This document discusses causality assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It provides an overview of two causality models: the WHO model and Naranjo algorithm. It also distinguishes between intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can be considered when evaluating the causal relationship between a drug and an ADR. An example case report is presented and analyzed using elements of causality assessment like dechallenge, rechallenge, and background information from published literature and product information. The learning objectives are to understand how to apply the two causality models and evaluate factors that play a role in ADR causality assessment.
complete description of causality assessment with the definition of basic terminologies.& relation with an adverse event and adverse drug reaction, causality terms & assessment criteria.
Lab Results Interpretation for Pharmacist A.NouriAhmed Nouri
PHARMACISTS dealing with LAB RESULTS reading, each pharmacist needs to have the basic knowledge regarding lab results and how to deal with it . Ahmed Nouri, PharmD
pharmacovigilance, adverse effects, causality assessment,methods, who-umc method with case study, FOR DOWNLOAD PPT MAIL ME ON iamgauravchhabra@gmail.com
Pharmacogenomics deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response by co-relating gene expression or polymorphism with a drug’s efficacy or toxicity.
complete description of causality assessment with the definition of basic terminologies.& relation with an adverse event and adverse drug reaction, causality terms & assessment criteria.
Lab Results Interpretation for Pharmacist A.NouriAhmed Nouri
PHARMACISTS dealing with LAB RESULTS reading, each pharmacist needs to have the basic knowledge regarding lab results and how to deal with it . Ahmed Nouri, PharmD
pharmacovigilance, adverse effects, causality assessment,methods, who-umc method with case study, FOR DOWNLOAD PPT MAIL ME ON iamgauravchhabra@gmail.com
Pharmacogenomics deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response by co-relating gene expression or polymorphism with a drug’s efficacy or toxicity.
Pharmacovigilance is the science of collecting, monitoring, researching, assessing and evaluating information from healthcare providers and patients on the adverse effects of medications, biological products, herbalism and traditional medicines.
Presentation was originally done at Group Health Cooperative’s National Summit on Opioid Safety: http://www.ghinnovates.org/?p=3502
Presentation by: Roger Chou, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine for Oregon Health & Science University
and Director of Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center.
POINTS TO BE INCLUDED
Definition, scope,
Technical definitions, common terminologies used in clinical
settings
Daily activities of clinical pharmacists
Ward round participation
Treatment Chart Review
Adverse drug reaction monitoring
Interprofessional collaboration
Personalized medicine involves the prescription of specific therapeutics best suited for an individual based on their genetic or proteomic profile. This talk discusses current approaches in drug discovery/development, the role of genetics in drug metabolism, and lawful/ethical issues surrounding the deployment of new health technology. I highlight some bioinformatic roles in the drug discovery process, and discuss the use of semantic web technologies for data integration and knowledge discovery..
Population pharmacokinetics is the study of the sources and correlates of variability in drug concentrations among individuals who are the target patient population receiving clinically relevant doses of a drug of interest
Introduction
•All medicinal products carry risks in addition to their possible benefits for developing a new medicine, a decision can only be made if both benefits & risks are addressed. Risk associated with the drug is minimized when medicines of good quality, safety & efficacy are used rationally by an informed health professional & by patients. Pharmacovigilance helps in reducing the risk of harm by ensuring use of good quality medicines appropriately. Need of international efforts to address drug safety were realized &
initiated in 1961, following the Thalidomide disaster. Guidelines were developed to monitor drugs, foods & environmental contaminants for adverse reactions & toxicity . In beginning, guidelines were restricted to local needs. Globalization -
recognized need of a system, accepted internationally, to ensure safety
of medicinal products.New drugs: marketed on basis of comparatively limited information, as clinical trials are designed to answer specific questions .•In US, ~ 500 to 2000 patients receive a new drug during clinical trials, & only a few hundred of them are treated > 3-6 months
• In clinical trials, critical efficacy endpoints are identified in advance
& sample sizes are estimated for assessment of effectiveness .
• Common AEs are generally identified & well characterized in
prospective trials
•Infrequent or delayed AE Characteristic depending on their severity
and importance to risk benefits and require special techniques
•Isolated report- definitive in associating a drug with an AE, if drug
administration and event are temporally related, de- challenging or
re-challenging.
•In contrast with few exceptions phase 2 3 trial are not designed to
test specified hypothesis about safety nor to measure identifying AE
with any specified hypotheses about safety nor to measure or identify
AEs with any pre-specified level of sensitivity.
• Exceptions occur when a particular concern related to drug or drug
class has arisen & when there is a specific safety advantage being
studied.
• Safety evaluation during clinical drug development is not expected to
characterize all the AEs, for example, those occurring in < 1 in 1000
patients
•Risks that may be missed include
• rare events
• events occurring after long-term use
• events occurring in special populations
• events occurring in association with specific diseases &
• events occurring in association with concomitant therapy Introduction
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pharmacovigilance is the science of collecting, monitoring, researching, assessing and evaluating information from healthcare providers and patients on the adverse effects of medications, biological products, herbalism and traditional medicines.
