The paper related to the case of Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al provides information on the subject of the Royal Dutch Shell as a company, including information about its existence, purposes, and business. Furthermore, it will explain thoroughly the situation in the Ogoni area, Nigeria, during the late end of the 20th century, and how the Royal Dutch Shell has negatively influenced and harmed its situation by that period. It will shed a light on the actions on the people in order to fight against their rights, as well as the counter-reaction of Shell towards the allegations as well.
Strategic Communications is an anticipatory practice which attempts to foresee events, trends and issues which may develop to disrupt important relationships. There is a need for an alert scrutiny of social changes and outside forces - from current scenario analysis to wish-list planning - in order to find an appropriate way to monitor external environment and proffer better solutions to identified issues that might snowball into a Crisis and hurt or destroy the reputation of an organisation.
This class project explored the complex negotiations process between the leaders of the Bodo Community in Nigeria and the Shell Oil Company over adequate reparations for the environmental devastation caused by oil spills.
Strategic Communications is an anticipatory practice which attempts to foresee events, trends and issues which may develop to disrupt important relationships. There is a need for an alert scrutiny of social changes and outside forces - from current scenario analysis to wish-list planning - in order to find an appropriate way to monitor external environment and proffer better solutions to identified issues that might snowball into a Crisis and hurt or destroy the reputation of an organisation.
This class project explored the complex negotiations process between the leaders of the Bodo Community in Nigeria and the Shell Oil Company over adequate reparations for the environmental devastation caused by oil spills.
Relatorio sobre as atividades da Shell em todo o mundo mostrando os serios problemas ambientais, de saude e sociais causados pela corporacao. Realizado com a colaboracao de diversas ongs de todo o mundo, inclusive pelo CAVE.
The Canadian Fuels Association represents the industry that produces, distributes and markets petroleum products in Canada. Contributing to a stronger economy, getting greener every year, prioritizing safety, enabling smarter choices and taking you further.
Read this to learn how we do this.
To learn more, please visit: http://www.canadianfuels.ca
Nigerian People Vs ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC [2015] EWHC HT-2015-000241 & HT-2015...Richard Levicki
See Para 117 for the cowardly we can do what we want, High Court again refuses to hold UK parent companies for account as Shell blocks more than 40,000 Nigerians from holding it to account for oil spills in the English courts yesterday. Our courts have become corporate protectors and mass human rights abuse facilitators. These judgements must be challenged.
Relatorio sobre as atividades da Shell em todo o mundo mostrando os serios problemas ambientais, de saude e sociais causados pela corporacao. Realizado com a colaboracao de diversas ongs de todo o mundo, inclusive pelo CAVE.
The Canadian Fuels Association represents the industry that produces, distributes and markets petroleum products in Canada. Contributing to a stronger economy, getting greener every year, prioritizing safety, enabling smarter choices and taking you further.
Read this to learn how we do this.
To learn more, please visit: http://www.canadianfuels.ca
Nigerian People Vs ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC [2015] EWHC HT-2015-000241 & HT-2015...Richard Levicki
See Para 117 for the cowardly we can do what we want, High Court again refuses to hold UK parent companies for account as Shell blocks more than 40,000 Nigerians from holding it to account for oil spills in the English courts yesterday. Our courts have become corporate protectors and mass human rights abuse facilitators. These judgements must be challenged.
Juan ramón de la torre aditech-Jornada Biomed XXICein
NUEVOS MARCOS DE COLABORACIÓN CIENCIA/EMPRESA/ADMINISTRACIÓN. Entorno tecnológico en Navarra. Juan Ramon de la Torre. Director científico y tecnológico de ADITECH Corporación Tecnológica.
Jornada “New Industry” (CEIN, 28 de octubre de 2015). SHOWROOM. Presentaciones sobre el ecosistema emprendedor innovador de Navarra con impacto en el campo de la mecatrónica a cargo de startups, grupos de investigación, universidad y centros tecnológicos.
