thrifty phenotype" hypothesis, which proposes that poor fetal nutrition can
result in reprogramming of the fetus, which allows the offspring to maximize the body's capacity for
energy storage under conditions of poor nutrition once out of the womb. However, this phenotype
would be detrimental under conditions where normal or excessive nutrition are present and would
thus promote obesity (Hales & Ozanne 2003). Body weight, food intake and metabolism are
regulated by the hypothalamus that processes central and peripheral signals. Within the
hypothalamus, neurons residing in the ARC (arcuate nucleus) – PVN (paraventricular) –PF/LH
(perifornical/lateral hypothalamus) axis communicate with each other and are subjected to the
influence of several peripheral factors, including leptin and insulin (Davis et al. 2010). The action of
these hormones on food intake occurs in part by convergence on a specific set of neurons within the
ARC (Elmquist et al. 1998, Abizaid & Horvath 2008) that contains neuronal populations expressing
orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti–related peptide (AgRP) and the anorectic pro–
opiomelanocortin (POMC). NPY synthesis and secretion have been found

Insulin Resistance and Exercise Essay
This is a discussion of research article listed at end of paper
When muscle is damaged, there is a general resistance to insulin. The physiological stress that is
associated with damaged muscle impairs how insulin stimulates IRS–1, PI 3–kinase, and Akt–
kinase. This presumably leads to less glucose absorption. Previous studies have shown that there has
been temporary insulin resistance due to the physiological stress associated with muscle damage.
However, the molecular mechanisms by which physiological stress induces insulin resistance is not
known.
The many effects that insulin has on metabolism and cellular growth begin when insulin binds to its
receptor at the cell membrane. The insulin signals from the insulin receptor is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This has been associated with elevated production of mononuclear cell derived cytokines. This
includes tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF–alpha), interleukin 6 and interleukin 1–Beta. TNF–alpha
impairs insulin signal transduction in muscle cells. * Also, in vivo administration of TNF–alpha in
animals imparis glucose uptake by the whole body and skeletal muscle.
Supporting the data on the link between TNF–alpha and insulin is the fact that neutralization of
TNF–alpha in animal models of insulin resistance resulted in a significant increase in insulin action.
This has led to intense speculation that TNF–alpha may play a role in type 2 diabetes.
This study explored the potential role of TNF–alpha in the inhibition of insulin action after limited
human muscle damage.
The purpose of this study was to find the effects of muscle damage on insulin signal transduction at
the level of the enzymes, which are critical steps in the regulation of insulin action and insulin–
mediated glucose uptake. Also, a first attempt was made in finding the extent to which TNF–alpha is
associated with temporary insulin resistance after muscle damage in human subjects.
Cell signaling is a burgeoning new field of interest in biology. The study of this signaling reveals the
nature of the infinitesimal, and the manner in which our cells coordinate to properly undergo certain
functions.

Insulin Resistance Diet
Human lifestyle has changed from being happy and easy going to acutely nerve–racking. It's its
effects on the health and well being of each person all over the world. The diseases of only proven
to strike people in their later years are now common through the ages. The rate of high blood
pressure and diabetes among children is growing alarmingly. The primary reason for each one of
these issues is bad food habits and stressful lifestyle. In this situation the insulin resistance diet
comes as a life–saver.
The primary reason for insulin in the human body is to supply sugar cells to all elements of the
body, thus helping to reduce the sugar from the system. Insulin syndrome is a disorder where it does
not do the function effectively. This contributes to increased blood sugar levels and may cause fatal
consequences if not worked right. Ergo the insulin resistance diet plays an important role in
regulating the glucose levels and a sudden increase is avoided.
The insulin resistance diet contains low carbohydrates, moderate fat and moderate protein that will
be designed to slow down the digestion process and keep a check on the sugar levels. This is a very
effective and natural means for people suffering from diabetes and is simple to follow. This notion is
based on what our ancestors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once this diet is used properly the person does not feel hungry until it is time for his/her next
scheduled meal. The primary foods that are difficult and need to be avoided are refined and starchy
carbs. These are found in food like potatoes, sugars and basic sweets, white breads and pastas,
wholegrain products like tortillas, cornbreads, crackers, grain etc. All carbohydrates are not bad, but
they must be taken alongside adequate protein all through meals. Fruits could be eaten in
moderation but dried fruits have to be