Presentation was originally done at Group Health Cooperative’s National Summit on Opioid Safety: http://www.ghinnovates.org/?p=3502
Presentation by: Roger Chou, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine for Oregon Health & Science University
and Director of Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center.
POINTS TO BE INCLUDED
Definition, scope,
Technical definitions, common terminologies used in clinical
settings
Daily activities of clinical pharmacists
Ward round participation
Treatment Chart Review
Adverse drug reaction monitoring
Interprofessional collaboration
Personalized medicine involves the prescription of specific therapeutics best suited for an individual based on their genetic or proteomic profile. This talk discusses current approaches in drug discovery/development, the role of genetics in drug metabolism, and lawful/ethical issues surrounding the deployment of new health technology. I highlight some bioinformatic roles in the drug discovery process, and discuss the use of semantic web technologies for data integration and knowledge discovery..
Population pharmacokinetics is the study of the sources and correlates of variability in drug concentrations among individuals who are the target patient population receiving clinically relevant doses of a drug of interest
Introduction
•All medicinal products carry risks in addition to their possible benefits for developing a new medicine, a decision can only be made if both benefits & risks are addressed. Risk associated with the drug is minimized when medicines of good quality, safety & efficacy are used rationally by an informed health professional & by patients. Pharmacovigilance helps in reducing the risk of harm by ensuring use of good quality medicines appropriately. Need of international efforts to address drug safety were realized &
initiated in 1961, following the Thalidomide disaster. Guidelines were developed to monitor drugs, foods & environmental contaminants for adverse reactions & toxicity . In beginning, guidelines were restricted to local needs. Globalization -
recognized need of a system, accepted internationally, to ensure safety
of medicinal products.New drugs: marketed on basis of comparatively limited information, as clinical trials are designed to answer specific questions .•In US, ~ 500 to 2000 patients receive a new drug during clinical trials, & only a few hundred of them are treated > 3-6 months
• In clinical trials, critical efficacy endpoints are identified in advance
& sample sizes are estimated for assessment of effectiveness .
• Common AEs are generally identified & well characterized in
prospective trials
•Infrequent or delayed AE Characteristic depending on their severity
and importance to risk benefits and require special techniques
•Isolated report- definitive in associating a drug with an AE, if drug
administration and event are temporally related, de- challenging or
re-challenging.
•In contrast with few exceptions phase 2 3 trial are not designed to
test specified hypothesis about safety nor to measure identifying AE
with any specified hypotheses about safety nor to measure or identify
AEs with any pre-specified level of sensitivity.
• Exceptions occur when a particular concern related to drug or drug
class has arisen & when there is a specific safety advantage being
studied.
• Safety evaluation during clinical drug development is not expected to
characterize all the AEs, for example, those occurring in < 1 in 1000
patients
•Risks that may be missed include
• rare events
• events occurring after long-term use
• events occurring in special populations
• events occurring in association with specific diseases &
• events occurring in association with concomitant therapy Introduction
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
causality-methods_2018
1. Prof E. P. van Puijenbroek, MD, PhD
October 2018
Causality assessment
Using causality models
2. • Know the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic causality
• Be able to apply two different causality models
•WHO model
•Naranjo algorithm
Learning Objectives
4. Question 1
It is important to annotate the strength of the causal
relationship between drug and adverse drug reaction
1. Agree
2. Do not agree
5. Question 2
Do you think it is possible to determine the strength of the
causal relationship between drug and adverse drug reaction?
1. Agree
2. Do not agree
6. • Literature and product information
- MEB / EMA
- Medline
• Background Incidence
- Literature
• Prescription data
- GIPdatabank.nl
• Databse
- Lareb (NL)
- Eudravigilance (EMA), Vigibase (WHO)
Extrinsic factors
“How well known is this ADR?”
7. • Pharmacological plausibility
- kinetic, dynamic, chemical structure
- latency, dechallenge
- co-medication
• Patient-related
- indication, comorbidity, renal function
- Drug metabolism
Intrinsic factors
“What patient- or drug related factors play a role?”
9. • Regulatory requirements: e.g. causality assessment for
each report mandatory when submitting reports to
EMA
• Publications of case reports
• Individual patient care
When to use causality assessment?
10. Agbabiaka TB1,Savovic J,Ernst E. Methods for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2008;31(1):21-37.
11. Agbabiaka TB1,Savovic J,Ernst E. Methods for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2008;31(1):21-37.
12. Types of causality models
• Expert judgement/global introspection: individual
assessments based on previous knowledge and
experience.
• Algorithms: set of specific questions to estimate
te strength of the causal relationship.
• Probabilistic methods (Bayesian approaches):
Transform the prior estimate of probability into a
posterior estimate of probability of drug
causation.