Ian Craig (EVP Sub-Saharan Africa) and Mutiu Sunmonu (Managing Director SPDC) presented at a field visit Shell organised for Socially Responsible Investors in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Topic 8: The Business and Financial Performance of an Organization over a thr...Academic Mania
Oxford Brookes (OBU) ACCA Applied Accounting RAP Thesis on Topic 8 ‘The Business and Financial Performance of an Organization over a three year period.’
Socially responsible investors briefing in London, April 14, 2015Shell plc
Ben van Beurden, Chief Executive Officer and Chad Holliday, Non-Executive Director and Chairman of the Corporate and Social Responsibility Committee presented to Shell’s socially responsible investors in London during the annual socially responsible investors briefing. The event also included a short presentation on climate change.
Khulumani's submission on the international apartheid lawsuit that sought to hold foreign multinationals that engaged in corrupt sanctions-busting activities accountable for their role in aiding and abetting the perpetrations of gross human rights violations against thousands of black South Africans. Visit corruptiontribunal.org.za for updates.
IDHE - ONU Da a conocer situación de Cesar EstradaDiario Perú
El Instituto de Derechos Humanos y Empresas de la ONU realiza informe sobre defensores de los derechos Huamanos, en la que incluyen el caso del Periodista Cesar Estrada por ser considerado un caso grave en el Perú.
FUEL SUBSIDY: THE DAY OF RAGE By Olusegun AdeniyiOlusegun Adeniyi
With the nation evidently on tenterhooks, the House of Representatives convened an emergency session on Sunday, the 8th of January 2012, and decided among other things, to probe the management of the fuel subsidy scheme so as to unearth the factors responsible for the rot and find out how to tackle the structural and procedural deficiencies that have contributed to our woes as a nation. At that same session, the House also appealed to President Goodluck Jonathan to suspend the fuel price hike until a more fortuitous time.
While those interested in muckraking will find enough materials with which to peddle their trade from the testimonies of all the principal stakeholders, serious minded people will find sufficient proof (in the report) of the waste and corruption that are inherent in an unbridled regime of subsidy that is beyond reforming.
Perhaps with that, we can begin an honest conversation about whether it is indeed in the interest of our country to continue with the regime of fuel subsidy that has made emergency billionaires of some rent-seekers in the private sector and their collaborators in government while making nonsense of our oil and gas sector.
The Irony of Amnesty Programme: Incessant Oil Theft and Illegal Bunkering In ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
FUEL SUBSIDY: THE DAY OF RAGE By Olusegun AdeniyiOlusegun Adeniyi
With the nation evidently on tenterhooks, the House of Representatives convened an emergency session on Sunday, the 8th of January 2012, and decided among other things, to probe the management of the fuel subsidy scheme so as to unearth the factors responsible for the rot and find out how to tackle the structural and procedural deficiencies that have contributed to our woes as a nation. At that same session, the House also appealed to President Goodluck Jonathan to suspend the fuel price hike until a more fortuitous time.
While those interested in muckraking will find enough materials with which to peddle their trade from the testimonies of all the principal stakeholders, serious minded people will find sufficient proof (in the report) of the waste and corruption that are inherent in an unbridled regime of subsidy that is beyond reforming.
Perhaps with that, we can begin an honest conversation about whether it is indeed in the interest of our country to continue with the regime of fuel subsidy that has made emergency billionaires of some rent-seekers in the private sector and their collaborators in government while making nonsense of our oil and gas sector.
Evaluation of the Statutory Regime of Corporate Environmental Liability in th...AJHSSR Journal
It was not long after the discovery of oil in the small town of oloibri Bayelsa state in 1956, that
commercial exploration started in 1958. Nigeria is Africa's biggest producer of crude, with production capacity
estimated at 2 million barrels per day (bbl. /d) in 2018. Judging from the large reserves and with a right
atmosphere, Nigeria could produce up to 3 million bbl. /d per day. Nigeria is estimated to have about 37.2
billion barrels of proven oil reserves, largely concentrated in the Niger Delta Region and over 95 per cent export
and 75 per cent earnings Nigeria is dependent on the Oil and Gas sector.