Systemic Hyperinsulinemia
The exact cause of the syndrome is unknown; however, the great importance is emphasised on the
pathological decrease of insulin sensitivity by peripheral tissues, especially adipose and muscle
tissue (the development of insulin resistance) while maintaining the insulin sensitivity of ovarian
tissue. Situation of pathologically elevated insulin sensitivity of ovarian tissue while maintaining
normal insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues is also the possible cause of the PCOS. In the first
case, as a result of insulin resistance of the organism, there is a compensatory hypersecretion of
insulin, leading to the development of hyperinsulinemia. A pathologically elevated blood insulin
levels results in ovarian hyperstimulation and increased secretion ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, patients with PCOS were noted with characteristic changes in the levels of signalling
proteins – so–called insulin receptor substrate (IRS) of the 1st, 2nd and 4th types in theca ovary cells
(Figure 2) [18]. Individual follicles (3–7 mm) were obtained from 11 women with PCOS and 10
women with regular menstrual cycles. In PCOS levels of insulin receptor substrates (IRS–1, IRS–2)
were increased (p <0.03). These changes may play a role in ovarian hyperandrogenism and theca–
hyperplasia. In women with PCOS, insulin stimulates the biosynthesis of testosterone by theca
ovary cells. The blockage of the insulin receptor by specific antibodies inhibits the stimulatory effect
of insulin on the synthesis of testosterone.In particular, INS–2 increases testosterone biosynthesis
[19].
Increased levels of testosterone synthesis enzyme 17alpha–hydroxylase during theca ovarian
stimulation with insulin mediated cell signalling activate cascade insulin receptor protein
phosphatidylinositol–3–kinase (PI3K) (Figure 2). Specific inhibition of

Insulin Resistance Essay
Insulin resistance is a huge burden on the population of the United States and is associated with
obesity. When insulin resistance is induced by a diet it is can lead to the dysfunction of the brain and
behavior alterations. This is because the brain has insulin pathways that are involved in the survival
of neurons and cognitive processes such as learning and memory. Alzheimer's disease and mental
sicknesses have been associated with brain insulin resistance. In contrast, polyphenols can
counteract the effects of insulin resistance brain alterations. Polyphenols chemicals found in
cinnamon, and as a result, they can protective against such adverse effects.
These effects are similar to that of the results of high fructose consumption which is found in sugar.
Also similar effects happen with chronic stress exposures. Both slowly increase insulin resistance
and are associated with brain dysfunction. Excess fat consumption has similar effects but also
include dysfunction of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because cinnamon has antioxidant properties and seem to increase one's sensitivity to insulin.
Biologically, these chemicals help your mitochondria to function properly. Likewise, they help
regulate blood glucose and lipid levels. These are important because the mitochondria also helps
provide energy and keep nerves functioning and alive. Lastly, they help reduce the likelihood of
contracting type 2 diabetes.
Information provided above led researchers to observe the effect of a diet that induces insulin
resistance and stress on brain mitochondria while focusing on benefits of cinnamon consumption. So
what they found was when rats underwent restraint stress which causes response such as anxiety the
rats that were fed a high fructose diet resulted in a lack of adaptive brain mitochondria mechanisms
where those rats that were fed controlled diet of normal fructose exhibited. In this scenario, adapting
is vital for brain

How Exercise And / Or Nutrition Can Effect The Reversal Of...
The drastic rise in the prevalence of obesity has lead to an exponential increase in insulin resistance.
Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder that has been linked to the development of many chronic
diseases such as type two diabetes. The purpose of conducting this study was to examine how
exercise and/or nutrition can effect the reversal of insulin resistance. Through the compilation of
peer reviewed journals, data on the reversal of insulin resistance through diet and/or exercise was
gathered. It was found that the development of insulin resistance and the reversal of insulin
resistance can be facilitated through both diet and exercise. Exercise was shown to increase non–
insulin mediated glucose transport by increasing GLUT4 receptor expression as well as increasing
intramuscular triglyceride metabolism. In contrast, nutrition was shown to have a more prominent
effect on weight loss and decreasing internal inflammation. A combination of the two in conjunction
was shown to have the most prominent results. Obesity is growing at epidemic proportions in
developed nations. Over 1.4 billion adults are currently considered to be overweight or obese
(Haskell, 2007). Individuals in developed nations average daily caloric consumption has increased
by 200kcal while their energy expenditure has decreased by 800kcal. On average caloric
consumption is in excess compared to energy expenditure. Individuals in developed nations have
been progressively making a switch to a more

Relationship between Exposure to PAH's and Insulin Resistance
1. Introduction
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental toxic compounds with
fused aromatic rings, formed from incomplete combustion of carbon–containing materials such as
coal and fossil fuels, cigarette smoking, and food cooking.1,2 Non–occupational exposure routes of
PAHs include: inhalation airborne PAHs such as polluted air or cigarette smoking, ingestion of
PAH–containing food such as charred and broiled meat, as well as dermal absorption.3,4 PAHs can
bioaccumulate through the food chain because of its nature of resistant to degradation.5 The adverse
health effects of PAHs have been widely studied recently mainly focusing on increasing risks of
chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and a variety of cancers, including
respiratory, renal, and breast cancers.6–15 Recently, several studies suggested an association
between ambient air pollution and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and ambient fine particulate matter
(PM) may induce insulin resistance.16–21 Since air pollution as well as smoking and red meat
consumption were consistently linked to cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes,22,23 and all of
them are important exposure sources of PAHs, it's biologically plausible that PAHs may play
important roles in the relationship between cigarette smoking, ambient air pollution and
cardiometabolic diseases.
Insulin resistance is a state where there is reduced biological effect for any given concentration of
insulin.24,25 It is regarded

Causes And Effect Of Insulin Resistance Essay

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Tammy Moncrief

More from Tammy Moncrief (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Causes And Effect Of Insulin Resistance Essay