13. WHO causality definitions
• CERTAIN
a clinical event, including laboratory test abnormality, occurring in a plausible time relationship to drug administration, and which
cannot be explained by concurrent disease or other drugs or chemicals. The response to withdrawal of the drug (dechallenge)
should be clinically plausible. The event must be definitive pharmacologically, using a satisfactory rechallenge procedure if
necessary.
• PROBABLE/LIKELY
A clinical event, including laboratory test abnormality, with a reasonable time sequence to administration of the drug, unlikely to
be attributed to concurrent disease or other drug or chemicals, and which follows a clinically reasonable response on withdrawal
(dechallenge). Rechallenge information is not required to fulfil this defenition.
• POSSIBLE
A clinical event, including laboratory test abnormality, with a reasonable timne sequence to administration of the drug, but which
could also be explained by concurrent disease or other drugs or chemicals. Information on drug withdrawal may be lacking or
unclear.
• UNLIKELY
A clinical event, including laboratory test abnormality, with a temporal relationship to drug administration which makes a causal
relationship improbable, and in which other drug, chemicals or underlying disease provide plausible explanations.
15. Naranjo algorithm
• Systematic causality assessment
- 10 questions
- Sum score
- 63 cases from the literature
- only 3 assessors
Naranjo et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;239-245
19. Case 1
• Reporter: pharmacist
• Female, 60 years
• Complaints: flu-like symptoms
• Suspect drug:
risedronate (Actonel®) 1x / week 35 mg for osteoporosis
• Concomitant-medication:
omeprazole and lormetazepam
20. • Severe symptoms: muscle pain neck and shoulders,
headaches, fever and general malaise, about half a day after
ingestion
• Complaints take approximately 5 days
• After next intake same complaints increased
Description symtoms
22. • Switch to risedronate 5 mg once daily
no effect on any of the symptoms
• Medication changed into
alendronate (Fosamax®) 1x / week, 70 mg
no complaints anymore
Course of reaction
25. Background information
• Flu syndrome
Flu syndrome was reported in 9,8% of patients enrolled in phase 3
Paget’s disease clinical trials with risedronate (Prod Info Actonel®, 2002).
• Flu-like symptoms
Flu-like symptoms (muscle pain, bone pain, hot flushes, increased
sweating) have been reported with the use of ibandronate (Anon, 1996).
• Flu-like symptoms
nonspecific flu-like symptoms including fever, chills, bone pain,
arthralgia, and myalgia have been described in some patients treated
with zoledronic acid…
26. Background information
• WHO:
- > 150 reports of flu-like symptoms and bisphosphonates
Reporting Odds Ratio:
● Alendronate 0,92 (0,69-1,24)
● Pamidronate 10,7 (8,29-13,85)
● Risedronate 3,51 (2,20-5,59)
● Zoledronate 11,0 (7,98-15,17)
- Association flu-like symptoms + alendronate n.s.
- Association other bisphosphonates and this ADR statistical signal
29. • Causation may be difficult to assess in practice
• There are various models of causality in use
• Validation leaves much to be desired, situations in
which they are applied are often too specific
Summary
30. • To be able to use two different causality model for the
assessment of adverse drug reactions
- Causality scheme of Naranjo
- Knowing the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic
causality
• Evaluation of a case report, using elements that play a role
in the assessment of ADRs
Learning Objectives
31. Exam question –example 1
• Causality assessment van be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Classify
the factors in the base below:
• A female patient, aged 60 years, suffered from dizziness due to orthostatic
hypotension, a few hours after every administration of metoprolol for
tachycardia. The dizziness resolved after 6 hours. Dizziness is described in the
Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) of metoprolol as a frequently
occuring adverse drug reaction (ADR). The patient’s medical history indicates
that she also had sleep disorders and uses temazepam (a benzodiazepine).
Which if the following classifications is TRUE?
A. Description of the ADR in the SmPC and the frequency of the ADR are both
intrinic factors
B. Orthostatic hypotension can pharmacologically be explained, which is an
extrinsic factor
C. A positive dechallenge and a positive rechallenge are both intrinsic factors.
D. Concomitant drug tamezepam can cause dizziness, which is an extrinsic factor.
32. Exam question – example 2
The Naranjo algorithm is a tool that can be used in the causality assessment of
possible adverse drug reactions. In this algorithm, the following aspects play a role:
1) Severity
2) Dechallenge
3) Rechallenge
4) Alternative causes
Which of the following statements is correct?
a) 1 and 2 are true, 3 and 4 are false
b) 2,3 and 4 are true, 1 is false
c) All statements are true
d) All statements are false
33. Taofikat B. Agbabiaka, Jelena Savovi, Edzard Ernst. Methods for Causality Assessment of Adverse Drug
Reactions A Systematic Review. Drug Safety 2008; 31 (1): 21-37
Anonymous. The use of the WHO-UMC system for standardised case causality assessment. Website Uppsala
Monitoring Centre.
http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/WHOcausality_assessment.pdf
Naranjo et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther
1981;239-245
Literature causality assessment