Cases of pipeline leakages have become rampant in Niger Delta; this has influenced negatively the
social, economic, and ecological life in the region. Oil spills occurrences stood at 6,744 spills with 2,369,470
barrels between 1976-2000, of this number, an estimated 1,820,410.5 barrels 77% was deposited into the
environment, though a cumulative figure of 549,060 barrels of oil, signifying 23.17 per cent of the whole was
however recovered. Painfully, this unprecedented number of oil spill accidents has witnessed only a negligible
clean-up effort by multinational oil corporations (MNCs) from whose facilities the oil escaped.
This article critically examines the liability regime of corporate operators in the oil and gas sector in Nigeria.
The inadequacies in the major laws within the sector and proffer suggestions for a stronger legal framework.
Nigeria is not lacking in regulatory laws within the oil and gas sector, but these laws are weak and lack the
efficacy to make the polluter liable.
Syria peace process – the need for political transitionRianne van Mierlo
From next year onwards, we will be entering the 7th year of ongoing peace negotiations in Syria. The debate regarding a transitional government remains at the top of the agenda. But how will this be realised? Is it even realisable? Are we fully dependent on Russia for this matter? And will a transitional government only be realised when president Assad steps down?
'The need for political transition' is a paper written during the course 'Foreign Affairs and Security Policy' at Zuyd University. It raises questions on the likelihood of a transitional government in Syria.
As negotiations on EU-Indian free trade agreements have been going on since 2007, it might be interesting to examine which key issues restrain both parties from finalising the contract. The trade report on EU-Indian negotiations provides an overview of past trade-related events, EU-Indian agreements and ongoing and future developments.
Official transcript of records received from Universidad Europea de Valencia (UEV), declaring the grades obtained at UEV and the period in which resided in Valencia. The document attached also shows that the student obtained a B1 level in Spanish.
First-year certificate that shows that I have successfully completed the examination of the first-year programme in the year 2016, of the full-time bachelor degree programme of European Studies. Carried out by Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, in Maastricht.
Uk essay – immigration as a major problem in british society (1)Rianne van Mierlo
With a rising net migration of over 320.000 immigrants per year, the United Kingdom belongs to one of Europe’s most popular immigration destinations (Migration Watch UK, 2015). According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) the estimated amount of population will be increased with over seven million citizens in the United Kingdom over the next twenty years (2016). In order to measure the impact that immigrants have on the United Kingdom, discussing the economic and social effects, as well as public and political opinions, will be necessary. The whole immigration crisis circulates around one central question; how should the immigration crisis be dealt with?
Increasing international co-operation on freshwater managementRianne van Mierlo
The world is currently facing an increasing problem regarding the accessibility of fresh water. This paper involves the arguments for the need of improving the international co-operation between global communities in order to restore this problem.
Essay on why Kemalism can be seen as the reason for the European Union not to accept Turkey in its institution. Based on sex discrimination and human rights, established in the Treaty of the European Union and the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
1. Rianne van Mierlo
U n i v e r s i d a d E u r o p e a d e V a l e n c i a
Royal Dutch Shell in Nigeria
Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al
Paper providing information regarding the context, process and conclusionof the case
regarding RoyalDutch Shell polluting areas in Nigeria and harming its civilians
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December
‘16
2. Rianne van Mierlo 2016-2017 Universidad Europa de Valencia
Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al 2
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1.2 Summary .............................................................................................................................3
1.2.2. Key Words:....................................................................................................................3
1.3 Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell ................................................................................................4
1.3.1. The Royal Dutch Shell....................................................................................................4
1.3.2. The situation in Nigeria..................................................................................................4
1.3.3. The Case of Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell .........................................................................5
1.4 Bibliography........................................................................................................................7
3. Rianne van Mierlo 2016-2017 Universidad Europa de Valencia
Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al 3
1.2 Summary
The paper related to the case of Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al provides
information on the subject of the Royal Dutch Shell as a company, including information
about its existence, purposes, and business. Furthermore, it will explain thoroughly the
situation in the Ogoni area, Nigeria, during the late end of the 20th
century, and how the
Royal Dutch Shell has negatively influenced and harmed its situation by that period. It will
shed a light on the actions on the people in order to fight against their rights, as well as the
counter-reaction of Shell towards the allegations as well.
To continue the paper covers the actual case of Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell, by means of
providing information given by the case statement of the United States District for the
Southern District of New York, including general allegations, claims, responses, and the
eventual settlement.
The paper is supported by an extensive bibliography in which all the used sources for
structuring and proof added to the paper has been included.
1.2.2. Key Words:
Wiwa, Royal Dutch Shell, Ogoni, Nigeria, general allegations, United States District for the
Southern District of New York.
4. Rianne van Mierlo 2016-2017 Universidad Europa de Valencia
Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al 4
1.3 Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell
1.3.1. The Royal Dutch Shell
In 1886, the British Samuel family1
founded the oil company what was then known as ‘Shell
Petroleum Inc.’. By the time the company was at its peak influence it had seized the power of
world leadership in the field the production of gas, oil, and petrochemicals (C. Powell, et al.,
2009). By means of a merger with the Dutch oil company the Royal Shell in 1907, the
company changed their name into Royal Dutch Shell Group. Shell Petroleum Inc. Being a
British-Dutch Oil Company, the organisation is currently headquartered in The Hague, the
Netherlands, with its parent company being situated and incorporated in Wales and England.
When focusing on the structure and size of Dutch Royal Shell itself, it has operations in over
more than seventy countries, including 93.000 employees on average working for them. By
producing over three million barrels of oil equivalent a day, the company makes a revenue of
¢265 billion per year (Shell Global, 2015).
Furthermore, the Dutch Royal Shell has divided its operations under four businesses. Firstly,
they focus on a business under the name of ‘upstream’, being the exploration for natural gas
reserves and new liquids. Secondly, the integrated gas and new energies business takes
care of converting gas into liquids and liquefying natural gas. While the ‘downstream’
business makes sure that the crude oil is turned into a range of refined products. And lastly,
with the business on ‘projects & development’ the Royal Dutch Shell highlights the
importance of new development projects and the exploration and research in order to make
these developments innovative and low-cost2
(Shell Global, 2015).
1.3.2. The situationinNigeria
The launch of the new Nigerian project of Shell occurred when it opened its business in 1937
by the name of Shell D’Arcy (Shell Nigeria, 2009). After discovering the first commercial oil
field in 1956 in Oloibiri, the Niger Delta, Shell was able to start its processes in oil exports,
which eventually came to existence in 1958. For the Ogoni people, the civilians who have
been living in the area of the Niger Delta for over 500 years, the concerns initiated around
the 1990s. Initially, their main concerns developed when they noticed that there was very
little money, made from the oil transports, transferred to the local people of Ogoni, and how
the oil industry resulted in environmental damages caused by the recurring sabotage of the
pipelines from the Royal Dutch Shell (Shellguilty, 2009). Royal Dutch Shell did not see much
chance of them being held accountable for the environmental damages. They knew for a fact
that the Nigerian courts would never take action against them, and until that point no one had
every held a corporation accountable for human rights abused in a country like Nigeria
(Shellguilty, 2009).
From January 4th
1993 onwards, by means of the MOSOP protests3
the civilians were
gaining more and more influence over the situation in Nigeria. The MOSOP movement,
1 Sir Marcus Samuel (17 Jan.1927) and family
2 More information on structure and/or business ofShell on www.shell.com
3 MOSOP Protestof Jan. 4th 1993 – Regarded as Ogoni Day in celebration of the declaration of1993 as the
International Year of the world’s Indigenous People
5. Rianne van Mierlo 2016-2017 Universidad Europa de Valencia
Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al 5
under leadership of Ken Saro-Wiwa, stands for the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni
People, with the aim to protect themselves and their environment from the damaging actions
of Shell. They highlighted several key points related to Shell D’Arcy: the degradation of
environment by processes of natural gas flaring and oil spills and the fact that instead of
vaccinating the gas back into the ground, Shell would burn it off or flares in into the fields of
the Ogoni people. They also pinpointed out the issues on overfishing, loss of biodiversity and
deforestation, water contamination, and air pollution from chemical facilitations and refineries
(C. Powell, et al.).
The result of the Ogoni people’s protects were the following; Shell began to realise the
growing affect and influence MOSOP was gaining and by being afraid it would jeopardise
their strategy, they sought help by the dictatorial Nigerian government and military. By bribing
the authorities of Nigeria, the military would in exchange suppress the citizens in an act of
violence. This resulted in the arrest, and eventually execution of nine Ogoni men, under
whom the leader of the MOSOP movement; Ken Saro-Wiwa. Moreover, the Nigerian
government caused civil disturbance by making $42 million in damages, and it forced the
Ogoni citizens to live in poor health and poverty (The Guardian, 2009).
1.3.3. The Case of Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell
With the beginning of 1996, Wiwa v Royal Dutch Shell was being filed by the Centre for
Constitutional Rights4
, Earthrights International5
and others, charging the oil company of
Royal Dutch Shell with complicity in human rights abuse against the Ogoni land and its
people, in the Federal Court of New York City. In overall, the case covers three lawsuits in
total: Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Petroleum, Wiwa v. Anderson, and Wiwa v. Shell Petroleum
Development Company. The involved parties in the case were, on the plaintiff side, Ken
Wiwa, son of Ken Saro-Wiwa the leader of the MOSOP movement, Owens Kiwa, the brother
of Ken Saro-Wiwa, and Blessing Kpuinen, the wife of deceased Ogoni civilian John Kpuinen.
They were charging Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and Royal Shell Transport and
Trading Company in the court of the United States District for the Southern District of New
York.
The general allegations of the case covered multiple claims that Wiwa accused the Royal
Dutch Shell Company of being accountable for. By means of summing up the allegations, it
will shed a light on execution, crimes against humanity, torture, cruel, human or degrading
treatment, arbitrary arrest and detention, wrongful death, assault and battery, intentional
inflection of emotional distress, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and negligence.
Royal Dutch Shell also got accused of the act of injuries to the plaintiffs being a practice of
violation of the human rights and/or committed together in conspiracy with the Nigerian
military and governmental regime (C. Wiwa v Royal Dutch Shell, 2009). As a highly logical
result, in case of accuracy with regard to the general allegations, the plaintiffs would have
suffered, or/and will continue to suffer harm, which includes pain and extreme mental
anguish and emotional distress (C. Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell, 2009). Having summarised
the former key allegations that have been made in the opening statement of Wiwa v. Royal
4 Centre for Constitutional Rights – dedicated to advancing and protecting the rights guaranteed by the U.S.
Constitution and the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights
5 Earthrights International – Protection and defence of human rights and the environment
6. Rianne van Mierlo 2016-2017 Universidad Europa de Valencia
Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al 6
Dutch Shell, it can be stated that, whenever the allegations were true, the Royal Dutch Shell
had violated multiple laws, statements, or declarations. In this case; the Alien Tort Claims
Act. This statute has been put into force in 1789, and with it came the right for non-U.S.
citizens to file suits against United States courts with regard to international human rights
violations (Center for Justice & Accountability, 2016). Furthermore, it would have also been
violating the Torture Victim Protection Act, which allows individuals to seek damages in the
United States for extrajudicial killings or torture, without taking into account where the
violations take place. Remaining violated documents, statements, or laws are the Customary
International Law, the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration for the (protection of
the) Human Rights, the International Covenant of Human Rights, etc.
The demands of the plaintiffs were clearly. They demanded an end to the abuse and
exploitation of the Ogoni people and their land, they requested compensation for the
environmental damages that were caused by the oil industry of Shell in order to be able to
set up a trust for the purposes of health, community development, education, and other
benefits for the Ogoni people and their communities, and they demanded oil royalties
(C. Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell, 2009).
The case was thoroughly explored and this resulted in duration of the case for over thirteen
years. As the time passed, the MOSOP community was raising awareness of the problem,
which caused global support throughout the 1990s. From all over the world people were
organising and participating in protests, setting up boycotts in front of gasoline stations and
strikes against the Royal Dutch Shell. The company started to realise there was actually a
chance that it would not be able to win the case, considering the great global impact and
anticipation it had gained. In a combination of the law, including the supporting prove, that
Shell had against them, as well as being afraid for the boycotts and the damaging Public
Relations disasters it had suffer from because of the negative media attention, the Royal
Dutch Shell decided in June 2009 to agree on the settlement. With the eve of the trial on the
8th
of June both parties came to the settlement of Shell Petroleum N.V. and Shell Transport
and Trading Company paying a total of $7.500.000, whereas The Shell Petroleum
Development Company of Nigeria Limited had to pay a total of $3.500.000, calculating the
extra costs with it, it eventually brought Shell at a total amount of approximately $15.500.000,
with the obligatory to pay within three business days.
To be in conclusion, the Royal Dutch Shell required compensating for all involved plaintiffs,
to establish a trust for the benefit of the Ogoni people and their land, and to cover a part of
the legal costs made in general. All of this took fourteen years to establish. Taking into
consideration how big the influence of Royal Dutch Shell was at the time, and how little the
influence of the Ogoni people and of MOSOP was, this case is seen as one of the greatest
milestone moments in the movement towards corporate accountability and the right for
justification of human rights.
7. 1.4 Bibliography
Centre for Constitutional Rights (Jun. 2009). Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al.
Retrieved from:
https://ccrjustice.org/home/what-we-do/our-cases/wiwa-et-al-v-royal-dutch-petroleum-et-al
Centre for Constitutional Rights (Mar. 2009) Factsheet: The Case Against Shell. Retrieved
from:
https://ccrjustice.org/home/get-involved/tools-resources/fact-sheets-and-faqs/factsheet-case-
against-shell#
C. Powell, K. Range, and J. Williams (Dec. 2009). Shell Oil In Nigeria. Retrieved from:
http://www.slideshare.net/kran2796/shell-oil-in-nigeria-case-study
C. Williams, the Guardian (Dec. 2009). Shell must clean up for its act in Nigeria. Retrieved
from:
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/dec/04/shell-nigeria-oil-spills
C. Wiwa v. Shell Statement (Jun. 2009) Statement of the Plaintiffs in Wiwa v. Royal Dutch
Shell, Wiwa v. Anderson, and Wiwa v. SPDC. Retrieved from:
https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/assets/Wiwa_v_Shell_Statement_of_Plaintiffs-1.pdf
Earthrights International (Feb. 2002). District Court Opinion Denial of Dismissal. Retrieved
from:
https://www.earthrights.org/sites/default/files/legal/Wiwa-district-court-opinion-denial-of-
dismissal-Feb-2002.pdf
Earthrights International (Jun. 2009). Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell. Retrieved from:
https://www.earthrights.org/legal/wiwa-v-royal-dutchshell
Shell Global (2016). Who are we. Retrieved from:
http://www.shell.com/about-us/who-we-are.html
ShellGuilty (May, 2009). The Case Against Shell: ‘The Hanging of Ken Saro-Wiwa Showed
the True Cost of Oil’. Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htF5XElMyGI
The Center for Justice & Accountability (2016). The Alien Tort Statute. Retrieved from:
http://cja.org/what-we-do/litigation/legal-strategy/the-alien-tort-statute/
United States District For The Southern District of New York (Jun. 2009). Complaint for
Summary Execution, Crimes Against Humanity, etc. Retrieved from:
https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/assets/11.8.96%20%20Wiwa%20Complaint.pdf